Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substit...Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substitution line in which a pair of intact chromosomes of TM_1 ( G. hirsutum ) were replaced by a pair of homozygous chromosomes of 3_79 ( G. barbadense ) is an excellent material for genetic research and molecular tagging. In this study, substitution line 16 (Sub 16) was used to evaluate the performance of the 16th chromosome in G. barbadense in TM_1 background. The genetic analysis using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model in F 2∶3 family revealed that there might exist 2 QTLs respectively for boll size, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length and the first fruit branch node, 1 QTL for fiber elongation and flowering date, and no QTL for seed index, fiber strength and Micronaire in chromosome 16. However, 9 QTLs (LOD (logarithm of odds)≥3.0) controlling 6 quantitative traits were significantly identified in linkage group of chromosome 16 constructed in (TM_1×3_79) F 2by interval mapping. Among them, 1 QTL for boll size, fiber length, flowering date and fiber elongation could explain 15.2%, 19.7%, 12.1%, and 11.7% phenotypic variance respectively, 2 QTLs for lint index could explain 11.6% and 41.9%, and 3 QTLs for lint percentage could explain 8.7%, 9.6% and 29.2% phenotypic variance respectively. One unlinked SSR marker was associated with one QTL respectively for boll size and flowering date and they could explain 1.60% and 4.63% phenotypic variance. The traits associated significantly with chromosome 16 from Sub 16 were boll weight, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length, fiber elongation and flowering days.展开更多
Karyotype of 3 species of the genus Orius Wolff were firstly studied using the Giemsa staining and squashing slides method in male germ cell. It is reported that number of chromosome and system of sex chromosome of ha...Karyotype of 3 species of the genus Orius Wolff were firstly studied using the Giemsa staining and squashing slides method in male germ cell. It is reported that number of chromosome and system of sex chromosome of haploid chromosome complement of these species is n=11A＋X （Y） in the first meiotic stage. However, the behavior of chromosomes among the species are different distinctly, thus cytotaxonomic character can be adopted to the identification among the three species.展开更多
Literature lacked in providing a comprehensive research on heavy metal detection in aquatic, biological and sedimentary states of rivers. The present study was imparted with all these three components of the river. He...Literature lacked in providing a comprehensive research on heavy metal detection in aquatic, biological and sedimentary states of rivers. The present study was imparted with all these three components of the river. Heavy metal toxicity or pollution index was used as a tool for ecological risk assessment by considering the single state studies conducted by many researchers. An intensive ecological risk assessment model was constructed and heavy metals were indicated as a serious threat to the environment. The model was applied to determining five toxic heavy metals in three states of the Songhua River. According to the ecological risk index, heavy metal pollution in three phases was categorized as aquatic〉biological〉sedimentary, while the overall descending order of heavy metal ecological risk index was as Cd〉Hg〉As〉Pb〉Cr. Cd and Hg were selected as the priority pollutants of Songhua River.展开更多
The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dis...The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.展开更多
Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify th...Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.展开更多
Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by s...Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.展开更多
To evaluate the long-term environmental effect of the nitrobenzene precipitated into Songhua River caused by the explosion accident of CNPC Jilin Petrochemical Company, we have proved that three selected cross section...To evaluate the long-term environmental effect of the nitrobenzene precipitated into Songhua River caused by the explosion accident of CNPC Jilin Petrochemical Company, we have proved that three selected cross sections were all in a completely mixed state which was not affected by the neighborhood flow firstly. The research of the main flux of contaminants indicates that the nitrobenzene flux in all cross sections is less and less, and the attenuation trend is gradually slowing down. From the residual remnant of nitrobenzene in different segments calculated according to the related experimental data, we suppose that parts of nitrobenzene remnant are transferred by the bottom sludge adsorption and resolution. A general analysis model was set up from the one-dimensional counter-flow equation, and functions of atmosphere-water exchange process, deposit-water interaction, and river turbulent mixing and dissemination. The results of this quantification analysis are different from the real calculation, while the gross transformation trend is the same, which indicates that both analyses are based on reality and can reflect the transport and transformation of nitrobenzene actually.展开更多
To better understand the characteristics of air quality and the relationship between the chemical composition evolution and source variation,an intensive atmospheric campaign was conducted in Tianjin,a megacity of the...To better understand the characteristics of air quality and the relationship between the chemical composition evolution and source variation,an intensive atmospheric campaign was conducted in Tianjin,a megacity of the North China Plain,from 10 February to 6 March 2015.There were 20 days exceeding the threshold value of secondary Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5(75 μg m-3,daily average over 24 h)during the study period.Five air pollution episodes were selected for investigation.During the pre-holiday pollution episode,NH^+_4,NO^-_3,and SO^(2-)_4 were more abundant,indicating that air pollution was caused by motor vehicle exhaust emissions and coal consumption under unfavorable meteorological conditions.During Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve,widespread use of fireworks resulted in extremely high aerosol concentrations.Firework displays caused increases in K+ and also enrichment of SO^(2-)_4 relative to NO^-_3.The holiday pollution episode was caused by regional transport,characterized by abundant SO^(2-)_4 and NH^+_4.In addition,the aging processes of the particles from fireworks discharge played an important role in the formation of NO-3and SO^(2-)_4.The Lantern Festival episode was characterized by a transition from the enrichment of K+ to secondary inorganic ions(NO^-_3,SO^(2-)_4,and NH^+_4).The results of this study are useful for a detailed understanding of the variation in atmospheric compositions and sources caused by anthropogenic activity,and highlight the importance of controlling intensive fireworks discharge.展开更多
The anther cultures of Brassica hirta underwent pollenembryogenesis and callusing,which showed a wide range of chromosome numbers varying from 9 (n=12) to a highly polyploid.For embryogenesis,pretreatment of floral bu...The anther cultures of Brassica hirta underwent pollenembryogenesis and callusing,which showed a wide range of chromosome numbers varying from 9 (n=12) to a highly polyploid.For embryogenesis,pretreatment of floral buds in 0.4 M sucrose solution for 72 hrs at 4℃ was superior to freshly cultured anthers.Culture temperature of 30℃ for 14 days before maintenance of cultures at 25℃ was significantly beneficial for embryo yield in comparison to cultures continuously incubated at 25℃.Dark treatment during culture was more effective for pollen-embryo yield.展开更多
Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains devel...Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control （less polluted） and polluted areas （mainly SO2, NO2, CO and APM）. Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.展开更多
Nowadays,a certain amount of landfills in China were constructed without horizontal liner system.The research conducted focuses mainly on the contaminants from landfill leachate migrating in the aquifer of a fractured...Nowadays,a certain amount of landfills in China were constructed without horizontal liner system.The research conducted focuses mainly on the contaminants from landfill leachate migrating in the aquifer of a fractured granite area,and pollution predictions for groundwater were made by establishing numerical model with Visual Modflow combining field investigation like geological surveys,drilling,geophysical explorations,hydrogeological experiments,water quality analysis.The transportation of the chloride ion from landfill in the aquifer was simulated in the model with time frames of 2 555,3 650,5 475 and7 300 d.The model shows that from 2 555 d to 7 300 d starting from 2003,the chloride ion migrated from 900 m to 1 300 m,respectively,along the groundwater flow.The results indicate that as leachate plume migrated in the aquifer,the concentration of the pollutants can be up to 19.74 to 251.76 times that of background value.The research proves that the leachate poses a threat to the local water body and offers a reference towards groundwater pollution prevention for fractured granite landfill sites.展开更多
Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-se...Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-sence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dye-ability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the untreated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fast-ness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property,tensile and tear strength,and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.展开更多
Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality dat...Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.展开更多
Polluted populations of Euphorbia heterophylla, Chromolaena odorata, Commelina diffusa and Kyllinga pumila were collected fresh from 0.1 m to 0.25 m radii of the exhausted-pipe of power generators used for domestic pu...Polluted populations of Euphorbia heterophylla, Chromolaena odorata, Commelina diffusa and Kyllinga pumila were collected fresh from 0.1 m to 0.25 m radii of the exhausted-pipe of power generators used for domestic purposes, whereas, their non-polluted counterparts were collected from distances of 100-110 m away. The length and width of 10 leaves, each of both polluted and non-polluted populations, were measured. Their average leaf areas （LA） were 2.60 ± 0.1 cm2, 14.16 ±0.4 cm2, 5.19 ± 0.8 cm2 and 1.80 ±0.8 cm2 for the polluted populations of each of the species, respectively. Whereas, the LA of their non-polluted counterparts were 4.18±0.7 cm2, 34.39 ±0.2 cm2, 7.51± 0.1 cm2 and 10.76 ± 0.3 cm2, respectively. Damages such as plugged stomatal pores, epidermal cell aberrations and erosion, ruptured stomatal ledges, occasional leaf perforations, irregularly fused cell boundaries and glued leaf surfaces were noticeable in the leaves of the polluted populations. Such were not observed in the non-polluted populations. It was suggested that foliar morphology of these group of plants could serve as phytometer to gauge the threats of power generators used in homes to terrestrial ecosystem.展开更多
文摘Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substitution line in which a pair of intact chromosomes of TM_1 ( G. hirsutum ) were replaced by a pair of homozygous chromosomes of 3_79 ( G. barbadense ) is an excellent material for genetic research and molecular tagging. In this study, substitution line 16 (Sub 16) was used to evaluate the performance of the 16th chromosome in G. barbadense in TM_1 background. The genetic analysis using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model in F 2∶3 family revealed that there might exist 2 QTLs respectively for boll size, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length and the first fruit branch node, 1 QTL for fiber elongation and flowering date, and no QTL for seed index, fiber strength and Micronaire in chromosome 16. However, 9 QTLs (LOD (logarithm of odds)≥3.0) controlling 6 quantitative traits were significantly identified in linkage group of chromosome 16 constructed in (TM_1×3_79) F 2by interval mapping. Among them, 1 QTL for boll size, fiber length, flowering date and fiber elongation could explain 15.2%, 19.7%, 12.1%, and 11.7% phenotypic variance respectively, 2 QTLs for lint index could explain 11.6% and 41.9%, and 3 QTLs for lint percentage could explain 8.7%, 9.6% and 29.2% phenotypic variance respectively. One unlinked SSR marker was associated with one QTL respectively for boll size and flowering date and they could explain 1.60% and 4.63% phenotypic variance. The traits associated significantly with chromosome 16 from Sub 16 were boll weight, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length, fiber elongation and flowering days.
基金The work was supported by Zhejiang Forestry College Science Foundation
文摘Karyotype of 3 species of the genus Orius Wolff were firstly studied using the Giemsa staining and squashing slides method in male germ cell. It is reported that number of chromosome and system of sex chromosome of haploid chromosome complement of these species is n=11A＋X （Y） in the first meiotic stage. However, the behavior of chromosomes among the species are different distinctly, thus cytotaxonomic character can be adopted to the identification among the three species.
基金Project(2010467038)supported by the Special Fund for Environmental Research in the Public Interest,China
文摘Literature lacked in providing a comprehensive research on heavy metal detection in aquatic, biological and sedimentary states of rivers. The present study was imparted with all these three components of the river. Heavy metal toxicity or pollution index was used as a tool for ecological risk assessment by considering the single state studies conducted by many researchers. An intensive ecological risk assessment model was constructed and heavy metals were indicated as a serious threat to the environment. The model was applied to determining five toxic heavy metals in three states of the Songhua River. According to the ecological risk index, heavy metal pollution in three phases was categorized as aquatic〉biological〉sedimentary, while the overall descending order of heavy metal ecological risk index was as Cd〉Hg〉As〉Pb〉Cr. Cd and Hg were selected as the priority pollutants of Songhua River.
文摘The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.
基金Under the auspices of Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2004CB418502,No. 2007CB407205)the Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX1-YW-09-13)
文摘Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.
文摘Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) (Grant No.2004CB4185).
文摘To evaluate the long-term environmental effect of the nitrobenzene precipitated into Songhua River caused by the explosion accident of CNPC Jilin Petrochemical Company, we have proved that three selected cross sections were all in a completely mixed state which was not affected by the neighborhood flow firstly. The research of the main flux of contaminants indicates that the nitrobenzene flux in all cross sections is less and less, and the attenuation trend is gradually slowing down. From the residual remnant of nitrobenzene in different segments calculated according to the related experimental data, we suppose that parts of nitrobenzene remnant are transferred by the bottom sludge adsorption and resolution. A general analysis model was set up from the one-dimensional counter-flow equation, and functions of atmosphere-water exchange process, deposit-water interaction, and river turbulent mixing and dissemination. The results of this quantification analysis are different from the real calculation, while the gross transformation trend is the same, which indicates that both analyses are based on reality and can reflect the transport and transformation of nitrobenzene actually.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation[grant number 8142034]Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant numbers XDB0502050 and XDB05030203]
文摘To better understand the characteristics of air quality and the relationship between the chemical composition evolution and source variation,an intensive atmospheric campaign was conducted in Tianjin,a megacity of the North China Plain,from 10 February to 6 March 2015.There were 20 days exceeding the threshold value of secondary Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5(75 μg m-3,daily average over 24 h)during the study period.Five air pollution episodes were selected for investigation.During the pre-holiday pollution episode,NH^+_4,NO^-_3,and SO^(2-)_4 were more abundant,indicating that air pollution was caused by motor vehicle exhaust emissions and coal consumption under unfavorable meteorological conditions.During Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve,widespread use of fireworks resulted in extremely high aerosol concentrations.Firework displays caused increases in K+ and also enrichment of SO^(2-)_4 relative to NO^-_3.The holiday pollution episode was caused by regional transport,characterized by abundant SO^(2-)_4 and NH^+_4.In addition,the aging processes of the particles from fireworks discharge played an important role in the formation of NO-3and SO^(2-)_4.The Lantern Festival episode was characterized by a transition from the enrichment of K+ to secondary inorganic ions(NO^-_3,SO^(2-)_4,and NH^+_4).The results of this study are useful for a detailed understanding of the variation in atmospheric compositions and sources caused by anthropogenic activity,and highlight the importance of controlling intensive fireworks discharge.
文摘The anther cultures of Brassica hirta underwent pollenembryogenesis and callusing,which showed a wide range of chromosome numbers varying from 9 (n=12) to a highly polyploid.For embryogenesis,pretreatment of floral buds in 0.4 M sucrose solution for 72 hrs at 4℃ was superior to freshly cultured anthers.Culture temperature of 30℃ for 14 days before maintenance of cultures at 25℃ was significantly beneficial for embryo yield in comparison to cultures continuously incubated at 25℃.Dark treatment during culture was more effective for pollen-embryo yield.
文摘Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control （less polluted） and polluted areas （mainly SO2, NO2, CO and APM）. Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.
基金Project(12JJ305)supported by the Education Department of Hunan Province,China
文摘Nowadays,a certain amount of landfills in China were constructed without horizontal liner system.The research conducted focuses mainly on the contaminants from landfill leachate migrating in the aquifer of a fractured granite area,and pollution predictions for groundwater were made by establishing numerical model with Visual Modflow combining field investigation like geological surveys,drilling,geophysical explorations,hydrogeological experiments,water quality analysis.The transportation of the chloride ion from landfill in the aquifer was simulated in the model with time frames of 2 555,3 650,5 475 and7 300 d.The model shows that from 2 555 d to 7 300 d starting from 2003,the chloride ion migrated from 900 m to 1 300 m,respectively,along the groundwater flow.The results indicate that as leachate plume migrated in the aquifer,the concentration of the pollutants can be up to 19.74 to 251.76 times that of background value.The research proves that the leachate poses a threat to the local water body and offers a reference towards groundwater pollution prevention for fractured granite landfill sites.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar of China（20525620） the National Natural Science Foundation of China（20806013） the Program for Changjiang Scholar and Innovative Research Team in University（IRT 0711）
文摘Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-sence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dye-ability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the untreated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fast-ness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property,tensile and tear strength,and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.
基金Project (2012ZX07501002-001) supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
文摘Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.
文摘Polluted populations of Euphorbia heterophylla, Chromolaena odorata, Commelina diffusa and Kyllinga pumila were collected fresh from 0.1 m to 0.25 m radii of the exhausted-pipe of power generators used for domestic purposes, whereas, their non-polluted counterparts were collected from distances of 100-110 m away. The length and width of 10 leaves, each of both polluted and non-polluted populations, were measured. Their average leaf areas （LA） were 2.60 ± 0.1 cm2, 14.16 ±0.4 cm2, 5.19 ± 0.8 cm2 and 1.80 ±0.8 cm2 for the polluted populations of each of the species, respectively. Whereas, the LA of their non-polluted counterparts were 4.18±0.7 cm2, 34.39 ±0.2 cm2, 7.51± 0.1 cm2 and 10.76 ± 0.3 cm2, respectively. Damages such as plugged stomatal pores, epidermal cell aberrations and erosion, ruptured stomatal ledges, occasional leaf perforations, irregularly fused cell boundaries and glued leaf surfaces were noticeable in the leaves of the polluted populations. Such were not observed in the non-polluted populations. It was suggested that foliar morphology of these group of plants could serve as phytometer to gauge the threats of power generators used in homes to terrestrial ecosystem.
