Based on the total-factor energy efficiency framework,this paper calculates China's industrial energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction potential from 2000 to 2009 by utilizing the directional distance functi...Based on the total-factor energy efficiency framework,this paper calculates China's industrial energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction potential from 2000 to 2009 by utilizing the directional distance function and data envelopment analysis.The empirical results show that:China's industrial overall energy efficiency is relatively lower while the emis-sions reduction potential is relatively greater,given the optimum production frontier.Significant indus-trial disparities of energy efficiency and emissions reduction potential exist.Energy efficiency and emis-sions reduction potential significantly show different tendencies of industrial dynamic variation.This paper suggests the Chinese government impose differential carbon taxes,flexibly utilize carbon market mecha-nism,strengthen energy-saving technological R&D,promote the utilization of renewable energy,and strengthen environmental supervision and regulation,so as to improve China's industrial energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.展开更多
To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups ...To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups axe assigned the highest reduction targets （55% and 65%, respectively）. However, their reduction potent!al is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets （48% and 61%, respectively）, but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target （54%）, and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target （49%）. However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation.展开更多
In 2005, an innovative program was formed between the local government and The University of Toledo to help improve environmental and economic conditions in Lucas County, Ohio, USA by providing no cost energy assessme...In 2005, an innovative program was formed between the local government and The University of Toledo to help improve environmental and economic conditions in Lucas County, Ohio, USA by providing no cost energy assessments to various types of organizations. Unlike the Industrial Assessment Centers, which focus on manufacturing and are funded by the Federal Government, this program demonstrates that successful partnerships can be established at the local government level to aid various types of organizations in energy conservation and cost reduction. Since 2005, the program completed ten energy assessments and identified over 143,000 kwh and 103,000 kg of CO2 for reduction. Additionally, over $12,000 has been identified as annual cost savings for Lucas County businesses. The purpose of this paper is to provide a complete overview and framework of this program so that other institutions may learn from it and adopt similar programs at the local level. A focus of this paper is a discussion of a case study that details the process and results of a typical energy assessment conducted through the project and comparison to similar programs in the US.展开更多
A novel tobacco-curing system with a solar-assisted heat pump was proposed.The proposed system has various advantages,such as reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions and enhancing the stability of system o...A novel tobacco-curing system with a solar-assisted heat pump was proposed.The proposed system has various advantages,such as reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions and enhancing the stability of system operation.The thermal characteristics of the system under different climate conditions were analyzed,and the economic and environmental benefits of different tobacco-curing technologies were compared.Results indicated that the dehydration rate,the mass flux of exhaust air,and the heat load of the novel tobacco-curing system in different months had similar changes with the baking time,and all reached the maximum in the later stage of color fixing.Compared with the power saving rate of a heat pump tobacco-curing system,that of the novel system reached 25.9%-35.1%.The dry leaf curing cost of the novel system was only 0.86-1.06 yuan/kg,which can reduce the cost by more than 60%compared with traditional coal-burning tobacco-curing systems in China.Compared with other parts of the tobacco leaf,the top leaf had the lowest dry leaf curing cost due to its highest mass of dry leaf.The payback period and the annual CO_(2) emission reduction of the novel system were 3.0-3.7 a and 15586 kg,respectively.展开更多
This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS） technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-s...This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS） technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction （e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy） are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application.展开更多
From the perspective of life cycle assessment （LCA）, the development, construction, and operation of all kinds of new energy power generation technologies release greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions. This sparks concer...From the perspective of life cycle assessment （LCA）, the development, construction, and operation of all kinds of new energy power generation technologies release greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions. This sparks concerns about the lowcarbon nature of the new energy power generation technologies. Based on national and international literature review, this paper estimates and compares the GHG emission factors of traditional thermal power generation and new energy power generation technologies in China with the LCA approach. The GHG mitigation potential of new energy power generation technologies as substitution for traditional thermal power generation in China was evaluated, according to the objectives of new energy power generation of the national development planning. The results show that the GHG emission factors of new energy power generation axe much lower than that of traditional thermal power generation even with LCA accounting, and the GHG mitigation potential of new energy substitution is huge.展开更多
Based on CAE’s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in Chin...Based on CAE’s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in China, gives the strategic positions and development objectives of renewable energy in China in the first half of 21st century and contributes to green house gas emissions reduction and environmental protection in China.展开更多
China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provi...China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provides the most comprehensive COemission inventories of 287 Chinese cities from 2001 to2019.The emission inventories are compiled for 47 economic sectors and include energy-related emissions for 17 types of fossil fuels and process-related emissions from cement production.We further investigate the state of the emission peak in each city and reveal hidden driving forces.The results show that38 cities have proactively peaked their emissions for at least fve years and another 21 cities also have emission decline,but passively.The 38 proactively peaked cities achieved emission decline mainly by effciency improvements and structural changes in energy use,while the 21 passively emission declined cities reduced emissions at the cost of economic recession or population loss.We propose that those passively emission declined cities need to face up to the reasons that caused the emission to decline,and fully exploit the opportunities provided by industrial innovation and green investment brought by low-carbon targets to achieve economic recovery and carbon mitigation goals.Proactively peaked cities need to seek strategies to maintain the downward trend in emissions and avoid an emission rebound and thus provide successful models for cities with still growing emissions to achieve an emission peak.展开更多
In order to control the air pollution caused by ships and improve ambient air quality,China set up three domestic emission control areas(DECAs)in 2015 in the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim(Bei...In order to control the air pollution caused by ships and improve ambient air quality,China set up three domestic emission control areas(DECAs)in 2015 in the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)waters.In order to meet the emission requirements established at the 70th meeting of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee(MEPC),China intends to apply for the establishment of three international Emission Control Area(ECA)in 2030 for these DECAs.This paper discusses existing technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOx)and sulphur oxides(SOx),and examines the abatement costs for the shipping industry in the year 2030 to comply with this action.Based on an examination of the literature and data collected for this study,four traditional alternatives,low-sulphur fuel,sulphur scrubbers/exhaust gas cleaning systems(EGCS),selective catalytic reduction(SCR),and exhaust gas recirculation,are analyzed.The analysis finds that switching to low-sulphur fuel is the best technical solution for SOx emission reduction,and the installation of SCR is the best technology for reducing nitrogen.In addition to traditional emission reduction technologies,the use of shore power facilities and liquefied natural gas(LNG),two alternatives welcomed by China’s green shipping industry,are also considered in this paper.The expected average abatement cost of these alternatives in the year 2030 are USD 2.866 billion,0.324 billion,1.071 billion,0.402 billion,0.232 billion and 0.34 billion,respectively.展开更多
In this paper, we apply the source generation procedure to the coupled 2D Toda lattice equation （also called Pfaffianized 2D Toda lattice）, then we get a more generalized system which is the coupled 2D Toda lattice ...In this paper, we apply the source generation procedure to the coupled 2D Toda lattice equation （also called Pfaffianized 2D Toda lattice）, then we get a more generalized system which is the coupled 2D Toda lattice with self-consistent sources （p-2D TodaESCS）, and a pfaman type solution of the new system is given. Consequently, by using the reduction of the pfaffian solution to the determinant form, this new system can not only be reduced to the 2D TodaESCS, but be reduced to the coupled 2D Toda lattice equation. This result indicates that the p-2D TodaESCS is also a pfafilan version of the 2D TodaESCS, which implies the commutativity between the source generation procedure and Pfaffianization is valid to the semi-discrete soliton equation.展开更多
文摘Based on the total-factor energy efficiency framework,this paper calculates China's industrial energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction potential from 2000 to 2009 by utilizing the directional distance function and data envelopment analysis.The empirical results show that:China's industrial overall energy efficiency is relatively lower while the emis-sions reduction potential is relatively greater,given the optimum production frontier.Significant indus-trial disparities of energy efficiency and emissions reduction potential exist.Energy efficiency and emis-sions reduction potential significantly show different tendencies of industrial dynamic variation.This paper suggests the Chinese government impose differential carbon taxes,flexibly utilize carbon market mecha-nism,strengthen energy-saving technological R&D,promote the utilization of renewable energy,and strengthen environmental supervision and regulation,so as to improve China's industrial energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation(No.71273153)National Key Technology Research and Development Program(No.2009BAC62B01)
文摘To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups axe assigned the highest reduction targets （55% and 65%, respectively）. However, their reduction potent!al is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets （48% and 61%, respectively）, but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target （54%）, and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target （49%）. However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation.
文摘In 2005, an innovative program was formed between the local government and The University of Toledo to help improve environmental and economic conditions in Lucas County, Ohio, USA by providing no cost energy assessments to various types of organizations. Unlike the Industrial Assessment Centers, which focus on manufacturing and are funded by the Federal Government, this program demonstrates that successful partnerships can be established at the local government level to aid various types of organizations in energy conservation and cost reduction. Since 2005, the program completed ten energy assessments and identified over 143,000 kwh and 103,000 kg of CO2 for reduction. Additionally, over $12,000 has been identified as annual cost savings for Lucas County businesses. The purpose of this paper is to provide a complete overview and framework of this program so that other institutions may learn from it and adopt similar programs at the local level. A focus of this paper is a discussion of a case study that details the process and results of a typical energy assessment conducted through the project and comparison to similar programs in the US.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51922027).
文摘A novel tobacco-curing system with a solar-assisted heat pump was proposed.The proposed system has various advantages,such as reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions and enhancing the stability of system operation.The thermal characteristics of the system under different climate conditions were analyzed,and the economic and environmental benefits of different tobacco-curing technologies were compared.Results indicated that the dehydration rate,the mass flux of exhaust air,and the heat load of the novel tobacco-curing system in different months had similar changes with the baking time,and all reached the maximum in the later stage of color fixing.Compared with the power saving rate of a heat pump tobacco-curing system,that of the novel system reached 25.9%-35.1%.The dry leaf curing cost of the novel system was only 0.86-1.06 yuan/kg,which can reduce the cost by more than 60%compared with traditional coal-burning tobacco-curing systems in China.Compared with other parts of the tobacco leaf,the top leaf had the lowest dry leaf curing cost due to its highest mass of dry leaf.The payback period and the annual CO_(2) emission reduction of the novel system were 3.0-3.7 a and 15586 kg,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci- ence Foundation of China under Grant No.70825001 and 70941039
文摘This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS） technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction （e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy） are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application.
基金supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program,Energy Foundation(No.G-0911-11642)Environmental Protection Industry of Commonweal Project "Research on Co-control Policies and Demonstration of Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Key Industries"(No.201009051)
文摘From the perspective of life cycle assessment （LCA）, the development, construction, and operation of all kinds of new energy power generation technologies release greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions. This sparks concerns about the lowcarbon nature of the new energy power generation technologies. Based on national and international literature review, this paper estimates and compares the GHG emission factors of traditional thermal power generation and new energy power generation technologies in China with the LCA approach. The GHG mitigation potential of new energy power generation technologies as substitution for traditional thermal power generation in China was evaluated, according to the objectives of new energy power generation of the national development planning. The results show that the GHG emission factors of new energy power generation axe much lower than that of traditional thermal power generation even with LCA accounting, and the GHG mitigation potential of new energy substitution is huge.
文摘Based on CAE’s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in China, gives the strategic positions and development objectives of renewable energy in China in the first half of 21st century and contributes to green house gas emissions reduction and environmental protection in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72140001 and 41921005)Shandong Provincial Science Fund for Excellent Youth Scholars(ZR2021YQ27)+1 种基金the National Social Science Fund of China(21ZDA065)the Natural Environment Research Council(2021GRIP02COP-AQ)。
文摘China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provides the most comprehensive COemission inventories of 287 Chinese cities from 2001 to2019.The emission inventories are compiled for 47 economic sectors and include energy-related emissions for 17 types of fossil fuels and process-related emissions from cement production.We further investigate the state of the emission peak in each city and reveal hidden driving forces.The results show that38 cities have proactively peaked their emissions for at least fve years and another 21 cities also have emission decline,but passively.The 38 proactively peaked cities achieved emission decline mainly by effciency improvements and structural changes in energy use,while the 21 passively emission declined cities reduced emissions at the cost of economic recession or population loss.We propose that those passively emission declined cities need to face up to the reasons that caused the emission to decline,and fully exploit the opportunities provided by industrial innovation and green investment brought by low-carbon targets to achieve economic recovery and carbon mitigation goals.Proactively peaked cities need to seek strategies to maintain the downward trend in emissions and avoid an emission rebound and thus provide successful models for cities with still growing emissions to achieve an emission peak.
基金The Second National Census of Pollution Sources Mobile Source Census Technical Specifications and Organization and Implementation(2018-033-B-021)。
文摘In order to control the air pollution caused by ships and improve ambient air quality,China set up three domestic emission control areas(DECAs)in 2015 in the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)waters.In order to meet the emission requirements established at the 70th meeting of the Marine Environmental Protection Committee(MEPC),China intends to apply for the establishment of three international Emission Control Area(ECA)in 2030 for these DECAs.This paper discusses existing technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOx)and sulphur oxides(SOx),and examines the abatement costs for the shipping industry in the year 2030 to comply with this action.Based on an examination of the literature and data collected for this study,four traditional alternatives,low-sulphur fuel,sulphur scrubbers/exhaust gas cleaning systems(EGCS),selective catalytic reduction(SCR),and exhaust gas recirculation,are analyzed.The analysis finds that switching to low-sulphur fuel is the best technical solution for SOx emission reduction,and the installation of SCR is the best technology for reducing nitrogen.In addition to traditional emission reduction technologies,the use of shore power facilities and liquefied natural gas(LNG),two alternatives welcomed by China’s green shipping industry,are also considered in this paper.The expected average abatement cost of these alternatives in the year 2030 are USD 2.866 billion,0.324 billion,1.071 billion,0.402 billion,0.232 billion and 0.34 billion,respectively.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Research Funds of Renmin University of China under Grant No. 07XNA013
文摘In this paper, we apply the source generation procedure to the coupled 2D Toda lattice equation （also called Pfaffianized 2D Toda lattice）, then we get a more generalized system which is the coupled 2D Toda lattice with self-consistent sources （p-2D TodaESCS）, and a pfaman type solution of the new system is given. Consequently, by using the reduction of the pfaffian solution to the determinant form, this new system can not only be reduced to the 2D TodaESCS, but be reduced to the coupled 2D Toda lattice equation. This result indicates that the p-2D TodaESCS is also a pfafilan version of the 2D TodaESCS, which implies the commutativity between the source generation procedure and Pfaffianization is valid to the semi-discrete soliton equation.
