近年来工农业发展导致东南亚城市大气污染日趋严重,然而其大气沉降离子组成观测仍稀少,导致关键污染组分的通量特征和来源并不十分清楚。本研究于2019年5月至2020年4月观测新加坡和胡志明城区降水离子(SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、NO_(2)^...近年来工农业发展导致东南亚城市大气污染日趋严重,然而其大气沉降离子组成观测仍稀少,导致关键污染组分的通量特征和来源并不十分清楚。本研究于2019年5月至2020年4月观测新加坡和胡志明城区降水离子(SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、NO_(2)^(-)、F^(-)、Cl^(-)、NH_(4)^(+)、K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+))浓度,基于正矩阵分解模型(PMF)进行来源分析,并重点讨论了占比较高的SO_(4)^(2-)的沉降通量及其变化特征。结果表明,偏北的胡志明市降水年均pH为6.9±0.5,但新加坡降水年均pH为4.5±0.4,呈重酸雨特征,其降水SO_(4)^(2-)在总离子中的占比(34%)和沉降通量(28.8 kg S/(ha·a))也显著高于胡志明市(分别为15%和19.3 kg S/(ha·a)),二者硫沉降也高于东南亚和中国大部分地区当前的沉降水平。PMF模型解析结果表明,农业源对新加坡和胡志明市降水NH4+的贡献分别为62%和47%,生物质燃烧源对降水K^(+)的贡献均达到73%,海洋源对新加坡和胡志明市降水Na+的贡献分别达到50%和92%,对降水Cl^(-)的贡献分别达到54%和45%。本研究提供了疫情前夕研究城市降水化学的重要数据,为评估后期疫情人为活动变化对空气污染的影响提供了参考依据,同时丰富了东南亚地区的降水化学组成和来源认识,为该地区城市空气质量管理及其生态环境效应评估提供了关键科学证据。展开更多
Chemical compositions of rainwater collected in three stations in Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, China between March and May 2003 were analyzed through numerical simulations and field observation data. In terms of av...Chemical compositions of rainwater collected in three stations in Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, China between March and May 2003 were analyzed through numerical simulations and field observation data. In terms of average ion deposition rate in spring at the air/water interface, of all anions, that of so4^2- was the largest followed by YO3^-, whereas among all cations, Ca^2＋ concentration and the rate was the largest, and then NH4^＋ was the next. The correlation of ion concentration indicated that the catchment of the lake has been artificially polluted considerably. Using backward trajectory analysis, the raining water in the stations in Taihu Lake was classified. In spring, marine-originated rain is the main contribution to this area, counting for 92.7% of the total precipitation, in which so4^2-, NO3^- and NH4^＋ contributed 89.2%, 88.1%, and 88.3% respectively to the total spring-rain chemicals, whereas land-originated rains contributed in a small amount. However, the ion concentration in the land-originated rain was higher and acidic, causing considerable harm to local ecosystem. The analysis of backward trajectory analysis shows that three types of air masses influenced the chemical composition of the lake water, namely, air mass from NE direction, air mass from SW direction, and local air mass. Although the local air masses often produced small rainfall amount, but the nature of high ion concentration and high acidity impacted the local ecosystem remarkably. The ion concentration and rainfall from long-distance boreal air mass are clearly greater than those in austral air.展开更多
The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karst rural area from September 2012 to August 2013 in Guizhou Province,Southwest China.The results indicated that the VWM value of p H was 5.4,varied from 4...The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karst rural area from September 2012 to August 2013 in Guizhou Province,Southwest China.The results indicated that the VWM value of p H was 5.4,varied from 4.6 to 6.9.Ca^(2+)and NH_4^+were the major cations,and SO_4^(2-)was the dominant anion.Neutralization factors show that the acid was mainly neutralized by Ca^(2+),NH_4^+and Mg^(2+).Investigations of correlation coefficients and enrichment factors revealed that Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+)were mainly crust origins,and NH_4^+was from agriculture and livestock manure.SO_4^(2-)and NO_3^-were mainly from anthropogenic sources.展开更多
The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world's deserts.On the slopes of megadunes in the desert,there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff.In ad...The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world's deserts.On the slopes of megadunes in the desert,there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff.In addition,we have observed rarely-seen infiltration-excess surface runoff in the megadune depressions as well as spring streams at the base of megadunes.We used electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,infiltration experiments,moisture content determinations and grain-size analysis to study the mineral and chemical composition of the runoff precipitates,and grain-size of the deposits associated with the runoff,together with the hydrological balance in the megadune area,and the atmospheric precipitation mechanism responsible for groundwater recharge and for supplying water to lakes.The observations of shallow runoff and infiltration-excess surface runoff indicate the occurrence of strong and effective precipitation in summer,which would provide an important source for groundwater recharge.Several lines of evidence,such as the physical and chemical deposits resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,spring streams,infiltration-excess runoff,and gravity capillary water with a moisture content of 3-6%,demonstrate that precipitation reaches the base of the megadunes through infiltration and subsequently becomes groundwater.The chemical deposits,such as newly-formed calcite and gypsum,and gray-black physical deposits,as well as different stages in the development of fan-shaped landforms resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,indicate that groundwater recharge in the area is the result of long-term precipitation,rather than intermittent individual major rainfall events.Fine sand layers with a low infiltration capacity lead to subsurface runoff emerging at the ground surface.Five factors play an important role in maintaining a positive water balance and in replenishing groundwater via rainfall:effective rainfall as a water source,the high infiltration capacity of the sands enabling rainfall to rapidly become capillary water in the dunes,low evapotranspiration rates due to the sparse vegetation,the fact that the depth of the sand layer influenced by evaporation is shallow enough to maximize the deep infiltration of rainfall,and rapidly-moving gravity capillary water in the sandy dunes.These five factors together constitute a mechanism for groundwater recharge from rainfall,and explain the origin of the groundwater and lakes in the area.Our findings represent a significant advance in research on the hydrological cycle,including groundwater recharge conditions and recharge mechanisms,in this desert region.展开更多
文摘近年来工农业发展导致东南亚城市大气污染日趋严重,然而其大气沉降离子组成观测仍稀少,导致关键污染组分的通量特征和来源并不十分清楚。本研究于2019年5月至2020年4月观测新加坡和胡志明城区降水离子(SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、NO_(2)^(-)、F^(-)、Cl^(-)、NH_(4)^(+)、K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+))浓度,基于正矩阵分解模型(PMF)进行来源分析,并重点讨论了占比较高的SO_(4)^(2-)的沉降通量及其变化特征。结果表明,偏北的胡志明市降水年均pH为6.9±0.5,但新加坡降水年均pH为4.5±0.4,呈重酸雨特征,其降水SO_(4)^(2-)在总离子中的占比(34%)和沉降通量(28.8 kg S/(ha·a))也显著高于胡志明市(分别为15%和19.3 kg S/(ha·a)),二者硫沉降也高于东南亚和中国大部分地区当前的沉降水平。PMF模型解析结果表明,农业源对新加坡和胡志明市降水NH4+的贡献分别为62%和47%,生物质燃烧源对降水K^(+)的贡献均达到73%,海洋源对新加坡和胡志明市降水Na+的贡献分别达到50%和92%,对降水Cl^(-)的贡献分别达到54%和45%。本研究提供了疫情前夕研究城市降水化学的重要数据,为评估后期疫情人为活动变化对空气污染的影响提供了参考依据,同时丰富了东南亚地区的降水化学组成和来源认识,为该地区城市空气质量管理及其生态环境效应评估提供了关键科学证据。
基金Supported by the Cooperation Project Study on Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorous Input on Water Quality granted by the NSFC (No.40110734) and The Grants Committee of Hong Kong (No.N-HKUST612/01)
文摘Chemical compositions of rainwater collected in three stations in Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, China between March and May 2003 were analyzed through numerical simulations and field observation data. In terms of average ion deposition rate in spring at the air/water interface, of all anions, that of so4^2- was the largest followed by YO3^-, whereas among all cations, Ca^2＋ concentration and the rate was the largest, and then NH4^＋ was the next. The correlation of ion concentration indicated that the catchment of the lake has been artificially polluted considerably. Using backward trajectory analysis, the raining water in the stations in Taihu Lake was classified. In spring, marine-originated rain is the main contribution to this area, counting for 92.7% of the total precipitation, in which so4^2-, NO3^- and NH4^＋ contributed 89.2%, 88.1%, and 88.3% respectively to the total spring-rain chemicals, whereas land-originated rains contributed in a small amount. However, the ion concentration in the land-originated rain was higher and acidic, causing considerable harm to local ecosystem. The analysis of backward trajectory analysis shows that three types of air masses influenced the chemical composition of the lake water, namely, air mass from NE direction, air mass from SW direction, and local air mass. Although the local air masses often produced small rainfall amount, but the nature of high ion concentration and high acidity impacted the local ecosystem remarkably. The ion concentration and rainfall from long-distance boreal air mass are clearly greater than those in austral air.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.4132501041661144029)National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CB956703)
文摘The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karst rural area from September 2012 to August 2013 in Guizhou Province,Southwest China.The results indicated that the VWM value of p H was 5.4,varied from 4.6 to 6.9.Ca^(2+)and NH_4^+were the major cations,and SO_4^(2-)was the dominant anion.Neutralization factors show that the acid was mainly neutralized by Ca^(2+),NH_4^+and Mg^(2+).Investigations of correlation coefficients and enrichment factors revealed that Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+)were mainly crust origins,and NH_4^+was from agriculture and livestock manure.SO_4^(2-)and NO_3^-were mainly from anthropogenic sources.
基金supported by the Major Projects of International Cooperation of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41210002 & 40672108)the Cheung Kong Scholars Programme of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.801813)
文摘The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world's deserts.On the slopes of megadunes in the desert,there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff.In addition,we have observed rarely-seen infiltration-excess surface runoff in the megadune depressions as well as spring streams at the base of megadunes.We used electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,infiltration experiments,moisture content determinations and grain-size analysis to study the mineral and chemical composition of the runoff precipitates,and grain-size of the deposits associated with the runoff,together with the hydrological balance in the megadune area,and the atmospheric precipitation mechanism responsible for groundwater recharge and for supplying water to lakes.The observations of shallow runoff and infiltration-excess surface runoff indicate the occurrence of strong and effective precipitation in summer,which would provide an important source for groundwater recharge.Several lines of evidence,such as the physical and chemical deposits resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,spring streams,infiltration-excess runoff,and gravity capillary water with a moisture content of 3-6%,demonstrate that precipitation reaches the base of the megadunes through infiltration and subsequently becomes groundwater.The chemical deposits,such as newly-formed calcite and gypsum,and gray-black physical deposits,as well as different stages in the development of fan-shaped landforms resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,indicate that groundwater recharge in the area is the result of long-term precipitation,rather than intermittent individual major rainfall events.Fine sand layers with a low infiltration capacity lead to subsurface runoff emerging at the ground surface.Five factors play an important role in maintaining a positive water balance and in replenishing groundwater via rainfall:effective rainfall as a water source,the high infiltration capacity of the sands enabling rainfall to rapidly become capillary water in the dunes,low evapotranspiration rates due to the sparse vegetation,the fact that the depth of the sand layer influenced by evaporation is shallow enough to maximize the deep infiltration of rainfall,and rapidly-moving gravity capillary water in the sandy dunes.These five factors together constitute a mechanism for groundwater recharge from rainfall,and explain the origin of the groundwater and lakes in the area.Our findings represent a significant advance in research on the hydrological cycle,including groundwater recharge conditions and recharge mechanisms,in this desert region.
