Nitrous acid （HONO）, as a primary precursor of OH radicals, has been considered one of the most important nitrogencontaining species in the atmosphere. Up to 30% of primary OH radical production is attributed to the...Nitrous acid （HONO）, as a primary precursor of OH radicals, has been considered one of the most important nitrogencontaining species in the atmosphere. Up to 30% of primary OH radical production is attributed to the photolysis of HONO. However, the major HONO formation mechanisms are still under discussion. During the Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region （CAREBeijing2006） campaign, comprehensive measurements were carried out in the megacity Beijing, where the chemical budget of HONO was fully constrained. The average diurnal HONO concentration varied from 0.33 to 1.2 ppbv. The net OH production rate from HONO, Pon（HONO）net, was on average （from 05：00 to 19：00） 7.1 × 10^6 molecule/（cm^3 s）, 2.7 times higher than from 03 photolysis. This production rate demonstrates the important role of HONO in the atmospheric chemistry of megacity Beijing. An unknown HONO source （Punknown） with an average of 7.3 × 10^6 molecule/（cm^3 s） was derived from the budget analysis during daytime. Punknown provided four times more HONO than the reaction of NO with OH did. The diurnal variation of Punknown showed an apparent photo-enhanced feature with a maximum around 12：00, which was consistent with previous studies at forest and rural sites. Laboratory studies proposed new mechanisms to recruit NO2 and J（NO2） in order to explain a photo-enhancement of of Puknown. In this study, these mechanisms were validated against the observation-constraint Punknown. The reaction of exited NO2 accounted for only 6% of Puknown, and Punk poorly correlated with [NO2] （R = 0.26） and J（NO2）[NO2] （R = 0.35）. These results challenged the role of NO2 as a major precursor of the missing HONO source.展开更多
Processes of adaptation to urban environments are well described for relatively few avian taxa, mainly passerines, but selective forces responsible for urban colonization in ecologically different groups of birds rema...Processes of adaptation to urban environments are well described for relatively few avian taxa, mainly passerines, but selective forces responsible for urban colonization in ecologically different groups of birds remain mostly unrecognized. The aim of this article is to identify drivers of recent urban colonization （Lodz, central Poland） by a reed-nesting waterbird, the Eurasian coot Fulica atra. Urban colonizers were found to adopt a distinct reproductive strategy by maximizing the number of offspring （carryover effects of higher clutch size）, whereas suburban individuals invested more in the quality of the progeny （higher egg volume）, which could reflect differences in predatory pressure between 2 habitats. In fact, reduced predation rate was strongly suggested by elevated hatching success in highly urbanized areas, where probability of hatching at least 1 chick was higher by 30% than in suburban natural-like habitats. Coots nesting in highly urbanized landscape had considerably higher annual reproductive success in comparison to suburban pairs, and the difference was 4-fold between the most and least urbanized areas. There was also a constant increase in size- adjusted body mass and hemoglobin concentration of breeding coots from the suburbs to the city centre. Urban colonization yielded no survival benefits for adult birds and urban individuals showed higher site fidelity than suburban conspecifics. The results suggest that the recent urban colonization by Eurasian coots was primary driven by considerable reproductive benefits which may be primarily attributed to： （1） reduced predation resulting from an exclusion of most native predators from highly urbanized zones; （2） increased condition of urban-dwelling birds resulting from enhanced food availability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21190052,40675072,41121004)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2002CB410801)the Beijing Council of Science and Technology(HB200504-6,HB200504-2)
文摘Nitrous acid （HONO）, as a primary precursor of OH radicals, has been considered one of the most important nitrogencontaining species in the atmosphere. Up to 30% of primary OH radical production is attributed to the photolysis of HONO. However, the major HONO formation mechanisms are still under discussion. During the Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region （CAREBeijing2006） campaign, comprehensive measurements were carried out in the megacity Beijing, where the chemical budget of HONO was fully constrained. The average diurnal HONO concentration varied from 0.33 to 1.2 ppbv. The net OH production rate from HONO, Pon（HONO）net, was on average （from 05：00 to 19：00） 7.1 × 10^6 molecule/（cm^3 s）, 2.7 times higher than from 03 photolysis. This production rate demonstrates the important role of HONO in the atmospheric chemistry of megacity Beijing. An unknown HONO source （Punknown） with an average of 7.3 × 10^6 molecule/（cm^3 s） was derived from the budget analysis during daytime. Punknown provided four times more HONO than the reaction of NO with OH did. The diurnal variation of Punknown showed an apparent photo-enhanced feature with a maximum around 12：00, which was consistent with previous studies at forest and rural sites. Laboratory studies proposed new mechanisms to recruit NO2 and J（NO2） in order to explain a photo-enhancement of of Puknown. In this study, these mechanisms were validated against the observation-constraint Punknown. The reaction of exited NO2 accounted for only 6% of Puknown, and Punk poorly correlated with [NO2] （R = 0.26） and J（NO2）[NO2] （R = 0.35）. These results challenged the role of NO2 as a major precursor of the missing HONO source.
文摘Processes of adaptation to urban environments are well described for relatively few avian taxa, mainly passerines, but selective forces responsible for urban colonization in ecologically different groups of birds remain mostly unrecognized. The aim of this article is to identify drivers of recent urban colonization （Lodz, central Poland） by a reed-nesting waterbird, the Eurasian coot Fulica atra. Urban colonizers were found to adopt a distinct reproductive strategy by maximizing the number of offspring （carryover effects of higher clutch size）, whereas suburban individuals invested more in the quality of the progeny （higher egg volume）, which could reflect differences in predatory pressure between 2 habitats. In fact, reduced predation rate was strongly suggested by elevated hatching success in highly urbanized areas, where probability of hatching at least 1 chick was higher by 30% than in suburban natural-like habitats. Coots nesting in highly urbanized landscape had considerably higher annual reproductive success in comparison to suburban pairs, and the difference was 4-fold between the most and least urbanized areas. There was also a constant increase in size- adjusted body mass and hemoglobin concentration of breeding coots from the suburbs to the city centre. Urban colonization yielded no survival benefits for adult birds and urban individuals showed higher site fidelity than suburban conspecifics. The results suggest that the recent urban colonization by Eurasian coots was primary driven by considerable reproductive benefits which may be primarily attributed to： （1） reduced predation resulting from an exclusion of most native predators from highly urbanized zones; （2） increased condition of urban-dwelling birds resulting from enhanced food availability.
