【目的】了解和掌握野生朱鹮的繁殖特征和最新的种群数量,为朱鹮种群的现状评估和保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年3―6月对陕西省洋县及周边地区的朱鹮巢址进行调查,统计每巢的环境因子和繁殖参数,分析营巢成功率和繁殖生产力;...【目的】了解和掌握野生朱鹮的繁殖特征和最新的种群数量,为朱鹮种群的现状评估和保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年3―6月对陕西省洋县及周边地区的朱鹮巢址进行调查,统计每巢的环境因子和繁殖参数,分析营巢成功率和繁殖生产力;于2019年9月对朱鹮的夜宿地进行同步调查,统计朱鹮的数量和年龄结构。根据巢址的密度,在ArcView GIS 3.3中使用核密度法(Kernel)计算不同巢区的分布和面积,在SPSS 22.0中使用列联表分析(Crosstabs)和单因素方差分析(ANOVA)比较朱鹮繁殖参数的差异。【结果】2019年共统计到朱鹮巢址449个,主要分布在陕西省洋县(66.8%)和毗邻的城固县(29.0%)。朱鹮的核心巢区和常规巢区面积分别为244.1 km 2和1523.7 km 2,其中核心巢区的营巢密度为0.73巢•km^-2,远高于常规巢区的0.16巢•km^-2。朱鹮的营巢成功率为66.4%,在核心巢区、常规巢区和外围巢区中营巢成功率依次上升且差异极为显著。朱鹮的繁殖生产力为2.05,其中外围巢区的繁殖生产力显著高于其他2个巢区。共统计到营巢树种19种,主要为松树(30.2%)、榆树(28.6%)和山杨(26.6%)。朱鹮在3种主要营巢树种的营巢成功率没有显著差异,但在松树上的繁殖生产力显著较高。在38个夜宿地同步记录到朱鹮2571只,其中,洋县和城固县的夜宿地数量分别占73.7%和15.8%,夜宿的朱鹮数量分别占73.0%和23.4%。夜宿种群中当年出生的幼鸟占11.6%。【结论】我国野生朱鹮的数量稳步增长,巢址和夜宿地仍然主要分布在洋县和毗邻的城固县。但核心巢区的种群增长可能已经受到环境容纳量的限制,朱鹮种群正在加速向外围地区扩散。种群的年龄结构正在发生较大变化,将对今后的种群增长速度产生影响。加强对核心分布区栖息地的恢复以及对外围分布区的保护管理,将是促进朱鹮种群持续增长的关键。展开更多
The effect of the Entomopathogenic fungus, Paceilomyces farinosus on reproductive potential of female survivors, egg viability and total egg production of poplar leaf beetle Melasoma populi L. was investigated in Plan...The effect of the Entomopathogenic fungus, Paceilomyces farinosus on reproductive potential of female survivors, egg viability and total egg production of poplar leaf beetle Melasoma populi L. was investigated in Plant Protection Department laboratories, School of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok University in Spring 2011. Prepupae, pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with spore suspension of P.farinosus （1 ~ 10s conidia/mL）. Another group of adults were reared on sprayed poplar leaves with a same concentration of conidial suspension. Eggs production and hatching percentage were monitored daily over a 7-wk period. Overall reproductive capacity was significantly lower as compared with control. The total number of eggs per surviving female was 85.50, 149.50, 123.43 and 280.24 eggs for pre-pupa, pupa, adult and leaves treated, respectively as compared with 299.75 in control after fourth week. Pre-oviposition, ovipostion, post-oviposition days and the longevity of females and males were shorter in treated individuals compared with control. The lowest percentage hatching was 75.12% in eggs deposited by adults feed on treated leaves as compared with 98.42% in control.展开更多
The Ryman-Laikre （R-L） effect is an increase in inbreeding and a reduction in total effective population size （NET） in a combined captive-wild system, which arises when a few captive parents produce large numbers ...The Ryman-Laikre （R-L） effect is an increase in inbreeding and a reduction in total effective population size （NET） in a combined captive-wild system, which arises when a few captive parents produce large numbers of offspring. To facilitate evaluation of the R-L effect for scenarios that are relevant to marine stock enhancement and aquaculture, we extended the original R-L formula to explicitly account for several key factors that determine NeT, including the numbers of captive and wild adults, the ratio of captive to wild Ne/N （β）, productivity of captive and wild breeders, and removal of individuals from the wild for captive breeding. We show how to provide quantitative answers to questions such as： What scenarios lead to no loss of effective size？ What is the maximum effective size that can be achieved？ and What scenarios insure that NeTWill be no smaller than a specified value？ Important results include the following： （1） For large marine populations, the value of β becomes increasingly important as the captive contribution increases. Captive propagation will sharply reduce NeT unless the captive contribution is very small or β is very large （～10^3 or higher）. （2） Very large values of β are only possible if wild Ne/N is tiny. Therefore, large wild populations undergoing captive enhancement at even modest levels will suffer major reductions in effective size unless wild Ne is a tiny fraction of the census size （about 10 4 or lower）.展开更多
文摘【目的】了解和掌握野生朱鹮的繁殖特征和最新的种群数量,为朱鹮种群的现状评估和保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年3―6月对陕西省洋县及周边地区的朱鹮巢址进行调查,统计每巢的环境因子和繁殖参数,分析营巢成功率和繁殖生产力;于2019年9月对朱鹮的夜宿地进行同步调查,统计朱鹮的数量和年龄结构。根据巢址的密度,在ArcView GIS 3.3中使用核密度法(Kernel)计算不同巢区的分布和面积,在SPSS 22.0中使用列联表分析(Crosstabs)和单因素方差分析(ANOVA)比较朱鹮繁殖参数的差异。【结果】2019年共统计到朱鹮巢址449个,主要分布在陕西省洋县(66.8%)和毗邻的城固县(29.0%)。朱鹮的核心巢区和常规巢区面积分别为244.1 km 2和1523.7 km 2,其中核心巢区的营巢密度为0.73巢•km^-2,远高于常规巢区的0.16巢•km^-2。朱鹮的营巢成功率为66.4%,在核心巢区、常规巢区和外围巢区中营巢成功率依次上升且差异极为显著。朱鹮的繁殖生产力为2.05,其中外围巢区的繁殖生产力显著高于其他2个巢区。共统计到营巢树种19种,主要为松树(30.2%)、榆树(28.6%)和山杨(26.6%)。朱鹮在3种主要营巢树种的营巢成功率没有显著差异,但在松树上的繁殖生产力显著较高。在38个夜宿地同步记录到朱鹮2571只,其中,洋县和城固县的夜宿地数量分别占73.7%和15.8%,夜宿的朱鹮数量分别占73.0%和23.4%。夜宿种群中当年出生的幼鸟占11.6%。【结论】我国野生朱鹮的数量稳步增长,巢址和夜宿地仍然主要分布在洋县和毗邻的城固县。但核心巢区的种群增长可能已经受到环境容纳量的限制,朱鹮种群正在加速向外围地区扩散。种群的年龄结构正在发生较大变化,将对今后的种群增长速度产生影响。加强对核心分布区栖息地的恢复以及对外围分布区的保护管理,将是促进朱鹮种群持续增长的关键。
文摘The effect of the Entomopathogenic fungus, Paceilomyces farinosus on reproductive potential of female survivors, egg viability and total egg production of poplar leaf beetle Melasoma populi L. was investigated in Plant Protection Department laboratories, School of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok University in Spring 2011. Prepupae, pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with spore suspension of P.farinosus （1 ~ 10s conidia/mL）. Another group of adults were reared on sprayed poplar leaves with a same concentration of conidial suspension. Eggs production and hatching percentage were monitored daily over a 7-wk period. Overall reproductive capacity was significantly lower as compared with control. The total number of eggs per surviving female was 85.50, 149.50, 123.43 and 280.24 eggs for pre-pupa, pupa, adult and leaves treated, respectively as compared with 299.75 in control after fourth week. Pre-oviposition, ovipostion, post-oviposition days and the longevity of females and males were shorter in treated individuals compared with control. The lowest percentage hatching was 75.12% in eggs deposited by adults feed on treated leaves as compared with 98.42% in control.
文摘The Ryman-Laikre （R-L） effect is an increase in inbreeding and a reduction in total effective population size （NET） in a combined captive-wild system, which arises when a few captive parents produce large numbers of offspring. To facilitate evaluation of the R-L effect for scenarios that are relevant to marine stock enhancement and aquaculture, we extended the original R-L formula to explicitly account for several key factors that determine NeT, including the numbers of captive and wild adults, the ratio of captive to wild Ne/N （β）, productivity of captive and wild breeders, and removal of individuals from the wild for captive breeding. We show how to provide quantitative answers to questions such as： What scenarios lead to no loss of effective size？ What is the maximum effective size that can be achieved？ and What scenarios insure that NeTWill be no smaller than a specified value？ Important results include the following： （1） For large marine populations, the value of β becomes increasingly important as the captive contribution increases. Captive propagation will sharply reduce NeT unless the captive contribution is very small or β is very large （～10^3 or higher）. （2） Very large values of β are only possible if wild Ne/N is tiny. Therefore, large wild populations undergoing captive enhancement at even modest levels will suffer major reductions in effective size unless wild Ne is a tiny fraction of the census size （about 10 4 or lower）.
