在临床技能测量方面,广泛流行的做法是采用直接观察法,在标准化条件下通过对受试者临床能力有关行为的直接观察来评定其临床技能。许多学者如Van der Vleuten和Swanson。Colliver和Willioms、Vu和Barrows等分别对这种评定方法进行了研究...在临床技能测量方面,广泛流行的做法是采用直接观察法,在标准化条件下通过对受试者临床能力有关行为的直接观察来评定其临床技能。许多学者如Van der Vleuten和Swanson。Colliver和Willioms、Vu和Barrows等分别对这种评定方法进行了研究,结果证实这一方法是可靠和有效的。展开更多
The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Zn2Y4 extruded alloy containing long-period stacking ordered structures were systematically investigated by SEM and TEM analyses. The results show that the 18R-LPSO ...The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Zn2Y4 extruded alloy containing long-period stacking ordered structures were systematically investigated by SEM and TEM analyses. The results show that the 18R-LPSO structure and α-Mg phase are observed in cast Mg94Zn2Y4 alloy. After extrusion, the LPSO structures are delaminated and Mg-slices with width of 50-200 nm are generated. By ageing at 498 K for 36 h, the ageing peak is attained andβ′phase is precipitated. Due to this novel precipitation, the microhardness ofα-Mg matrix increases apparently from HV108.9 to HV129.7. While the microhardness for LPSO structure is stabilized at about HV145. TEM observations and SAED patterns indicate that the β′ phase has unique orientation relationships betweenα-Mg and LPSO structures, the direction in the close-packed planes ofβ′precipitates perpendicular to that ofα-Mg and LPSO structures. The ultimate tensile strength for the peak-aged alloy achieves 410.7 MPa and the significant strength originates from the coexistence ofβ′precipitates and 18R-LPSO structures.展开更多
Based on microstructure analysis of the new Ti-A1 intermetallic compound porous material, a micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure was established and calculation formulas of elastic constants ...Based on microstructure analysis of the new Ti-A1 intermetallic compound porous material, a micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure was established and calculation formulas of elastic constants （including effective elastic modulus, effective shear elastic modulus and effective Poisson ratio） were derived by the energy method for this porous material. Calculation results show that both the effective elastic modulus and effective shear elastic modulus increase with the increase of the relative density while the effective Poisson ratio decreases. Compared with the currently-existing hexagonal honeycomb model and micromechanics model of composite materials, the micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure in this study is more suitable for characterizing the medium-density porous material and more accurate for predicting the effective elastic constants of the medium-density porous material. Moreover, the obtained explicit expressions of the effective elastic constants in term of the relative density rather than the microstructural parameters for the uniform and regular Plateau porous structure are more convenient to engineering application.展开更多
To measure the effects of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the quality of life of affected young children and their families, we developed a prototype 62- item instrument, the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS)...To measure the effects of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the quality of life of affected young children and their families, we developed a prototype 62- item instrument, the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS). The prototype CADIS was developed from a comprehensive conceptual framework based on data from parents and clinicians. The instrument had eight subscales (four each for child and parent): physical health, emotional health, physical functioning, and social functioning. The goal of this work was to test the validity of and to refine the prototype of CADIS. Two hundred seventy parents of children under the age of 6 y with AD responded to the instrument. Content validity was demonstrated by expert and parent reviews of the drafted and refined instrument, and by analyzing parents’ responses to open-ended questions about their children’ s skin disease. Construct validity was assessed in exploratory factor analyses which supported a refinement in the conceptual framework to consist of two dimensions with five domains: child dimensions (symptoms and activity limitation/behavior)-, and parent dimensions (family/ social function, sleep, and emotions). Seventeen items were eliminated, yielding a 45- item refined version of CADIS (score 0- 180) with evidence of content and construct validity and suggested use in clinical research.展开更多
Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Prev...Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Previous exploratory factor analyses have been conducted to evaluate the scale's dimensionality,with inconsistent results,and the factor structure of the scale remains unclear.The aims of the present study were to determine the factorial structure of the VISA-P scale using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and test measurement invariance across sexes.Methods:The study included a convenience sample of 249 Spanish athletes with patellar tendinopathy.CFA was performed to assess factorial validity.Hypothesized 1-and 2-factor models were tested.Measurement invariance across sexes was evaluated via multi-group CFA with several fit indices using EQS 6.1 software.Results:The internal consistency coefficient was 0.74.Several CFA models were examined and the 1-factor model in which errors for Items 7 and8 were correlated showed acceptable fit in terms of comparative fit index(CFI) and goodness-of-fit index(GFI) statistics(CFI = 0.93;GFI = 0.94;standardized root mean square residual = 0.06;root mean square error of approximation = 0.10;90% confidence interval:0.08–0.13).This model was invariant across sexes.Conclusion:The 1-factor model of the Spanish version of the VISA-P scale(VISA-P-Sp) in which errors for Items 7 and 8 were correlated demonstrated relative fit in CFA.Scores obtained via VISA-P-Sp can be compared between men and women without sexes bias.Further studies should examine the VISA-P scale and other single-score patient-reported outcome measures concurrently.展开更多
In-service hydrocarbons must be transported at high temperature and high pressure to ease the flow and prevent the solidification of the wax fraction. The pipeline containing hot oil will expand longitudinally due to ...In-service hydrocarbons must be transported at high temperature and high pressure to ease the flow and prevent the solidification of the wax fraction. The pipeline containing hot oil will expand longitudinally due to the rise in temperature. If such expansion is resisted, for example by frictional effects over a kilometer or so of pipeline, compressive axial stress will be built up in the pipe-wall. The compressive forces are often so large that they induce vertical buckling of buffed pipelines, which can jeopardize the structural integrity of the pipeline. A typical initial imperfection named continuous support mode of submarine pipeline was studied. Based on this type of initial imperfection, the analytical solution of vertical thermal buckling was introduced and an elastic-plasticity finite element analysis （FEA） was developed. Both the analytical and the finite element methodology were applied to analyze a practice in Bohai Gulf, China. The analyzing results show that upheaval buckling is most likely to build up from the initial imperfection of the pipeline and the buckling temperature depends on the amplitude of initial imperfection. With the same amplitude of initial imperfection, the triggering temperature difference of upheaval buckling increases with covered depth of the pipeline, the soil strength and the friction between the pipeline and subsoil.展开更多
The conception of ＂advanced radar＂ is introduced and lint forward, while it is proved that the weakpoints of interference can still be employed. Meanwhile, the paper expounds the principle how Over-The-Horizon Radar...The conception of ＂advanced radar＂ is introduced and lint forward, while it is proved that the weakpoints of interference can still be employed. Meanwhile, the paper expounds the principle how Over-The-Horizon Radar（OTHR） works, and derives the OTHR interference equation. By listing the OTHR examples, it analyzes and calculates the equivalent power of the OTHR and the sensitivity of the receiver to build up a block diagram how the interferencer is structured. Hence, the effective area is achieved, and OTHR can be intereferenced effectively with not so high equivalent power.展开更多
This paper describes the characteristics of a single-base repairable inventory system and multi-indenture structure with communality and redundancy. At the base, there are a working field that has a maximum of z equip...This paper describes the characteristics of a single-base repairable inventory system and multi-indenture structure with communality and redundancy. At the base, there are a working field that has a maximum of z equipment on line and its repair channels, which mainly consist of two centers： line replaceable units （LRUs） diagnostic center and shop replaceable units （SRUs） repair center. In these two centers, the resources are finite and different. We introduce routing probabilities to express the repair relationships between resources and failed replaced units. The diagnostic time follows exponential distribution and SRU repair time follows general distribution with known average. We analyze the general model of this system, and present an approximate solution that uses two-step negative binomial approximation to obtain the expected backorders of all LRUs. The first step is fitting negative binomial distributions to the distributions of the number for all SitUs at the repair center, and the second is fitting negative binomial distributions to the convolutions of the distributions of the number for all LRUs in diagnostic and assemblydelayed. Thus, we give the approximate value of operational awilability of equipment based on this method. Finally, the results under two policies of routing probabilities are compared by the optimal curves.展开更多
文摘在临床技能测量方面,广泛流行的做法是采用直接观察法,在标准化条件下通过对受试者临床能力有关行为的直接观察来评定其临床技能。许多学者如Van der Vleuten和Swanson。Colliver和Willioms、Vu和Barrows等分别对这种评定方法进行了研究,结果证实这一方法是可靠和有效的。
基金Project (BK2010392) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of ChinaProject (3212000502) supported by the Innovation Foundation of Southeast University,China
文摘The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Zn2Y4 extruded alloy containing long-period stacking ordered structures were systematically investigated by SEM and TEM analyses. The results show that the 18R-LPSO structure and α-Mg phase are observed in cast Mg94Zn2Y4 alloy. After extrusion, the LPSO structures are delaminated and Mg-slices with width of 50-200 nm are generated. By ageing at 498 K for 36 h, the ageing peak is attained andβ′phase is precipitated. Due to this novel precipitation, the microhardness ofα-Mg matrix increases apparently from HV108.9 to HV129.7. While the microhardness for LPSO structure is stabilized at about HV145. TEM observations and SAED patterns indicate that the β′ phase has unique orientation relationships betweenα-Mg and LPSO structures, the direction in the close-packed planes ofβ′precipitates perpendicular to that ofα-Mg and LPSO structures. The ultimate tensile strength for the peak-aged alloy achieves 410.7 MPa and the significant strength originates from the coexistence ofβ′precipitates and 18R-LPSO structures.
基金Project(50825102) supported by the National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar,ChinaProject(2009CB623406) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Based on microstructure analysis of the new Ti-A1 intermetallic compound porous material, a micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure was established and calculation formulas of elastic constants （including effective elastic modulus, effective shear elastic modulus and effective Poisson ratio） were derived by the energy method for this porous material. Calculation results show that both the effective elastic modulus and effective shear elastic modulus increase with the increase of the relative density while the effective Poisson ratio decreases. Compared with the currently-existing hexagonal honeycomb model and micromechanics model of composite materials, the micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure in this study is more suitable for characterizing the medium-density porous material and more accurate for predicting the effective elastic constants of the medium-density porous material. Moreover, the obtained explicit expressions of the effective elastic constants in term of the relative density rather than the microstructural parameters for the uniform and regular Plateau porous structure are more convenient to engineering application.
文摘To measure the effects of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the quality of life of affected young children and their families, we developed a prototype 62- item instrument, the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS). The prototype CADIS was developed from a comprehensive conceptual framework based on data from parents and clinicians. The instrument had eight subscales (four each for child and parent): physical health, emotional health, physical functioning, and social functioning. The goal of this work was to test the validity of and to refine the prototype of CADIS. Two hundred seventy parents of children under the age of 6 y with AD responded to the instrument. Content validity was demonstrated by expert and parent reviews of the drafted and refined instrument, and by analyzing parents’ responses to open-ended questions about their children’ s skin disease. Construct validity was assessed in exploratory factor analyses which supported a refinement in the conceptual framework to consist of two dimensions with five domains: child dimensions (symptoms and activity limitation/behavior)-, and parent dimensions (family/ social function, sleep, and emotions). Seventeen items were eliminated, yielding a 45- item refined version of CADIS (score 0- 180) with evidence of content and construct validity and suggested use in clinical research.
文摘Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Previous exploratory factor analyses have been conducted to evaluate the scale's dimensionality,with inconsistent results,and the factor structure of the scale remains unclear.The aims of the present study were to determine the factorial structure of the VISA-P scale using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and test measurement invariance across sexes.Methods:The study included a convenience sample of 249 Spanish athletes with patellar tendinopathy.CFA was performed to assess factorial validity.Hypothesized 1-and 2-factor models were tested.Measurement invariance across sexes was evaluated via multi-group CFA with several fit indices using EQS 6.1 software.Results:The internal consistency coefficient was 0.74.Several CFA models were examined and the 1-factor model in which errors for Items 7 and8 were correlated showed acceptable fit in terms of comparative fit index(CFI) and goodness-of-fit index(GFI) statistics(CFI = 0.93;GFI = 0.94;standardized root mean square residual = 0.06;root mean square error of approximation = 0.10;90% confidence interval:0.08–0.13).This model was invariant across sexes.Conclusion:The 1-factor model of the Spanish version of the VISA-P scale(VISA-P-Sp) in which errors for Items 7 and 8 were correlated demonstrated relative fit in CFA.Scores obtained via VISA-P-Sp can be compared between men and women without sexes bias.Further studies should examine the VISA-P scale and other single-score patient-reported outcome measures concurrently.
基金Project(51021004) supported by Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(40776055) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of china+1 种基金Project(1002) supported by State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Foundation, ChinaProject(NCET 11 0370) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of China
文摘In-service hydrocarbons must be transported at high temperature and high pressure to ease the flow and prevent the solidification of the wax fraction. The pipeline containing hot oil will expand longitudinally due to the rise in temperature. If such expansion is resisted, for example by frictional effects over a kilometer or so of pipeline, compressive axial stress will be built up in the pipe-wall. The compressive forces are often so large that they induce vertical buckling of buffed pipelines, which can jeopardize the structural integrity of the pipeline. A typical initial imperfection named continuous support mode of submarine pipeline was studied. Based on this type of initial imperfection, the analytical solution of vertical thermal buckling was introduced and an elastic-plasticity finite element analysis （FEA） was developed. Both the analytical and the finite element methodology were applied to analyze a practice in Bohai Gulf, China. The analyzing results show that upheaval buckling is most likely to build up from the initial imperfection of the pipeline and the buckling temperature depends on the amplitude of initial imperfection. With the same amplitude of initial imperfection, the triggering temperature difference of upheaval buckling increases with covered depth of the pipeline, the soil strength and the friction between the pipeline and subsoil.
文摘The conception of ＂advanced radar＂ is introduced and lint forward, while it is proved that the weakpoints of interference can still be employed. Meanwhile, the paper expounds the principle how Over-The-Horizon Radar（OTHR） works, and derives the OTHR interference equation. By listing the OTHR examples, it analyzes and calculates the equivalent power of the OTHR and the sensitivity of the receiver to build up a block diagram how the interferencer is structured. Hence, the effective area is achieved, and OTHR can be intereferenced effectively with not so high equivalent power.
文摘This paper describes the characteristics of a single-base repairable inventory system and multi-indenture structure with communality and redundancy. At the base, there are a working field that has a maximum of z equipment on line and its repair channels, which mainly consist of two centers： line replaceable units （LRUs） diagnostic center and shop replaceable units （SRUs） repair center. In these two centers, the resources are finite and different. We introduce routing probabilities to express the repair relationships between resources and failed replaced units. The diagnostic time follows exponential distribution and SRU repair time follows general distribution with known average. We analyze the general model of this system, and present an approximate solution that uses two-step negative binomial approximation to obtain the expected backorders of all LRUs. The first step is fitting negative binomial distributions to the distributions of the number for all SitUs at the repair center, and the second is fitting negative binomial distributions to the convolutions of the distributions of the number for all LRUs in diagnostic and assemblydelayed. Thus, we give the approximate value of operational awilability of equipment based on this method. Finally, the results under two policies of routing probabilities are compared by the optimal curves.
