Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research an...Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research and development（R D） alliances.Therefore,the first objective of this study is to investigate why there exist different organizational governance structures in managing R D alliances;the second objective of this study is to give strategic advice in choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of R D alliances.Through the theoretical lens that integrate both transaction cost economics（TCE） and the resource-based view（RBV）,a model that focuses on six major factors is developed for determining governance structure choices,namely,technological uncertainty,cultural difference,asset specificity,technology complementarity,appropriability of the individual firm＇s know-how,and trust.An R D alliance with higher technological uncertainty,larger cultural differences,and greater concerns for protecting an individual＇s know-how is more likely to adopt non-integrated alliances as the governing structure.An R D alliance with a higher degree of asset-specificity,greater technology complementarity and greater trust among partnering organizations is more likely to adopt integrated alliances as the governing structure;an R D alliance in the face of lower technological uncertainty will tend to adopt integrated alliances.The more aligned the choice of the governance structure with its determinants,the better the R D alliance will perform,and vice versa.展开更多
Mg-6.6%Y-2.3%Zn （WZ62, mass fraction） magnesium alloys were fabricated by equal-channel-angular-extrusion （ECAE）, and ECAE followed by forging processing, respectively. The ＂necklace＂ structure that is composed ...Mg-6.6%Y-2.3%Zn （WZ62, mass fraction） magnesium alloys were fabricated by equal-channel-angular-extrusion （ECAE）, and ECAE followed by forging processing, respectively. The ＂necklace＂ structure that is composed of fine recrystallized and coarse initial grains was found. The process of dynamic recrystallization （DRX） is associated with the strain localization. With increasing ECAE passes, the tensile test results reveal that both the strength and elongation are enhanced. A typical non-basal texture component in the （0002） pole figures with tilted peaks at about 45° was observed. After ECAE followed by forging processing, the strength increases greatly with sacrificed ductility. That is attributed to the change in the texture： the majority of basal planes is rotated to be normal to the normal direction. The non-basal texture induced by ECAE is modified by the secondary forging processing.展开更多
An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning secur...An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning security tags to subjects and objects is greatly simplified.The interoperation among different departments is implemented through assigning multiple security tags to one post, and the more departments are closed on the organization tree,the more secret objects can be exchanged by the staff of the departments.The access control matrices of the department,post and staff are defined.By using the three access control matrices,a multi granularity and flexible discretionary access control policy is implemented.The outstanding merit of the BLP model is inherited,and the new model can guarantee that all the information flow is under control.Finally,our study shows that compared to the BLP model,the proposed model is more flexible.展开更多
The AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets obtained by multi-pass hot rolling were applied to cold rolling and the maximum single pass cold rolling reduction prior to failure of AZ31 magnesium alloy was enhanced to 41%. Larger s...The AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets obtained by multi-pass hot rolling were applied to cold rolling and the maximum single pass cold rolling reduction prior to failure of AZ31 magnesium alloy was enhanced to 41%. Larger single pass rolling reduction led to weaker texture during the multi-pass hot rolling procedure. The sheet obtained showed weak basal texture, while the value was only 1/3-1/2 that of general as-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheets. It was beneficial for the enhancement of further cold rolling formability despite of the coarser grain size. The deformation mechanism for the formation of texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was also analyzed in detail.展开更多
Family members solve not only their interests, but make provision for interests of other members of the family, too. The space for the control at a higher level is thus formed. Without notifying, individual members in...Family members solve not only their interests, but make provision for interests of other members of the family, too. The space for the control at a higher level is thus formed. Without notifying, individual members in the process of provision making proceed depending on general rules of the organisation of elements into higher structures, as they exist in all stable objects. This provision making has different forms, starting with the love and ending with an assisted coexistence. The understanding of the role of individual controlling structures allows to improve the functioning of the family. Similarly, as a regular discussion of its functioning in the family and perhaps, their controlled casting by some of partners, too. The submitted work describes roles and the control in the elementary family--in the childless coexistence of partners.展开更多
Diversity among organizations may promote a better organizational performance, and diversity management can be used as a competent strategic management conceptual framework in the governance of religious congregations...Diversity among organizations may promote a better organizational performance, and diversity management can be used as a competent strategic management conceptual framework in the governance of religious congregations, just as for other organizational forms. Catholic religious congregations are currently undergoing profound changes： They are more and more multicultural; The younger generations have a different understanding of their consecrated in comparison with the previous generations; In addition, they deal with a growing role of lay people in the Church. The study investigated the specific challenges faced by governance of religious congregations, as particular organizational form, in terms of organizational health. A semi-structured interview was administered to a sample of catholic consecrated people （n = 40）. Differences emerged among participants coming from different cultures as well as between younger and older members on their representation and perception of normative organizational control, and differences emerged also on the role and the tasks expected from leaders and followers.展开更多
基金The Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research and development（R D） alliances.Therefore,the first objective of this study is to investigate why there exist different organizational governance structures in managing R D alliances;the second objective of this study is to give strategic advice in choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of R D alliances.Through the theoretical lens that integrate both transaction cost economics（TCE） and the resource-based view（RBV）,a model that focuses on six major factors is developed for determining governance structure choices,namely,technological uncertainty,cultural difference,asset specificity,technology complementarity,appropriability of the individual firm＇s know-how,and trust.An R D alliance with higher technological uncertainty,larger cultural differences,and greater concerns for protecting an individual＇s know-how is more likely to adopt non-integrated alliances as the governing structure.An R D alliance with a higher degree of asset-specificity,greater technology complementarity and greater trust among partnering organizations is more likely to adopt integrated alliances as the governing structure;an R D alliance in the face of lower technological uncertainty will tend to adopt integrated alliances.The more aligned the choice of the governance structure with its determinants,the better the R D alliance will perform,and vice versa.
文摘Mg-6.6%Y-2.3%Zn （WZ62, mass fraction） magnesium alloys were fabricated by equal-channel-angular-extrusion （ECAE）, and ECAE followed by forging processing, respectively. The ＂necklace＂ structure that is composed of fine recrystallized and coarse initial grains was found. The process of dynamic recrystallization （DRX） is associated with the strain localization. With increasing ECAE passes, the tensile test results reveal that both the strength and elongation are enhanced. A typical non-basal texture component in the （0002） pole figures with tilted peaks at about 45° was observed. After ECAE followed by forging processing, the strength increases greatly with sacrificed ductility. That is attributed to the change in the texture： the majority of basal planes is rotated to be normal to the normal direction. The non-basal texture induced by ECAE is modified by the secondary forging processing.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60403027,60773191,70771043)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2007AA01Z403)
文摘An access control model is proposed based on the famous Bell-LaPadula （BLP） model.In the proposed model,hierarchical relationships among departments are built,a new concept named post is proposed,and assigning security tags to subjects and objects is greatly simplified.The interoperation among different departments is implemented through assigning multiple security tags to one post, and the more departments are closed on the organization tree,the more secret objects can be exchanged by the staff of the departments.The access control matrices of the department,post and staff are defined.By using the three access control matrices,a multi granularity and flexible discretionary access control policy is implemented.The outstanding merit of the BLP model is inherited,and the new model can guarantee that all the information flow is under control.Finally,our study shows that compared to the BLP model,the proposed model is more flexible.
文摘The AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets obtained by multi-pass hot rolling were applied to cold rolling and the maximum single pass cold rolling reduction prior to failure of AZ31 magnesium alloy was enhanced to 41%. Larger single pass rolling reduction led to weaker texture during the multi-pass hot rolling procedure. The sheet obtained showed weak basal texture, while the value was only 1/3-1/2 that of general as-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheets. It was beneficial for the enhancement of further cold rolling formability despite of the coarser grain size. The deformation mechanism for the formation of texture in AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was also analyzed in detail.
文摘Family members solve not only their interests, but make provision for interests of other members of the family, too. The space for the control at a higher level is thus formed. Without notifying, individual members in the process of provision making proceed depending on general rules of the organisation of elements into higher structures, as they exist in all stable objects. This provision making has different forms, starting with the love and ending with an assisted coexistence. The understanding of the role of individual controlling structures allows to improve the functioning of the family. Similarly, as a regular discussion of its functioning in the family and perhaps, their controlled casting by some of partners, too. The submitted work describes roles and the control in the elementary family--in the childless coexistence of partners.
文摘Diversity among organizations may promote a better organizational performance, and diversity management can be used as a competent strategic management conceptual framework in the governance of religious congregations, just as for other organizational forms. Catholic religious congregations are currently undergoing profound changes： They are more and more multicultural; The younger generations have a different understanding of their consecrated in comparison with the previous generations; In addition, they deal with a growing role of lay people in the Church. The study investigated the specific challenges faced by governance of religious congregations, as particular organizational form, in terms of organizational health. A semi-structured interview was administered to a sample of catholic consecrated people （n = 40）. Differences emerged among participants coming from different cultures as well as between younger and older members on their representation and perception of normative organizational control, and differences emerged also on the role and the tasks expected from leaders and followers.
