Carbohydrates are an important component of the diet. The carbohydrates that we ingest range from simple monosaccharides （glucose, fructose and galactose） to disaccharides （lactose, sucrose） to complex polysacchar...Carbohydrates are an important component of the diet. The carbohydrates that we ingest range from simple monosaccharides （glucose, fructose and galactose） to disaccharides （lactose, sucrose） to complex polysaccharides. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush border membrane （BBM） of enterocytes. For example, lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sucraseisomaltase are two disaccharidases involved in the hydrolysis of nutritionally important disaccharides. Once monosaccharides are presented to the BBM, mature enterocytes expressing nutrient transporters transport the sugars into the enterocytes. This paper reviews the early studies that contributed to the development of a working model of intestinal sugar transport, and details the recent advances made in understanding the process by which sugars are absorbed in the intestine.展开更多
AIM: To analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (S. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings.METHODS: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR was applied...AIM: To analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (S. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings.METHODS: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR was applied to analyze the intestinal microbial community diversity and dynamic change including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum from healthy ducklings and 7-day-old ducklings after oral infection with S. enteritidis at different time points.RESULTS: The intestinal microbial community of the control healthy ducklings was steady and the ERIC-PCR band numbers of the control healthy ducklings were the least with rectum and were the most with caecum. ERIC-PCR bands of orally inoculated ducklings did not obviously change until 24 h after inoculation (p.i.). The numbers of the ERIC-PCR bands gradually decreased from 24 h to 72 h p.i., and then, with the development of disease, the band numbers gradually increased until 6 d p.i. The prominent bacteria changed because of S. enteritidis infection and the DNAstar of staple of ERIC-PCR showed that aerobe and facultative aerobe (Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella) became preponderant bacilli in the intestine of orally infected ducklings with SE.CONCLUSION: This study has provided significant data to clarify the intestinal microbial community diversity and dynamic change of healthy and S. enteritidis orally infected ducklings, and valuable insight into the pathogenesis of S. enteritidis infection in both human and animals.展开更多
AIM: To develop a simple and convenient method for extracting genomic DNA from intestinal microflora for en- terobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR detection. METHODS: Five methods of extracting bact...AIM: To develop a simple and convenient method for extracting genomic DNA from intestinal microflora for en- terobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR detection. METHODS: Five methods of extracting bacterial DNA, including Tris-EDTA buffer, chelex-100, ultrapure water, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10% Triton-100 with and without sonication, were compared with the commercial fecal DNA extraction kit method, which is considered as the gold standard for DNA extraction. The comparison was based on the yield and purity of DNA and the indexes of the structure and property of micro-organisms that were reflected by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS: The yield and purity of DNA obtained by the chelex method was similar to that obtained with the fecal DNA kit. The ERIC-PCR results obtained for the DNA extracted by the chelex method and those obtained for DNA extracted with the fecal DNA kit were basically the same.CONCLUSION: The chelex method is recommended for ERIC-PCR experiments in view of its simplicity and cost- effectiveness; and it is suitable for extracting total DNA from intestinal micro-organisms, particularly for handling a large number of samples.展开更多
The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions,and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight loss.Behavior and lifestyle therapy ar...The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions,and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight loss.Behavior and lifestyle therapy are safe treatments for obesity in the short term,but the durability of the weight loss is limited.Although promising obesity drugs are in development,the currently available drugs lack efficacy or have unacceptable side effects.Surgery leads to long-term weight loss,but it is associated with morbidity and mortality.Gastric electrical stimulation(GES) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for treating obesity and gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders.GES is a promising,minimally invasive,safe,and effective method for treating obesity.External gastric pacing is aimed at alteration of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a way that will alter absorption due to alteration of transit time.In addition,data from animal models and preliminary data from human trials suggest a role for the gut-brain axis in the mechanism of GES.This may involve alteration of secretion of hormones associated with hunger or satiety.Patient selection for gastric stimulation therapy seems to be an important determinant of the treatment's outcome.Here,we review the current status,potential mechanisms of action,and possible future applications of gastric stimulation for obesity.展开更多
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing, remitting disorders. Diagnosis, along with assessment of disease activity and prognosis present challenges to m...The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing, remitting disorders. Diagnosis, along with assessment of disease activity and prognosis present challenges to managing clinicians. Faecal biomarkers, such as faecal calprotectin, are a non-invasive method which can be used to aid these decisions. Calprotectin is a calcium and zinc binding protein found in the cytosol of human neutrophils and macrophages. It is released extracellularly in times of cell stress or damage and can be detected within faeces and thus can be used as a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation. Faecal calprotectin has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of IBD, correlates with mucosal disease activity and can help to predict response to treatment or relapse. With growing evidence supporting its use, over the last decade this faecal biomarker has significantly changed the way IBD is managed.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation ship among vulva condyloma acuminatum, high-risk human papillomavirus （HPV） infections and cervical epithelium lesions. METHODS From May 2002 to April 2004 patients with vulva condy...OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation ship among vulva condyloma acuminatum, high-risk human papillomavirus （HPV） infections and cervical epithelium lesions. METHODS From May 2002 to April 2004 patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum were examined employing vulva biospy, colposcopy, highrisk HPV-DNA test and cervical bioscopy. RESUTS In 418 cases of vulva condyloma acuminatum, verified by pathologic analysis, high-risk HPV （＋） infections were detected in 68.7% （287/418） of the cases. Among those patients, 20,6% （59/287） had concurrent subclinical cervical intraepithelial neoplastic （CIN） lesions. Among the high-risk HPV（-） 31.3 % （131）, patients 7,6% （10/131） had concurrent subclinical CIN lesions, Pathological examination results： cervicitis, 167 （40.0%）; cervical HPV infection, 182 （43.5%）; CIN-Ⅰ, 51（12.2%）; CIN- Ⅱ, 16 （3.83%）; CIN-Ⅲ, 2 （0,5%）; cervical cancer, none. Another patient had vulva condyloma acuminatum with valva intraepithelial neoplasia （VIN） Ⅱ-Ⅲ, CONCLUSION It was concluded that simultaneous cervical HPV infection of many types,was rather common in patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum. Vulva condyloma acuminatum is the chief clinical symptom which hints at a high possibility of infection with high-risk HPV. The patients are at high-risk for CIN and cervical cancer. We must pay more attention to the cervix in cases with vulva condyloma acuminatum.展开更多
文摘Carbohydrates are an important component of the diet. The carbohydrates that we ingest range from simple monosaccharides （glucose, fructose and galactose） to disaccharides （lactose, sucrose） to complex polysaccharides. Most carbohydrates are digested by salivary and pancreatic amylases, and are further broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the brush border membrane （BBM） of enterocytes. For example, lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sucraseisomaltase are two disaccharidases involved in the hydrolysis of nutritionally important disaccharides. Once monosaccharides are presented to the BBM, mature enterocytes expressing nutrient transporters transport the sugars into the enterocytes. This paper reviews the early studies that contributed to the development of a working model of intestinal sugar transport, and details the recent advances made in understanding the process by which sugars are absorbed in the intestine.
基金The National Science &Technology Pillar Program, 2007Z06-017Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, NCET-04-0906/NCET-06-0818+1 种基金Sichuan Province Basic Research Program, 04JY029-006-1/04JY021-100/07JY029-017Program for Key Disciplines Construction of Sichuan Province, SZD0418
文摘AIM: To analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (S. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings.METHODS: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR was applied to analyze the intestinal microbial community diversity and dynamic change including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum from healthy ducklings and 7-day-old ducklings after oral infection with S. enteritidis at different time points.RESULTS: The intestinal microbial community of the control healthy ducklings was steady and the ERIC-PCR band numbers of the control healthy ducklings were the least with rectum and were the most with caecum. ERIC-PCR bands of orally inoculated ducklings did not obviously change until 24 h after inoculation (p.i.). The numbers of the ERIC-PCR bands gradually decreased from 24 h to 72 h p.i., and then, with the development of disease, the band numbers gradually increased until 6 d p.i. The prominent bacteria changed because of S. enteritidis infection and the DNAstar of staple of ERIC-PCR showed that aerobe and facultative aerobe (Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella) became preponderant bacilli in the intestine of orally infected ducklings with SE.CONCLUSION: This study has provided significant data to clarify the intestinal microbial community diversity and dynamic change of healthy and S. enteritidis orally infected ducklings, and valuable insight into the pathogenesis of S. enteritidis infection in both human and animals.
基金The National Science Technology Pillar Program, 2007Z06-017Program for New Century Outstanding Talents from Universities, NCET-04-0906/NCET-06-0818+1 种基金Sichuan Provincial Basic Research Program, 04JY029-006-1/04JY021-100/07JY029-017Program for Key Disciplines Construction of Sichuan Province, SZD0418
文摘AIM: To develop a simple and convenient method for extracting genomic DNA from intestinal microflora for en- terobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR detection. METHODS: Five methods of extracting bacterial DNA, including Tris-EDTA buffer, chelex-100, ultrapure water, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10% Triton-100 with and without sonication, were compared with the commercial fecal DNA extraction kit method, which is considered as the gold standard for DNA extraction. The comparison was based on the yield and purity of DNA and the indexes of the structure and property of micro-organisms that were reflected by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS: The yield and purity of DNA obtained by the chelex method was similar to that obtained with the fecal DNA kit. The ERIC-PCR results obtained for the DNA extracted by the chelex method and those obtained for DNA extracted with the fecal DNA kit were basically the same.CONCLUSION: The chelex method is recommended for ERIC-PCR experiments in view of its simplicity and cost- effectiveness; and it is suitable for extracting total DNA from intestinal micro-organisms, particularly for handling a large number of samples.
文摘The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions,and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight loss.Behavior and lifestyle therapy are safe treatments for obesity in the short term,but the durability of the weight loss is limited.Although promising obesity drugs are in development,the currently available drugs lack efficacy or have unacceptable side effects.Surgery leads to long-term weight loss,but it is associated with morbidity and mortality.Gastric electrical stimulation(GES) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for treating obesity and gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders.GES is a promising,minimally invasive,safe,and effective method for treating obesity.External gastric pacing is aimed at alteration of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a way that will alter absorption due to alteration of transit time.In addition,data from animal models and preliminary data from human trials suggest a role for the gut-brain axis in the mechanism of GES.This may involve alteration of secretion of hormones associated with hunger or satiety.Patient selection for gastric stimulation therapy seems to be an important determinant of the treatment's outcome.Here,we review the current status,potential mechanisms of action,and possible future applications of gastric stimulation for obesity.
文摘The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing, remitting disorders. Diagnosis, along with assessment of disease activity and prognosis present challenges to managing clinicians. Faecal biomarkers, such as faecal calprotectin, are a non-invasive method which can be used to aid these decisions. Calprotectin is a calcium and zinc binding protein found in the cytosol of human neutrophils and macrophages. It is released extracellularly in times of cell stress or damage and can be detected within faeces and thus can be used as a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation. Faecal calprotectin has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of IBD, correlates with mucosal disease activity and can help to predict response to treatment or relapse. With growing evidence supporting its use, over the last decade this faecal biomarker has significantly changed the way IBD is managed.
文摘OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation ship among vulva condyloma acuminatum, high-risk human papillomavirus （HPV） infections and cervical epithelium lesions. METHODS From May 2002 to April 2004 patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum were examined employing vulva biospy, colposcopy, highrisk HPV-DNA test and cervical bioscopy. RESUTS In 418 cases of vulva condyloma acuminatum, verified by pathologic analysis, high-risk HPV （＋） infections were detected in 68.7% （287/418） of the cases. Among those patients, 20,6% （59/287） had concurrent subclinical cervical intraepithelial neoplastic （CIN） lesions. Among the high-risk HPV（-） 31.3 % （131）, patients 7,6% （10/131） had concurrent subclinical CIN lesions, Pathological examination results： cervicitis, 167 （40.0%）; cervical HPV infection, 182 （43.5%）; CIN-Ⅰ, 51（12.2%）; CIN- Ⅱ, 16 （3.83%）; CIN-Ⅲ, 2 （0,5%）; cervical cancer, none. Another patient had vulva condyloma acuminatum with valva intraepithelial neoplasia （VIN） Ⅱ-Ⅲ, CONCLUSION It was concluded that simultaneous cervical HPV infection of many types,was rather common in patients with vulva condyloma acuminatum. Vulva condyloma acuminatum is the chief clinical symptom which hints at a high possibility of infection with high-risk HPV. The patients are at high-risk for CIN and cervical cancer. We must pay more attention to the cervix in cases with vulva condyloma acuminatum.
