背景:性功能障碍是影响患者对抗精神病药物服药依从性的因素之一,但尚不清楚这个问题的严重程度。目的:比较服用抗精神病药物且临床症状稳定的精神分裂症患者和健康对照者自我报告的性功能状况。评估工具采用土耳其语版的5个条目的亚利...背景:性功能障碍是影响患者对抗精神病药物服药依从性的因素之一,但尚不清楚这个问题的严重程度。目的:比较服用抗精神病药物且临床症状稳定的精神分裂症患者和健康对照者自我报告的性功能状况。评估工具采用土耳其语版的5个条目的亚利桑那性体验量表(Arizona Sexual Experience Scale,ASEX)。该量表的效度已在土耳其得到验证。量表评估性欲、性唤起、阴道润滑/阴茎勃起、达到高潮的能力以及对高潮的满意度等5个方面的性功能。方法:采用阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表和ASEX分别对101例临床症状稳定的门诊精神分裂症患者(女性38例、男性63例)进行评估。对89例无精神疾病史的对照者(女性41名、男性48名)也进行了ASEX量表评估。如果ASEX总分(范围5-30)>18,或者任一条目得分(范围1-6)≥5,或者至少有3个条目得分都大于4,则被视为存在性功能障碍。结果:自我报告有性功能障碍的男性精神分裂症患者多于健康对照者(46%对8%)。虽然女性患者性功能障碍的患病率显著高于男性患者(68%对46%),但是对照组中健康女性的性功能障碍患病率也非常高(68%),因而女性患者的性功能障碍不能归咎于她们的疾病或是正在服用的药物。患者组中,阳性症状和阴性症状的严重程度与性功能障碍无相关性,服用第一代抗精神病药的患者与服用第二代抗精神病药的患者之间的性功能障碍严重程度无明显差异。结论:在土耳其,不同性别的精神分裂症患者性功能状况的研究结果不同,这凸显了在评估精神障碍和药物对性功能的影响时制定特定区域、特定性别的性行为社会规范的重要性。今后需要采用前瞻性研究来区分文化规范、精神疾病以及使用的抗精神病药物在精神分裂症患者性功能障碍的病因和病程中的相对作用。展开更多
According to Psychological theories of motivation, sexuality is a biological need which urges to satisfy sexual desire. Though it is not essential for the survival of an individual, it plays a major role in the growth...According to Psychological theories of motivation, sexuality is a biological need which urges to satisfy sexual desire. Though it is not essential for the survival of an individual, it plays a major role in the growth, development, adjustment and well-being. Therefore, sexuality is a common aspect in the existence and it should not be neglected. However, in many religious ethical issues, sexuality had been treated negatively and identified as a barrier for an advanced spiritual life. Even in tribal societies there were some sexual taboos that controlled man＇s sexual behavior to some extent. Among religious ethical codes, one may find that it had been placed an important position for controlling or completely eliminating sexual behaviors. In modem world, what is evident is that this so called sexual need has been used for many commercial and marketing purposes. Even in advertising field, sexual desire of man is used as a mean of attracting public. Phonograph has become a very profitable illegal professional today. Sexual medicines, drugs and tools are available everywhere in the society. Though sexual education had been included into the curriculum in schools and higher education institutions, the awareness of sexuality among people seems to be in a low level. While biologically man is compelled to fulfill sexual desire internally, it is motivated externally by many social factors. So that not only misconceptions of sexuality, but also misbehaviors of sexuality can be observed in the society today. By examining these current situations of man＇s sexual behaviors, there is a big need to formulate a sexual ethical code--a code of law with the help of religious teachings. Otherwise these various sexual behaviors may create more and more social and world problems. In this paper, my aim is to examine Buddhist ethics in order to formulate a sexual ethical code.展开更多
文摘背景:性功能障碍是影响患者对抗精神病药物服药依从性的因素之一,但尚不清楚这个问题的严重程度。目的:比较服用抗精神病药物且临床症状稳定的精神分裂症患者和健康对照者自我报告的性功能状况。评估工具采用土耳其语版的5个条目的亚利桑那性体验量表(Arizona Sexual Experience Scale,ASEX)。该量表的效度已在土耳其得到验证。量表评估性欲、性唤起、阴道润滑/阴茎勃起、达到高潮的能力以及对高潮的满意度等5个方面的性功能。方法:采用阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表和ASEX分别对101例临床症状稳定的门诊精神分裂症患者(女性38例、男性63例)进行评估。对89例无精神疾病史的对照者(女性41名、男性48名)也进行了ASEX量表评估。如果ASEX总分(范围5-30)>18,或者任一条目得分(范围1-6)≥5,或者至少有3个条目得分都大于4,则被视为存在性功能障碍。结果:自我报告有性功能障碍的男性精神分裂症患者多于健康对照者(46%对8%)。虽然女性患者性功能障碍的患病率显著高于男性患者(68%对46%),但是对照组中健康女性的性功能障碍患病率也非常高(68%),因而女性患者的性功能障碍不能归咎于她们的疾病或是正在服用的药物。患者组中,阳性症状和阴性症状的严重程度与性功能障碍无相关性,服用第一代抗精神病药的患者与服用第二代抗精神病药的患者之间的性功能障碍严重程度无明显差异。结论:在土耳其,不同性别的精神分裂症患者性功能状况的研究结果不同,这凸显了在评估精神障碍和药物对性功能的影响时制定特定区域、特定性别的性行为社会规范的重要性。今后需要采用前瞻性研究来区分文化规范、精神疾病以及使用的抗精神病药物在精神分裂症患者性功能障碍的病因和病程中的相对作用。
文摘According to Psychological theories of motivation, sexuality is a biological need which urges to satisfy sexual desire. Though it is not essential for the survival of an individual, it plays a major role in the growth, development, adjustment and well-being. Therefore, sexuality is a common aspect in the existence and it should not be neglected. However, in many religious ethical issues, sexuality had been treated negatively and identified as a barrier for an advanced spiritual life. Even in tribal societies there were some sexual taboos that controlled man＇s sexual behavior to some extent. Among religious ethical codes, one may find that it had been placed an important position for controlling or completely eliminating sexual behaviors. In modem world, what is evident is that this so called sexual need has been used for many commercial and marketing purposes. Even in advertising field, sexual desire of man is used as a mean of attracting public. Phonograph has become a very profitable illegal professional today. Sexual medicines, drugs and tools are available everywhere in the society. Though sexual education had been included into the curriculum in schools and higher education institutions, the awareness of sexuality among people seems to be in a low level. While biologically man is compelled to fulfill sexual desire internally, it is motivated externally by many social factors. So that not only misconceptions of sexuality, but also misbehaviors of sexuality can be observed in the society today. By examining these current situations of man＇s sexual behaviors, there is a big need to formulate a sexual ethical code--a code of law with the help of religious teachings. Otherwise these various sexual behaviors may create more and more social and world problems. In this paper, my aim is to examine Buddhist ethics in order to formulate a sexual ethical code.
