2012年4月,我海军某舰开始执行第2次环球航行访问任务,也是我海军首次单舰无补给舰跟随的环球航行任务.此次任务航行时间长（159 d）,航程远（约32 000 n mile）,途径三大洋、六大洲,共访问及停靠14个国家和地区,所经过的地区气候差别较...2012年4月,我海军某舰开始执行第2次环球航行访问任务,也是我海军首次单舰无补给舰跟随的环球航行任务.此次任务航行时间长（159 d）,航程远（约32 000 n mile）,途径三大洋、六大洲,共访问及停靠14个国家和地区,所经过的地区气候差别较大,海况复杂.本次航行舰员构成复杂,有许多舰龄一、二十年的老海员,也有很多初次远航的新舰员.笔者对航行期间门诊登记的病例进行了全程调查分析,重点比较了新老舰员发病情况的不同,并提出防治措施.展开更多
The forecast of growing air transport in the upcoming decades faces the challenge of an increasing environmental impact.Aviation industry is working on promising technologies to mitigate this environmental impact.Ligh...The forecast of growing air transport in the upcoming decades faces the challenge of an increasing environmental impact.Aviation industry is working on promising technologies to mitigate this environmental impact.Lightweight design is a strong lever to lower the fuel consumption and,consequently,with it the emissions of aviation.High performance composites are a key technology to help achieve these aims thanks to their favourable combination of mechanical properties and low weight in primary structures.However,mainly synthetic materials such as petrol based carbon fibres and epoxy resins are used nowadays to produce composite in aviation.Renewable materials like bio-based fibres and resin systems offer potential environmental advantages.However,they have not found their way into aviation,yet.The reasons are reduced mechanical properties and,especially for the use of natural fibres,their flammability.Improvements of these shortcomings are under investigation.Therefore the application of bio-based and recycled materials in certain areas of the aircraft could be possible in the future.Good examples for applications are furnishings and secondary structures.The motivation for this paper is to give an overview of potential environmental properties by using such eco-materials in aviation.Life cycle assessment(LCA) is a tool to calculate environmental impacts during all life stages of a product.The main focus is laid on the bio-fibres flax and ramie,recycled carbon fibres and bio-based thermoset resin systems.Furthermore an overview of environmental aspects of existing composite materials used in aviation is given.Generally,a lack of LCA results for the substitution of synthetic materials by bio-based/recycled composite materials in aviation applications has been identified.Therefore,available information from other transport areas,such as automotive,has been summarized.More detailed LCA data for eco-composite materials and technologies to improve their properties is important to understand potential environmental effects in aviation.展开更多
文摘2012年4月,我海军某舰开始执行第2次环球航行访问任务,也是我海军首次单舰无补给舰跟随的环球航行任务.此次任务航行时间长（159 d）,航程远（约32 000 n mile）,途径三大洋、六大洲,共访问及停靠14个国家和地区,所经过的地区气候差别较大,海况复杂.本次航行舰员构成复杂,有许多舰龄一、二十年的老海员,也有很多初次远航的新舰员.笔者对航行期间门诊登记的病例进行了全程调查分析,重点比较了新老舰员发病情况的不同,并提出防治措施.
基金supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(Grant No.690638)the Ministry for Industry and Information of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.[2016]92)
文摘The forecast of growing air transport in the upcoming decades faces the challenge of an increasing environmental impact.Aviation industry is working on promising technologies to mitigate this environmental impact.Lightweight design is a strong lever to lower the fuel consumption and,consequently,with it the emissions of aviation.High performance composites are a key technology to help achieve these aims thanks to their favourable combination of mechanical properties and low weight in primary structures.However,mainly synthetic materials such as petrol based carbon fibres and epoxy resins are used nowadays to produce composite in aviation.Renewable materials like bio-based fibres and resin systems offer potential environmental advantages.However,they have not found their way into aviation,yet.The reasons are reduced mechanical properties and,especially for the use of natural fibres,their flammability.Improvements of these shortcomings are under investigation.Therefore the application of bio-based and recycled materials in certain areas of the aircraft could be possible in the future.Good examples for applications are furnishings and secondary structures.The motivation for this paper is to give an overview of potential environmental properties by using such eco-materials in aviation.Life cycle assessment(LCA) is a tool to calculate environmental impacts during all life stages of a product.The main focus is laid on the bio-fibres flax and ramie,recycled carbon fibres and bio-based thermoset resin systems.Furthermore an overview of environmental aspects of existing composite materials used in aviation is given.Generally,a lack of LCA results for the substitution of synthetic materials by bio-based/recycled composite materials in aviation applications has been identified.Therefore,available information from other transport areas,such as automotive,has been summarized.More detailed LCA data for eco-composite materials and technologies to improve their properties is important to understand potential environmental effects in aviation.
