The intent of this paper is to conceptualize physical literacy in the school environment within the United States educational system. Evolution of physical literacy from both a general education and disciplinary focus...The intent of this paper is to conceptualize physical literacy in the school environment within the United States educational system. Evolution of physical literacy from both a general education and disciplinary focus is overviewed. The challenges of transitioning from a physically educated to a physically literate person as the primary learning outcome of physical education may inhibit progress. Five prioritized recom- mendations are made to assist teachers in overcoming such barriers： （a） whole of school approach, （b） effective, differentiated pedagogy, （c） integration of technology for individualized tracking of progress, （d） supportive school climate, and （e） alignment of local efforts with national initiatives.展开更多
Bacterioplankton play key roles in the biogeochemical cycle and in organic contaminant degradation. The species richness and abundance of bacterial subgroups are generally distinct from each other, and this is attribu...Bacterioplankton play key roles in the biogeochemical cycle and in organic contaminant degradation. The species richness and abundance of bacterial subgroups are generally distinct from each other, and this is attributed to their different functions in aquatic ecosystems. The spatiotemporal variations of eight phylogenetic subgroups （Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria） derived from Donghu Lake were investigated using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, to explore their responses to environmental factors. Results indicate that Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria were the two largest bacterial subgroups detected. These two groups and Bacteroidetes showed clear seasonal patterns in composition of the operational taxonomic unit. Results also suggest that the bacterioplankton subgroups in Donghu Lake were significantly correlated with different environmental factors. In brief, the total nitrogen was one of the major factors regulating all the bacterioplankton except for Actinobacteria. However, total phosphorus, another important eutrophication factor, contributed to the two largest bacterial groups （Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria）, as well as to the Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. Therefore, the responses of bacterioplankton subgroups to environmental factors were different, and this should be attributed to the differences in the fimctions of different groups.展开更多
In fish,sex determination(SD) system shows high variation. The SD mechanisms include environmental and genetic regulation. The research on SD system and related genes in intensively studied fish species was reviewed. ...In fish,sex determination(SD) system shows high variation. The SD mechanisms include environmental and genetic regulation. The research on SD system and related genes in intensively studied fish species was reviewed. Although some genes have been described as sex-related,only DMRT1bY can be considered as a master sex determination gene and none of them has been utilized in aquaculture. The variation of fish SD system,the importance of sex-related genes in evolution research and the relations between environmental factors and sex-related genes were also discussed. The fish sex determination mechanism remains largely unknown. Further research needs to be done considering the significance of fish SD studies in basic and applied aspects.展开更多
Biological invasions are an important and growing component of global environmental change （Vitousek et al., 1996）. Hundreds of billions of dollars are lost each year to invasive species damage and management （Pime...Biological invasions are an important and growing component of global environmental change （Vitousek et al., 1996）. Hundreds of billions of dollars are lost each year to invasive species damage and management （Pimentel et al., 2001）. Scientists have responded by conducting research to understand the biology of the invasive species itself, in the hope that such information will allow effective control, and examining the impact of the invader on native taxa to determine the nature and magnitude of its effect.展开更多
We examined changes in biomass and species dominance of periphyton in response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment in 12 mesocosms representing eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. The 100-L mesocosms consisted of ...We examined changes in biomass and species dominance of periphyton in response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment in 12 mesocosms representing eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. The 100-L mesocosms consisted of lake water and pond sediment, and N and P were applied weekly. Periphyton samples were taken to assess the biomass (as estimated by the concentration of chlorophyll a (chl a)) and to determine which species were dominant. The mean periphyton biomass (chl a) in the P-enriched treatment did not differ from that in the control group, but increased with N enrichment. Compared with that in the control group, the chl a concentration increased with N+P enrichment in the early stages of the experiment, but decreased in the later stages. The decline in periphyton biomass at the later stages of the experiment was due to limited light availability, which resulted from the increased phytoplankton density in the experiment. The nutrient enrichment treatments resulted in changes in the dominant algal species in the periphyton, suggesting that various algal species showed different responses to different nutrients. The results of this study have implications for nutrient management in aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
Peptides are known to on act to discourage the growth of insects. In this perspective, authors studied the biological and physiological effects of LeucokininlI on the growth of Red Palm Weevil through adult insect fee...Peptides are known to on act to discourage the growth of insects. In this perspective, authors studied the biological and physiological effects of LeucokininlI on the growth of Red Palm Weevil through adult insect feeding of the sugar cane treated with different concentrations （0.05%, 0. I%, 0.25%, 0.4%） and biological effects on the number of eggs, the percentage of hatching, the length of the generation and the proportion of deformation, Results showed that there is a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid by the insects as the average number of eggs/female 75.7, 63.5, 59.4, 55.1 egg for each of the concentrations, respectively, compared with the average 140.2 egg in the control group, and reduction of percentages of hatching in all treatment as 71.4%, 64.6%, 70% and 71.5% respectively, compared with 79.3% of the control group. The percentage of deformations in egg densities included 44.4%, 15.4%, 22.6%, 27.8% compared to the control group. The results showed that there are a number of large deformations in the resulting larvae for different treatments. The conclusion is drawn that this study using LeucokininlI confirmed inhibition growth and caused an imbalance in the development stages of different insects due to its effect on the hormones that control molting of insects. This conclusion is furthermore apparent in the larval stage, as it appeared that Leucokininll prevents the insect from completing its life cycle. Test results using LeucokininlI are encouraging, and its future potential use in reducing Red Palm Weevil deserves broader studies. If the spread of currently known that this LeucokininlI is without prejudice to the work of the hormonal system.展开更多
For decades, the United States＇ competitive position in global manufacturing has steadily declined. Analysts point to increasingly automated manufacturing processes, changing domestic demand factors, outsourcing, and...For decades, the United States＇ competitive position in global manufacturing has steadily declined. Analysts point to increasingly automated manufacturing processes, changing domestic demand factors, outsourcing, and over confidence in service export surplnses. However, Asian and European competitors, undergoing the same pressures, have been able to maintain a healthy percentage of their GDP in manufacturing by growing high techjobs while the United States continues to fall behind, Perhaps the most flmdamental and overlooked contribution to this decline is the lackluster performance of the United States education system. After comparing the performance of US students to that of the other G-8 nations in the critical disciplines of math and science literacy, US students rank last. Furthermore, the most recent PISA test results show US students rank in the bottom half of 30 participating nations in the ability to apply math and science concepts to real world problems. This is particularly troubling when one considers that among the compared nations, the US spends the most on math and science teacher compensation. If the US intends to successfully compete in the global manufacturing arena, significant changes to the education system must be enacted. A new strategy aligning the system with real world demands should begin with a national initiative to increase Pre-K enrollments, a paradigm shift from liberal arts to math, science, problem solving and critical thinking, standardized policies aligning high school graduation requirements with college and work place expectations, and standardized college and career readiness assessment programs. These steps combined with more rigorous secondary education teacher certifications, continued education and involvement with universities and manufacturing f＇mns within the community, should more adeq^tely prepare high school students for further study or to enter the skilled workforce. At the post secondary level, federal and state funding should be targeted to R＆D programs specificly to industrial design, engineering, and alternative energy. Industry investment in such programs should be federally incentivized to foster cooperative relationships between business and academia. Such relationships will ensure faculty spend time focusing on how their discipline relates to manufacturing and instilling the necessary skill sets, knowledge and abilities which graduates will need to compete in the global market. Such a revised system will position the US to create and keep high paying manufacturing positions on its way to sustainable economic growth.展开更多
文摘The intent of this paper is to conceptualize physical literacy in the school environment within the United States educational system. Evolution of physical literacy from both a general education and disciplinary focus is overviewed. The challenges of transitioning from a physically educated to a physically literate person as the primary learning outcome of physical education may inhibit progress. Five prioritized recom- mendations are made to assist teachers in overcoming such barriers： （a） whole of school approach, （b） effective, differentiated pedagogy, （c） integration of technology for individualized tracking of progress, （d） supportive school climate, and （e） alignment of local efforts with national initiatives.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31071896)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2008CB418105)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y15E04)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y22Z07)the Key Laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries Resources and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture(No.201007)
文摘Bacterioplankton play key roles in the biogeochemical cycle and in organic contaminant degradation. The species richness and abundance of bacterial subgroups are generally distinct from each other, and this is attributed to their different functions in aquatic ecosystems. The spatiotemporal variations of eight phylogenetic subgroups （Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria） derived from Donghu Lake were investigated using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, to explore their responses to environmental factors. Results indicate that Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria were the two largest bacterial subgroups detected. These two groups and Bacteroidetes showed clear seasonal patterns in composition of the operational taxonomic unit. Results also suggest that the bacterioplankton subgroups in Donghu Lake were significantly correlated with different environmental factors. In brief, the total nitrogen was one of the major factors regulating all the bacterioplankton except for Actinobacteria. However, total phosphorus, another important eutrophication factor, contributed to the two largest bacterial groups （Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria）, as well as to the Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. Therefore, the responses of bacterioplankton subgroups to environmental factors were different, and this should be attributed to the differences in the fimctions of different groups.
文摘In fish,sex determination(SD) system shows high variation. The SD mechanisms include environmental and genetic regulation. The research on SD system and related genes in intensively studied fish species was reviewed. Although some genes have been described as sex-related,only DMRT1bY can be considered as a master sex determination gene and none of them has been utilized in aquaculture. The variation of fish SD system,the importance of sex-related genes in evolution research and the relations between environmental factors and sex-related genes were also discussed. The fish sex determination mechanism remains largely unknown. Further research needs to be done considering the significance of fish SD studies in basic and applied aspects.
文摘Biological invasions are an important and growing component of global environmental change （Vitousek et al., 1996）. Hundreds of billions of dollars are lost each year to invasive species damage and management （Pimentel et al., 2001）. Scientists have responded by conducting research to understand the biology of the invasive species itself, in the hope that such information will allow effective control, and examining the impact of the invader on native taxa to determine the nature and magnitude of its effect.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31100339)the Special Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2012T50494)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2008CB418104)
文摘We examined changes in biomass and species dominance of periphyton in response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment in 12 mesocosms representing eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. The 100-L mesocosms consisted of lake water and pond sediment, and N and P were applied weekly. Periphyton samples were taken to assess the biomass (as estimated by the concentration of chlorophyll a (chl a)) and to determine which species were dominant. The mean periphyton biomass (chl a) in the P-enriched treatment did not differ from that in the control group, but increased with N enrichment. Compared with that in the control group, the chl a concentration increased with N+P enrichment in the early stages of the experiment, but decreased in the later stages. The decline in periphyton biomass at the later stages of the experiment was due to limited light availability, which resulted from the increased phytoplankton density in the experiment. The nutrient enrichment treatments resulted in changes in the dominant algal species in the periphyton, suggesting that various algal species showed different responses to different nutrients. The results of this study have implications for nutrient management in aquatic ecosystems.
文摘Peptides are known to on act to discourage the growth of insects. In this perspective, authors studied the biological and physiological effects of LeucokininlI on the growth of Red Palm Weevil through adult insect feeding of the sugar cane treated with different concentrations （0.05%, 0. I%, 0.25%, 0.4%） and biological effects on the number of eggs, the percentage of hatching, the length of the generation and the proportion of deformation, Results showed that there is a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid by the insects as the average number of eggs/female 75.7, 63.5, 59.4, 55.1 egg for each of the concentrations, respectively, compared with the average 140.2 egg in the control group, and reduction of percentages of hatching in all treatment as 71.4%, 64.6%, 70% and 71.5% respectively, compared with 79.3% of the control group. The percentage of deformations in egg densities included 44.4%, 15.4%, 22.6%, 27.8% compared to the control group. The results showed that there are a number of large deformations in the resulting larvae for different treatments. The conclusion is drawn that this study using LeucokininlI confirmed inhibition growth and caused an imbalance in the development stages of different insects due to its effect on the hormones that control molting of insects. This conclusion is furthermore apparent in the larval stage, as it appeared that Leucokininll prevents the insect from completing its life cycle. Test results using LeucokininlI are encouraging, and its future potential use in reducing Red Palm Weevil deserves broader studies. If the spread of currently known that this LeucokininlI is without prejudice to the work of the hormonal system.
文摘For decades, the United States＇ competitive position in global manufacturing has steadily declined. Analysts point to increasingly automated manufacturing processes, changing domestic demand factors, outsourcing, and over confidence in service export surplnses. However, Asian and European competitors, undergoing the same pressures, have been able to maintain a healthy percentage of their GDP in manufacturing by growing high techjobs while the United States continues to fall behind, Perhaps the most flmdamental and overlooked contribution to this decline is the lackluster performance of the United States education system. After comparing the performance of US students to that of the other G-8 nations in the critical disciplines of math and science literacy, US students rank last. Furthermore, the most recent PISA test results show US students rank in the bottom half of 30 participating nations in the ability to apply math and science concepts to real world problems. This is particularly troubling when one considers that among the compared nations, the US spends the most on math and science teacher compensation. If the US intends to successfully compete in the global manufacturing arena, significant changes to the education system must be enacted. A new strategy aligning the system with real world demands should begin with a national initiative to increase Pre-K enrollments, a paradigm shift from liberal arts to math, science, problem solving and critical thinking, standardized policies aligning high school graduation requirements with college and work place expectations, and standardized college and career readiness assessment programs. These steps combined with more rigorous secondary education teacher certifications, continued education and involvement with universities and manufacturing f＇mns within the community, should more adeq^tely prepare high school students for further study or to enter the skilled workforce. At the post secondary level, federal and state funding should be targeted to R＆D programs specificly to industrial design, engineering, and alternative energy. Industry investment in such programs should be federally incentivized to foster cooperative relationships between business and academia. Such relationships will ensure faculty spend time focusing on how their discipline relates to manufacturing and instilling the necessary skill sets, knowledge and abilities which graduates will need to compete in the global market. Such a revised system will position the US to create and keep high paying manufacturing positions on its way to sustainable economic growth.
