There is a discharge control feature of construction diversion system with the upstream operational reservoir. The risk evaluation model of construction diversion is established by taking into consideration the risk f...There is a discharge control feature of construction diversion system with the upstream operational reservoir. The risk evaluation model of construction diversion is established by taking into consideration the risk factors of construction diversion system with discharge control feature as well as their composition. And the risk factors include the upstream operational reservoir discharge control, the interval flood and branch flood and the diversion system itself. And then based on analyzing of the conversion relation between risk index and investment index of diversion scheme, the risk control and conversion principals of diversion system are put forward, and the feasible diversion scheme model is built. At last, the risk and economic evaluation and scheme economic feasibility analysis method of diversion scheme are shown by an example of construction diversion scheme optimization with the discharge control condition of upstream hydropower station. The study is valuable for establishment and optimization of construction diversion scheme with upstream reservoir discharge control.展开更多
Factors contributing to ventilation quantity of the vehicle are ventilation modes, cabin characteristics and vehicle speeds. CO2 levels were investigated under different speeds and ventilation modes. Four modes were s...Factors contributing to ventilation quantity of the vehicle are ventilation modes, cabin characteristics and vehicle speeds. CO2 levels were investigated under different speeds and ventilation modes. Four modes were selected： A： vent closed and fan shut, B： vent closed and fan started, C： vent opened and fan shut, D： vent opened and fan started. In vent closed modes, CO2 levels reached several thousands of ppm in few minutes at any speeds. For mode C, CO2 levels exceeded the guideline at low speeds 50 km/h, while it reduced below one at higher speeds 80 km/h. Fan has no significant impact on ventilation during vent closed. The ventilation efficiency in each mode increased with the speed raising. To determine the ventilation rate of running vehicle, the experiment was implemented by using CO2 emitted from driver and passengers as tracer gas. Ventilation rate for the different modes and speeds were calculated.展开更多
This paper investigates the minimum inventory （MI） of human system interfaces （HSIs） （i.e. alarms, controls, and displays） for plant＇s safe operation and represents the analytic procedure on the MI of HSIs deve...This paper investigates the minimum inventory （MI） of human system interfaces （HSIs） （i.e. alarms, controls, and displays） for plant＇s safe operation and represents the analytic procedure on the MI of HSIs developed for the digital instrumentation and control （I＆C） equipments in the main control room （MCR）. The MI of HSIs in the MCR indicates the HSIs that the operator always needs available to： （1） monitor the status; （2） perform and confirm a reactor trip; （3） perform and confirm a controlled shutdown of the reactor; （4） actuate safety related systems; （5） analyze failure conditions of the normal HSIs; （6） implement the plant＇s emergency operating procedures （EOPs）; （7） bring the plant to a safe condition; （8） carry out those operator actions shown to be risk important by the probabilistic risk assessment （PRA）. The proposed analytic procedure on the MI of HSIs in this study can be used to （1） identify the MI of HSIs and their design requirements; and （2） address design requirements and implementation for the MI of HSIs. The contribution of this study is to describe the MI of HSIs needed to implement the plant＇s EOPs, to bring the plant to a safe condition, and to carry out those operator actions shown to be risk important by the PKA.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No. 10902078 and No. 51079115)
文摘There is a discharge control feature of construction diversion system with the upstream operational reservoir. The risk evaluation model of construction diversion is established by taking into consideration the risk factors of construction diversion system with discharge control feature as well as their composition. And the risk factors include the upstream operational reservoir discharge control, the interval flood and branch flood and the diversion system itself. And then based on analyzing of the conversion relation between risk index and investment index of diversion scheme, the risk control and conversion principals of diversion system are put forward, and the feasible diversion scheme model is built. At last, the risk and economic evaluation and scheme economic feasibility analysis method of diversion scheme are shown by an example of construction diversion scheme optimization with the discharge control condition of upstream hydropower station. The study is valuable for establishment and optimization of construction diversion scheme with upstream reservoir discharge control.
文摘Factors contributing to ventilation quantity of the vehicle are ventilation modes, cabin characteristics and vehicle speeds. CO2 levels were investigated under different speeds and ventilation modes. Four modes were selected： A： vent closed and fan shut, B： vent closed and fan started, C： vent opened and fan shut, D： vent opened and fan started. In vent closed modes, CO2 levels reached several thousands of ppm in few minutes at any speeds. For mode C, CO2 levels exceeded the guideline at low speeds 50 km/h, while it reduced below one at higher speeds 80 km/h. Fan has no significant impact on ventilation during vent closed. The ventilation efficiency in each mode increased with the speed raising. To determine the ventilation rate of running vehicle, the experiment was implemented by using CO2 emitted from driver and passengers as tracer gas. Ventilation rate for the different modes and speeds were calculated.
文摘This paper investigates the minimum inventory （MI） of human system interfaces （HSIs） （i.e. alarms, controls, and displays） for plant＇s safe operation and represents the analytic procedure on the MI of HSIs developed for the digital instrumentation and control （I＆C） equipments in the main control room （MCR）. The MI of HSIs in the MCR indicates the HSIs that the operator always needs available to： （1） monitor the status; （2） perform and confirm a reactor trip; （3） perform and confirm a controlled shutdown of the reactor; （4） actuate safety related systems; （5） analyze failure conditions of the normal HSIs; （6） implement the plant＇s emergency operating procedures （EOPs）; （7） bring the plant to a safe condition; （8） carry out those operator actions shown to be risk important by the probabilistic risk assessment （PRA）. The proposed analytic procedure on the MI of HSIs in this study can be used to （1） identify the MI of HSIs and their design requirements; and （2） address design requirements and implementation for the MI of HSIs. The contribution of this study is to describe the MI of HSIs needed to implement the plant＇s EOPs, to bring the plant to a safe condition, and to carry out those operator actions shown to be risk important by the PKA.
