Statistical analysis of turbulent and gusty characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer under weak wind period has been carried out.The data used in the analysis were from the multilevel ultrasonic anemometer-th...Statistical analysis of turbulent and gusty characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer under weak wind period has been carried out.The data used in the analysis were from the multilevel ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers at 47 m,120 m,and 280 m levels on Beijing 325 m meteorological tower.The time series of 3D atmospheric velocity were analyzed by using conventional Fourier spectral analysis and decompose into three parts:basic mean flow(period > 10 min),gusty disturbances(1 min < period < 10 min)and turbulence fluctuations(period < 1 min).The results show that under weak mean wind condition:1)the gusty disturbances are the most strong fluctuations,contribute about 60% kinetic energy of eddy kinetic energy and 80% downward flux of momentum,although both the eddy kinetic energy and momentum transport are small in comparison with those in strong mean wind condition;2)the gusty wind disturbances are anisotropic;3)the gusty wind disturbances have obviously coherent structure,and their horizontal and vertical component are negatively correlated and make downward transport of momentum more effectively;4)the friction velocities related to turbulence and gusty wind are approximately constant with height in the surface layer.展开更多
As a universal conclusion of turbulent scale, scaling laws are important to the research on statistic turbulence. We measured two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field in turbulent boundary layers of flat plate wit...As a universal conclusion of turbulent scale, scaling laws are important to the research on statistic turbulence. We measured two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field in turbulent boundary layers of flat plate with the momentum thickness Reynolds number Reθ=2 167. Scaling laws have different forms in different wall distance and scale. We proposed an expected scaling law and compared it with the She-Leveque (SL) scaling law based on the wavelet analysis and traditional statistical methods. Results show that the closer to the wall, the more the expected scaling law approached to the SL scaling law.展开更多
Exploring the vertical variation in volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in background regions can provide infor-mation on the spatial distribution of pollutants,providing a scientific basis for atmospheric pollution preve...Exploring the vertical variation in volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in background regions can provide infor-mation on the spatial distribution of pollutants,providing a scientific basis for atmospheric pollution prevention and control strategies.From 15 August to 5 September 2023,at the Southeast Tibet Mountain Comprehensive Environmental Observation Station(SETS),a tethered balloon was used to sample VOCs every 100 m from the ground to 1000 m.A total of 403 air bag samples were collected,and 39 vertical profiles of VOCs were obtained.Ninety-two VOC species were detected.The VOC concentration at the SETS did not change significantly verti-cally,and the average VOC concentration was 11.1±2.4 ppbv.The main components were alkanes(51.4%),alkenes(18.7%),and halohydrocarbons(18.1%).There was no obvious diurnal change in VOCs and no signif-icant difference between the different layers.When the surface VOC concentration was less than 10 ppbv,the concentrations,components,and sources of VOCs were evenly distributed vertically,and the main sources of VOCs at different heights were vehicle exhaust and background.When the surface VOC concentration exceeded 10 ppbv,the VOC concentration gradually decreased with height.The proportion of alkanes in surface VOCs in-creased,and the source was mainly vehicle exhaust.This study confirmed that VOCs are vertically homogeneous in the background of the Tibetan Plateau,emphasizing the importance of vehicle emissions as a potential source of VOCs.展开更多
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the heat transfer for the boundary layer flow on a continuous moving surface in power law fluid. The expressions of the thermal boundary layer thickness with the different...This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the heat transfer for the boundary layer flow on a continuous moving surface in power law fluid. The expressions of the thermal boundary layer thickness with the different heat conductivity coefficients are obtained according to the theory of the dimensional analysis of fluid dynamics and heat transfer. And the numerical results of CFD agree well with the proposed expressions. The estimate formulas can be successfully applied to giving the thermal boundary layer thickness.展开更多
To analyze the interaction between wind turbines and the atmospheric boundary layer, we integrated a large-eddy simulation with an actuator line model and examined the characteristics of wind-turbine loads and wakes w...To analyze the interaction between wind turbines and the atmospheric boundary layer, we integrated a large-eddy simulation with an actuator line model and examined the characteristics of wind-turbine loads and wakes with reference to a corresponding experiment in Gansu. In the simulation, we set the wind turbine to have a rotor diameter of 14.8 m and a tower height of 15.4 m in the center of an atmospheric boundary layer with a 10.6° yaw angle. The results reveal an obviously skewed wake structure behind the rotor due to the thrust component normal to the flow direction. The power spectra of the inflow fluctuation velocity exhibit a region of-5/3 slope, which confirms the ability of large-eddy simulations to reproduce the energy cascade from larger to smaller scales. We found there to be more energy in the power spectrum of the axial velocity, which shows that coherent turbulence structures have more energy in the horizontal direction. By the conjoint analysis of atmospheric turbulence and windturbine loads, we found that when the inflow wind direction changes rapidly, the turbulence kinetic energy and coherent turbulence kinetic energy in the atmospheric turbulence increase, which in turn causes fluctuations in the wind turbine load.Furthermore, anisotropic atmospheric turbulence causes an asymmetric load cycle, which imposes a strike by the turbine blade on the shaft, thereby increasing the fatigue load on the shaft. Our main conclusion is that the atmospheric boundary layer has a strong effect on the evolution of the wake and the structural response of the turbine.展开更多
This paper investigates flow and heat transfer of power law fluids on a continuous moving surface. The temperature distribution is obtained numerically by considering the effect of the power law viscosity on thermal d...This paper investigates flow and heat transfer of power law fluids on a continuous moving surface. The temperature distribution is obtained numerically by considering the effect of the power law viscosity on thermal diffusivity and the characteristics of the flow and heat transfer are analyzed. The results show that the distribution of the thermal boundary layer depends not only on the velocity ratio parameter of the plate, but also on the power law index and Prandtl number of fluids.展开更多
Analysis of forest canopy hemisphere images is one of the most important methods for measuring forest canopy structure parameters. In this study, our main focus was on using circular image region segmentation, which i...Analysis of forest canopy hemisphere images is one of the most important methods for measuring forest canopy structure parameters. In this study, our main focus was on using circular image region segmentation, which is the basis of forest canopy hemispherical photography. The boundary of a forest canopy hemisphere image was analyzed via histogram, rectangle, and Fourier descriptors. The image boundary characteristics were defined and obtained based on the following：（1） an edge model that contains three parts, i.e., step, ramp, and roof;（2） boundary points of discontinuity;（3） an edge that has a linear distribution of scattering points. On this basis, we proposed a segmentation method for the circular region in a forest canopy hemisphere image, fitting the circular boundary and computing the center and radius by the least squares method. The method was unrelated to the parameters of the image acquisition device. Hence, this study lays a foundation for automatically adjusting the parameters of high-performance image acquisition devices used in forest canopy hemispherical photography.展开更多
Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades...Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades or endwalls to build up a film shielding the material. The holes often are inclined in the downstream direction and give rise to a kidney vortex. This is a counter-rotating vortex pair, with an upward flow direction between the two vortices, which tends to lift off the surface and to locally feed hot air towards the blade outside the pair. Reversing the rotational sense of the vortices reverses these two drawbacks into advantages. In the considered case, an anti-kidney vortex is generated using two subsequent rows of holes both inclined downstream and yawed spanwise with alternating angles. In a previous study, we performed large-eddy simulations (which focused on the fully turbulent boundary layer) of this anti-kidney vortex film-cooling and compared them to a corresponding physical experiment. The present work analyzes the simulated flow field in detail, beginning in the plenum (inside the blade or endwall) through the holes up to the mixture with the hot boundary layer. To identify the vortical structures found in the mean flow and in the instantaneous flow, we mostly use the λ 2 criterion and the line integral convolution (LIC) technique indicating sectional streamlines. The flow regions (coolant plenum, holes, and boundary layer) are studied subsequently and linked to each other. To track the anti-kidney vortex throughout the boundary layer, we propose two criteria which are based on vorticity and on LIC results. This enables us to associate the jet vortices with the cooling effectiveness at the wall, which is the key feature of film cooling.展开更多
In the Present study, free convection and heat transfer behavior of electrically conducting fluid in the boundary layer over a vertical continuously stretching surface is investigated. The effects of free convection, ...In the Present study, free convection and heat transfer behavior of electrically conducting fluid in the boundary layer over a vertical continuously stretching surface is investigated. The effects of free convection, magnetic field, suction/blowing at the surface and the stretching speed of the surface on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are considered. By applying one-parametric group theory to analysis of the problem, a similarity solution is found. The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are solved numerically by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. The numerical results, which are obtained for the flow and heat transfer characteristics, reveal the influences of the parameters.展开更多
The aerodynamic performance of a gas turbine nozzle vane cascade was investigated over a range of Mach and Reynolds numbers.The work is part of a vast research project aimed at the analysis of fluid dynamics and heat ...The aerodynamic performance of a gas turbine nozzle vane cascade was investigated over a range of Mach and Reynolds numbers.The work is part of a vast research project aimed at the analysis of fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena in cooled blades.In this paper computed results on the"solid vane"(without cooling devices)are presented and discussed in comparison with experimental data.Detailed measurements were provided by the University of Bergamo where the experimental campaign was carried out by means of a subsonic wind tunnel.The impact of boundary layer transition is investigated by using a novel laminar kinetic energy transport model and the widely used Langtry-Menterγ-Reθ,t model.The comparison between calculations and measurements is presented in terms of blade loading distributions,total pressure loss coefficient contours downstream of the cascade,and velocity/turbulence-intensity profiles within the boundary layer at selected blade surface locations at mid-span.It will be shown how transitional calculations compare favorably with experiments.展开更多
The paper Presents an analysis of two-dimensional zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) with regard to the application of Power laws. Only TBL with low Reynolds number 300 < Reδ2 < 6200 a...The paper Presents an analysis of two-dimensional zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) with regard to the application of Power laws. Only TBL with low Reynolds number 300 < Reδ2 < 6200 are taken into account. It is found that a certain region of the mean velocity profile can be described with a power law of the form u+ = Cpow * y+α This Power law region is not a Priori identical with the overlap region. An algorithm for the determination of the wall skin friction using the power law is proposed. The method was applied with good result to ZPG TBL and to adverse pressure gradient (APG) TBL. To bridge the gap between the wall and the power law region an approach for the turbulent viscosity is suggested.展开更多
基金supported by the national natural Science Foundation of China(40830103 and 41375018)the national Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951804)the Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA10010403)
文摘Statistical analysis of turbulent and gusty characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer under weak wind period has been carried out.The data used in the analysis were from the multilevel ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers at 47 m,120 m,and 280 m levels on Beijing 325 m meteorological tower.The time series of 3D atmospheric velocity were analyzed by using conventional Fourier spectral analysis and decompose into three parts:basic mean flow(period > 10 min),gusty disturbances(1 min < period < 10 min)and turbulence fluctuations(period < 1 min).The results show that under weak mean wind condition:1)the gusty disturbances are the most strong fluctuations,contribute about 60% kinetic energy of eddy kinetic energy and 80% downward flux of momentum,although both the eddy kinetic energy and momentum transport are small in comparison with those in strong mean wind condition;2)the gusty wind disturbances are anisotropic;3)the gusty wind disturbances have obviously coherent structure,and their horizontal and vertical component are negatively correlated and make downward transport of momentum more effectively;4)the friction velocities related to turbulence and gusty wind are approximately constant with height in the surface layer.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10372033)
文摘As a universal conclusion of turbulent scale, scaling laws are important to the research on statistic turbulence. We measured two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field in turbulent boundary layers of flat plate with the momentum thickness Reynolds number Reθ=2 167. Scaling laws have different forms in different wall distance and scale. We proposed an expected scaling law and compared it with the She-Leveque (SL) scaling law based on the wavelet analysis and traditional statistical methods. Results show that the closer to the wall, the more the expected scaling law approached to the SL scaling law.
基金supported by the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program[No.2019QZKK0604]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Nos.42177081 and 42171450]the Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[No.JCTD-2021–10]。
文摘Exploring the vertical variation in volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in background regions can provide infor-mation on the spatial distribution of pollutants,providing a scientific basis for atmospheric pollution prevention and control strategies.From 15 August to 5 September 2023,at the Southeast Tibet Mountain Comprehensive Environmental Observation Station(SETS),a tethered balloon was used to sample VOCs every 100 m from the ground to 1000 m.A total of 403 air bag samples were collected,and 39 vertical profiles of VOCs were obtained.Ninety-two VOC species were detected.The VOC concentration at the SETS did not change significantly verti-cally,and the average VOC concentration was 11.1±2.4 ppbv.The main components were alkanes(51.4%),alkenes(18.7%),and halohydrocarbons(18.1%).There was no obvious diurnal change in VOCs and no signif-icant difference between the different layers.When the surface VOC concentration was less than 10 ppbv,the concentrations,components,and sources of VOCs were evenly distributed vertically,and the main sources of VOCs at different heights were vehicle exhaust and background.When the surface VOC concentration exceeded 10 ppbv,the VOC concentration gradually decreased with height.The proportion of alkanes in surface VOCs in-creased,and the source was mainly vehicle exhaust.This study confirmed that VOCs are vertically homogeneous in the background of the Tibetan Plateau,emphasizing the importance of vehicle emissions as a potential source of VOCs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50476083)
文摘This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the heat transfer for the boundary layer flow on a continuous moving surface in power law fluid. The expressions of the thermal boundary layer thickness with the different heat conductivity coefficients are obtained according to the theory of the dimensional analysis of fluid dynamics and heat transfer. And the numerical results of CFD agree well with the proposed expressions. The estimate formulas can be successfully applied to giving the thermal boundary layer thickness.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China（Grant No.2014CB046201） the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grant Nos.51465033,51766009,and 51479114）+2 种基金 the Thousand Talents Program,NSFC-RCUK_EPSRC,the platform construction of ocean energy comprehensive supporting service（2014）（Grant No.GHME2014ZC01） the High-tech Ship Research Projects Sponsored by MIITC Floating Support platform project（Grant No.201622） the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘To analyze the interaction between wind turbines and the atmospheric boundary layer, we integrated a large-eddy simulation with an actuator line model and examined the characteristics of wind-turbine loads and wakes with reference to a corresponding experiment in Gansu. In the simulation, we set the wind turbine to have a rotor diameter of 14.8 m and a tower height of 15.4 m in the center of an atmospheric boundary layer with a 10.6° yaw angle. The results reveal an obviously skewed wake structure behind the rotor due to the thrust component normal to the flow direction. The power spectra of the inflow fluctuation velocity exhibit a region of-5/3 slope, which confirms the ability of large-eddy simulations to reproduce the energy cascade from larger to smaller scales. We found there to be more energy in the power spectrum of the axial velocity, which shows that coherent turbulence structures have more energy in the horizontal direction. By the conjoint analysis of atmospheric turbulence and windturbine loads, we found that when the inflow wind direction changes rapidly, the turbulence kinetic energy and coherent turbulence kinetic energy in the atmospheric turbulence increase, which in turn causes fluctuations in the wind turbine load.Furthermore, anisotropic atmospheric turbulence causes an asymmetric load cycle, which imposes a strike by the turbine blade on the shaft, thereby increasing the fatigue load on the shaft. Our main conclusion is that the atmospheric boundary layer has a strong effect on the evolution of the wake and the structural response of the turbine.
基金The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50476083）.
文摘This paper investigates flow and heat transfer of power law fluids on a continuous moving surface. The temperature distribution is obtained numerically by considering the effect of the power law viscosity on thermal diffusivity and the characteristics of the flow and heat transfer are analyzed. The results show that the distribution of the thermal boundary layer depends not only on the velocity ratio parameter of the plate, but also on the power law index and Prandtl number of fluids.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China（No.2572014BB04） the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.31370710） the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China（No.20110062110002）
文摘Analysis of forest canopy hemisphere images is one of the most important methods for measuring forest canopy structure parameters. In this study, our main focus was on using circular image region segmentation, which is the basis of forest canopy hemispherical photography. The boundary of a forest canopy hemisphere image was analyzed via histogram, rectangle, and Fourier descriptors. The image boundary characteristics were defined and obtained based on the following：（1） an edge model that contains three parts, i.e., step, ramp, and roof;（2） boundary points of discontinuity;（3） an edge that has a linear distribution of scattering points. On this basis, we proposed a segmentation method for the circular region in a forest canopy hemisphere image, fitting the circular boundary and computing the center and radius by the least squares method. The method was unrelated to the parameters of the image acquisition device. Hence, this study lays a foundation for automatically adjusting the parameters of high-performance image acquisition devices used in forest canopy hemispherical photography.
基金partly funded by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) with project number 200020-116310granted by the DEISA Consortium,co-funded throughthe EU FP7 project RI-222919the DEISA Extreme Computing Initiative under the project acronym FCool3
文摘Film cooling is an important measure to enable an increase of the inlet temperature of a gas turbine and, thereby, to improve its overall efficiency. The coolant is ejected through spanwise rows of holes in the blades or endwalls to build up a film shielding the material. The holes often are inclined in the downstream direction and give rise to a kidney vortex. This is a counter-rotating vortex pair, with an upward flow direction between the two vortices, which tends to lift off the surface and to locally feed hot air towards the blade outside the pair. Reversing the rotational sense of the vortices reverses these two drawbacks into advantages. In the considered case, an anti-kidney vortex is generated using two subsequent rows of holes both inclined downstream and yawed spanwise with alternating angles. In a previous study, we performed large-eddy simulations (which focused on the fully turbulent boundary layer) of this anti-kidney vortex film-cooling and compared them to a corresponding physical experiment. The present work analyzes the simulated flow field in detail, beginning in the plenum (inside the blade or endwall) through the holes up to the mixture with the hot boundary layer. To identify the vortical structures found in the mean flow and in the instantaneous flow, we mostly use the λ 2 criterion and the line integral convolution (LIC) technique indicating sectional streamlines. The flow regions (coolant plenum, holes, and boundary layer) are studied subsequently and linked to each other. To track the anti-kidney vortex throughout the boundary layer, we propose two criteria which are based on vorticity and on LIC results. This enables us to associate the jet vortices with the cooling effectiveness at the wall, which is the key feature of film cooling.
文摘In the Present study, free convection and heat transfer behavior of electrically conducting fluid in the boundary layer over a vertical continuously stretching surface is investigated. The effects of free convection, magnetic field, suction/blowing at the surface and the stretching speed of the surface on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are considered. By applying one-parametric group theory to analysis of the problem, a similarity solution is found. The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are solved numerically by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. The numerical results, which are obtained for the flow and heat transfer characteristics, reveal the influences of the parameters.
基金the project INSIDE(Aerothermal Investigation of cooled Stage turb Ine:Design optimization and Experimental analysis)PRIN 2011 n.2010K3B4RLfunded by the Italian Ministry of Instruction,University and Research(MIUR)
文摘The aerodynamic performance of a gas turbine nozzle vane cascade was investigated over a range of Mach and Reynolds numbers.The work is part of a vast research project aimed at the analysis of fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena in cooled blades.In this paper computed results on the"solid vane"(without cooling devices)are presented and discussed in comparison with experimental data.Detailed measurements were provided by the University of Bergamo where the experimental campaign was carried out by means of a subsonic wind tunnel.The impact of boundary layer transition is investigated by using a novel laminar kinetic energy transport model and the widely used Langtry-Menterγ-Reθ,t model.The comparison between calculations and measurements is presented in terms of blade loading distributions,total pressure loss coefficient contours downstream of the cascade,and velocity/turbulence-intensity profiles within the boundary layer at selected blade surface locations at mid-span.It will be shown how transitional calculations compare favorably with experiments.
文摘The paper Presents an analysis of two-dimensional zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) with regard to the application of Power laws. Only TBL with low Reynolds number 300 < Reδ2 < 6200 are taken into account. It is found that a certain region of the mean velocity profile can be described with a power law of the form u+ = Cpow * y+α This Power law region is not a Priori identical with the overlap region. An algorithm for the determination of the wall skin friction using the power law is proposed. The method was applied with good result to ZPG TBL and to adverse pressure gradient (APG) TBL. To bridge the gap between the wall and the power law region an approach for the turbulent viscosity is suggested.
