Chronic heart failure （CHF） is the leading cause of hospitalization for those over the age of 65 and represents a significant clinical and economic burden. About half of hospital re-admissions are related to co-morb...Chronic heart failure （CHF） is the leading cause of hospitalization for those over the age of 65 and represents a significant clinical and economic burden. About half of hospital re-admissions are related to co-morbidities, polypharmacy and disabilities associated with CHF. Moreover, CHF also has an enormous cost in terms of poor prognosis with an average one year mortality of 33%–35%. While more than half of patients with CHF are over 75 years, most clinical trials have included younger patients with a mean age of 61 years. Inadequate data makes treatment decisions challenging for the providers. Older CHF patients are more often female, have less cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors, but higher rates of non-cardiovascular conditions and diastolic dysfunction. The prevalence of CHF with reduced ejection fraction, ischemic heart disease, and its risk factors declines with age, whereas the prevalence of non-cardiac co-morbidities, such as chronic renal failure, dementia, anemia and malignancy increases with age. Diabetes and hypertension are among the strongest risk factors as predictors of CHF particularly among women with coronary heart disease. This review paper will focus on the specific consideration for CHF assessment in the older population. Management strategies will be reviewed, including non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, quality care indicators, quality improvement in care transition and lastly, end-of-life issues. Palliative care should be an integral part of an interdiscipli-nary team approach for a comprehensive care plan over the whole disease trajectory. In addition, frailty contributes valuable prognostic in-sight incremental to existing risk models and assists clinicians in defining optimal care pathways for their patients.展开更多
Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in we...Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in western nations.The majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, which, given the large numbers of people with DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per annum.Despite this public health burden, relatively little seems to be known about either the mechanisms of development or causality.In the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon wall amongst those with a low intake of dietary fiber.In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development.We argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely anecdotal.We have also identified several gaps in the knowledge base which need to be filled before we can complete a model for the etiology of diverticular disease.展开更多
Purpose： The aims of this study were to assess differences of limb symmetry index （LSI） in strength- and coordination-related tasks between high-level, competitive, noninjured ski racers of different age-related pe...Purpose： The aims of this study were to assess differences of limb symmetry index （LSI） in strength- and coordination-related tasks between high-level, competitive, noninjured ski racers of different age-related performance levels and to prospectively assess limb differences as a possible risk factor for traumatic and overuse injury in youth ski racers. Methods： The study （Study 1） included 285 high-level competitive ski racers （125 females, 160 males） of 3 age-related performance levels and based on the school system： 95 youth （10-14 years, secondary modem school）, 107 adolescent （15-19 years, grammar school）, and 83 elite athletes （20-34 years）. To investigate the second aim （Study 2）, 67 of the 95 youth athletes were included and any traumatic or overuse injuries were prospectively recorded over 2 seasons. All athletes performed 4 unilateral tests （strength related： one-leg counter movement jump （OL-CMJ） and one-leg isometric/isokinetic press strength test （OL-ILS）; coordination related： one-leg stability test （OL-ST） and one-leg speedy jump test （OL-SJ））. The LSI was calculated by dividing the dominant leg by the nondominant leg and multiplying by 100. Kruskal-Wallis H tests and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results： There were significant differences between the LSI of the 3 age-related performance-level groups only in the strength-related tests： the OL-CMJ （X^2（2, 285） = 9.09; p = 0.01） and the OL-ILS （X^2（2,285） = 14.79; p 〈 0.01）. The LSI for OL-ILS was found to be a significant risk factor for traumatic injury in youth ski racers （Wald = 7.08; p 〈 0.01）. No significant risk factors were found for overuse injuries. Conclusion： Younger athletes display slightly greater LSI values only in the strength-related tests. The cut-off value of limb differences of 〈 10% for return to sport decisions seems to be appropriate for elite athletes, but for youth and adolescent athletes it has to be critically discussed. It seems to be necessary to define thresholds based on specific performance tasks （strength vs. coordination related） rather than on generalizations, and age-related performance levels must be considered. Limb differences in unilateral leg extension strength represent a significant injury risk factor in youth ski racers.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.展开更多
AIM： To determine the factors affecting mortality in pa- tients who developed graft-versus-host disease （GvHD） after liver transplantation （LT）. METHODS： We performed a review of studies of GvHD following LT pub...AIM： To determine the factors affecting mortality in pa- tients who developed graft-versus-host disease （GvHD） after liver transplantation （LT）. METHODS： We performed a review of studies of GvHD following LT published in the English literature and ac- cessed the PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. Using relevant search phras- es, 88 articles were identified. Of these, 62 articles con- raining most of the study parameters were considered eligible for the study. Risk factors were first examined using a univariate Kaplan-Meier model, and variables with a significant association （P 〈 0.05） were then sub- jected to multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional- hazards model. RESULTS： The 61 articles reported 87 patients, 58 male and 29 female, mean age, 40.4 ± 15.5 years （range： 8 mo to 74 years）, who met the inclusion criteria for the present study. Deaths occurred in 59 （67.8%） patients, whereas 28 （32.2%） survived after a mean follow-up period of 280.8 ± 316.2 d （range： 27-2285 d）. Among the most frequent symptoms were rash （94.2%）, fever （66.6%）, diarrhea （54%）, and pancytopenia （54%）. The average time period between LT and first symptom on- set was 60.6 ± 190.1 d （range： 2-1865 d）. The Kaplan- Meier analysis revealed that pancytopenia （42.8% vs 59.3%, P = 0.03）, diarrhea （39.2% vs 61.0%, P = 0.04）, age difference between the recipient and the donor （14.6 ± 3.1 years vs 22.6 ± 2.7 years, P 〈 0.0001）, and time From first symptom occurrence to diagnosis or treatment （13.3 ± 2.6 mo vs 15.0 ± 2.3 mo, P 〈 0.0001） were significant factors affecting mortality, whereas age, sex, presence of rash and fever, use of immunosuppressive agents, acute rejection before GvHD, etiological causes, time of onset, and donor type were not associated with mortality risk. The Cox proportional-hazards model, de- termined that an age difference between the recipient and donor was an independent risk Factor （P = 0.03; hazard ratio, 7.395, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-46.7）. CONCLUSION： This study showed that an age differ- ence between the recipient and donor is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients who develop GvHD after LT.展开更多
In the present study, we reported distribution of ERα and ER β mRNAs in the hypothalamus of young and old ovariectomized （OVX） rhesus macaques. The ERα were detected in all six major vestiblular nuclei which incl...In the present study, we reported distribution of ERα and ER β mRNAs in the hypothalamus of young and old ovariectomized （OVX） rhesus macaques. The ERα were detected in all six major vestiblular nuclei which included arcuate nucleus （ARC） , paraventricularis nucleus （PVN） , periventricular nucleus （PeriV） , supraoptic nucleus （SON）, medial prioptic nucleus （MPN） and lateral hypotbalamus area （LHA）. However, the ERβ mRNA can also detected in those nuclei excerpt SON, but the signals of ERβ mRNA were weaker than those of ERα mRNA. We observed that the degree of expression of ERs mRNA were different in most nucleus of old and young monkeys. The ERα mRNAs were highly expressed in ARC and SON in young monkeys compared with old monkeys. Moderate amount of ERα mRNAs hybridization signals and weak signals were observed in LHA, and MPN both in young and old monkeys. In contrast, only lower level of ERα hybridization signal were observed in PVN and PeriV in young monkeys, and the signals of ERα were very low in those nucleus of old monkeys. In general, the expression of ERβ mRNA were weaker than that of ERα mRNA in above nucleus excerpt LHA. The relatively higher density of ERβ hybridization signals have been observed in the LHA in young monkey compared with old monkeys. Low amount of. ERβ mRNA hybridization signals were observed in the ARC, PVN and MPN, and no age differences were seen in PVN and MPN of those monkeys. In PeriV, we observed some signals in young monkey and a few signals in old monkeys. It was different from the rodent in which we did not found ERβ hybridization signal in SON. This study showed that both of the two estrogen receptors not only had the same pattern of expression but also had many different patterns of expression. The different expression of ERα and ERβ mRNAs in the young and old monkey brain may imply diverse functions in different regions of the monkey brain.展开更多
Background: Epidemiologic research to learn the incidence, type, location, and severity of female soccer injuries and the risk factors for sustaining a sport injury is the first step in developing preventive policies....Background: Epidemiologic research to learn the incidence, type, location, and severity of female soccer injuries and the risk factors for sustaining a sport injury is the first step in developing preventive policies. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries in the population of female soccer players in Spain.Methods: The injuries incurred by 25,397 female soccer players were registered by the medical staff of the Spanish Football Federation during 1 season. A standardized medical questionnaire was used to classify the injury according to type, severity, location, and injury mechanism. A total of 2108 injuries was reported with an incidence of 0.083 injuries per player per season. Most injuries were in the lower limbs(74.0%), mainly affecting knee(30.4%) and ankle joints(17.9%).Results: The proportion of injuries derived from contact with another player was higher during matches(33.7%) than during training(11.4%;p < 0.001). Noncontact injuries were classified as severe more frequently than were contact injuries(51.0% vs. 42.6%; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of injury was found in adult soccer players(≥18 years) vs. their counterparts younger than 18 years(0.094 vs. 0.072 injuries per player per year, respectively; p < 0.001). There were no differences between age groups in any other injury variable(e.g., type, mechanism, location, or severity; p > 0.05).Conclusion: Most female soccer injuries were located at the knee and ankle; the injury mechanism determined the playing time lost; and the player's age did not affect injury characteristics.展开更多
The metabolic syndrome is common after liver transplant being present in approximately half of recipients. It has been associated with adverse outcomes such as progression of hepatitis C and major vascular events. As ...The metabolic syndrome is common after liver transplant being present in approximately half of recipients. It has been associated with adverse outcomes such as progression of hepatitis C and major vascular events. As the United States population ages and the rate of obesity increases, prevention of the metabolic syndrome in the post-transplant population deserves special consideration. Currently, the metabolic syndrome after transplant appears at least two times more common than observed rates in the general population. Specific guidelines for patients after transplant does not exist, therefore prevention rests upon knowledge of risk factors and the presence of modifiable elements. The current article will focus on risk factors for the development of the metabolic syndrome after transplant, will highlight potentially modifiable factors and propose potential areas for intervention. As in the non-transplant population, behavioral choices might have a major role. Opportunities exist in this regard for health prevention studies incorporating lifestyle changes. Other factors such as the need for immunosuppression, and the changing characteristics of wait listed patients are not modifiable, but are important to know in order to identify persons at higher risk. Although immunosuppression after transplant is unavoidable, the contribution of different agents to the development of components of the metabolic syndrome is also discussed. Ultimately, an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome after transplant is likely unavoidable, however, there are many opportunities to reduce the prevalence.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus （BE） in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） in Northwest China. Methods： Patients older than 18 years w...Objective： To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus （BE） in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） in Northwest China. Methods： Patients older than 18 years who underwent regular health check-up or had upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the endoscopy centers of four major teaching hospitals located in four different provinces of Northwest China from September 2008 to February 2009 were included in the study. A face-to-face reflux diagnostic questionnaire including risk factors were taken and scale scores （So） were accumulated. Diagnostic criterion of GERD was Sc≥12 points. None of these subjects received anti-acid medication prior to their endoscopy done. Barrett＇s esophagus was diagnosed when specialized intestinal metaplasia was detected histologically. Results： A total of 528 patients met the criteria of GERD, among which 32 patients （20 male and 12 female） were diagnosed with BE. BE was present in 6.06% with a mean age of 51.2±11.6 years, which was significantly older than patients with GERD without BE （46.6±13.3 years） （P〈0.05）. There weresignificant differences between BE and GERD patients regarding gender, age, hiatus hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption （P〈0.05）, while no significant difference regarding symptoms of GERD. There was significant difference between short segment Barrett＇s esophagus and long segment （65.6% vs 34.4%, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The prevalence of BE was 6.06% in patients with GERD in northwest China and was dominated by SSBE. The potential risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus were older age, male, esophageal hiatal hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption.展开更多
Second Language Acquisition （SLA） is influenced by many different factors. This paper attempts to discuss the age factor in SLA, particularly explores the learners＇ acquisition of accent. The author firstly introdu...Second Language Acquisition （SLA） is influenced by many different factors. This paper attempts to discuss the age factor in SLA, particularly explores the learners＇ acquisition of accent. The author firstly introduces the topic and reviews the literature on Critical Period Hypothesis （CPH）. Then, the optimal age to attain the native-like accent is discussed. Finally, the author describes some other elements that influence the acquisition of accent and draws a natural conclusion that the topic in this paper needs more profound research.展开更多
Here we present(^(234)U/^(238)U)data from river sediments collected on the Tibetan Plateau.The(^(234)U/^(238)U)ratios of a specific grain size fraction show good correlation with erosion rates,which were determined by...Here we present(^(234)U/^(238)U)data from river sediments collected on the Tibetan Plateau.The(^(234)U/^(238)U)ratios of a specific grain size fraction show good correlation with erosion rates,which were determined by in-situ–produced cosmogenic nuclides.This correlation has previously been observed in a wide range of geomorphic settings,suggesting that(^(234)U/^(238)U)ratios of fluvial sediments have great potential to quantify erosion rates.展开更多
Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia. Due to population aging, AF is a growing epidemic and its importance will continue to increase in the next decades. Although the prevalence of AF is high in ...Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia. Due to population aging, AF is a growing epidemic and its importance will continue to increase in the next decades. Although the prevalence of AF is high in advanced age, the number of subjects with predisposing factors for AF is even higher. Most of these factors increase the risk of atrial fibro- sis, an important component of atrial arrhythmia mecha- nisms. In fact, the new techniques to detect atrial fibrosis are showing the strong association between atrial fibrosis and AF risk. Regarding predisposing factors for AF, interatrial block （LAB） seems to be a key factor.展开更多
Loading history and age are factors for disc degeneration and disc biomechanics; however, their relationship is unclear. To evaluate disc biomechanics, we conducted an experimental, anatomical and numerical approach t...Loading history and age are factors for disc degeneration and disc biomechanics; however, their relationship is unclear. To evaluate disc biomechanics, we conducted an experimental, anatomical and numerical approach to distinguish discs with mild and severe degeneration. In the experimental procedure, 10 cadaveric lumbar discs are tested to static and dynamic compression, and the elastic and viscous moduli and the dynamic parameters are reported. The morphology of disc degeneration is gained with MRI （magnetic resonance imaging） and used to generate a nonlinear finite element model of a degenerated disc, and assisted with the experimental results in order to numerically investigate the distribution of stresses and strains within the disc. The results show a promising methodology for the study of intervertebral disc biomechanics and in general other tissues, organs and medical devices.展开更多
Objective To investigate the independent risk factors of traumatic brain injury （TBI） prognosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 885 hospitalized TBI patients from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 20...Objective To investigate the independent risk factors of traumatic brain injury （TBI） prognosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 885 hospitalized TBI patients from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2010 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi＇an Jiaotong LIniversity. Sin- gle-factor and logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the association of different variables with TBI outcome. Results The single-factor analysis revealed outcome, including age （P=0.044 for the age group （P〈0.O01）, cerebrospinal fluid leakage （P〈0.001）, reflex （P〈0.001）, shock （P〈0.001）, associated （P〈0.001）, cerebral contusion （P〈0.001）, diffuse significant association between several variables and TB1 40-60, P〈0.00l for the age group ≥60）, complications Glasgow Coma Scale （GCS） （P〈0.001）, pupillary light extra-cranial lesions （P=0.01）, subdural hematoma axonal injury （P〈0.001）, and subarachnoid hemorrhage （P〈0.001）, suggesting the influence of those factors on the prognosis of TBI. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis identified age, GCS score, pupillary light reflex, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage as independent risk factors of TB1 prognosis. Conclusion Age, GCS score, papillary light reflex, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage may be risk factors influencing the prognosis of TBI. Paying attention to those factors might improve the outcome of TBI in clinical treatment.展开更多
The aging population of Shanghai is China one of the most serious city, is also one of the cities of the aging problem is prominent. As a result, the city＇s endowment pressure also with aging and aging aggravate grad...The aging population of Shanghai is China one of the most serious city, is also one of the cities of the aging problem is prominent. As a result, the city＇s endowment pressure also with aging and aging aggravate gradually increased, especially the old man nursing problems become the main problem in society. Study abroad to establish a long term care insurance comprehensive factors, considering the feasibility of the long-term care insurance in Shanghai, alleviate the pressure of the pension, the construction of a harmonious society.展开更多
文摘Chronic heart failure （CHF） is the leading cause of hospitalization for those over the age of 65 and represents a significant clinical and economic burden. About half of hospital re-admissions are related to co-morbidities, polypharmacy and disabilities associated with CHF. Moreover, CHF also has an enormous cost in terms of poor prognosis with an average one year mortality of 33%–35%. While more than half of patients with CHF are over 75 years, most clinical trials have included younger patients with a mean age of 61 years. Inadequate data makes treatment decisions challenging for the providers. Older CHF patients are more often female, have less cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors, but higher rates of non-cardiovascular conditions and diastolic dysfunction. The prevalence of CHF with reduced ejection fraction, ischemic heart disease, and its risk factors declines with age, whereas the prevalence of non-cardiac co-morbidities, such as chronic renal failure, dementia, anemia and malignancy increases with age. Diabetes and hypertension are among the strongest risk factors as predictors of CHF particularly among women with coronary heart disease. This review paper will focus on the specific consideration for CHF assessment in the older population. Management strategies will be reviewed, including non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, quality care indicators, quality improvement in care transition and lastly, end-of-life issues. Palliative care should be an integral part of an interdiscipli-nary team approach for a comprehensive care plan over the whole disease trajectory. In addition, frailty contributes valuable prognostic in-sight incremental to existing risk models and assists clinicians in defining optimal care pathways for their patients.
基金Supported by Food Standards Agency, N12105Northumbria Colorectal Research Funds
文摘Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in western nations.The majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, which, given the large numbers of people with DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per annum.Despite this public health burden, relatively little seems to be known about either the mechanisms of development or causality.In the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon wall amongst those with a low intake of dietary fiber.In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development.We argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely anecdotal.We have also identified several gaps in the knowledge base which need to be filled before we can complete a model for the etiology of diverticular disease.
文摘Purpose： The aims of this study were to assess differences of limb symmetry index （LSI） in strength- and coordination-related tasks between high-level, competitive, noninjured ski racers of different age-related performance levels and to prospectively assess limb differences as a possible risk factor for traumatic and overuse injury in youth ski racers. Methods： The study （Study 1） included 285 high-level competitive ski racers （125 females, 160 males） of 3 age-related performance levels and based on the school system： 95 youth （10-14 years, secondary modem school）, 107 adolescent （15-19 years, grammar school）, and 83 elite athletes （20-34 years）. To investigate the second aim （Study 2）, 67 of the 95 youth athletes were included and any traumatic or overuse injuries were prospectively recorded over 2 seasons. All athletes performed 4 unilateral tests （strength related： one-leg counter movement jump （OL-CMJ） and one-leg isometric/isokinetic press strength test （OL-ILS）; coordination related： one-leg stability test （OL-ST） and one-leg speedy jump test （OL-SJ））. The LSI was calculated by dividing the dominant leg by the nondominant leg and multiplying by 100. Kruskal-Wallis H tests and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results： There were significant differences between the LSI of the 3 age-related performance-level groups only in the strength-related tests： the OL-CMJ （X^2（2, 285） = 9.09; p = 0.01） and the OL-ILS （X^2（2,285） = 14.79; p 〈 0.01）. The LSI for OL-ILS was found to be a significant risk factor for traumatic injury in youth ski racers （Wald = 7.08; p 〈 0.01）. No significant risk factors were found for overuse injuries. Conclusion： Younger athletes display slightly greater LSI values only in the strength-related tests. The cut-off value of limb differences of 〈 10% for return to sport decisions seems to be appropriate for elite athletes, but for youth and adolescent athletes it has to be critically discussed. It seems to be necessary to define thresholds based on specific performance tasks （strength vs. coordination related） rather than on generalizations, and age-related performance levels must be considered. Limb differences in unilateral leg extension strength represent a significant injury risk factor in youth ski racers.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.
文摘AIM： To determine the factors affecting mortality in pa- tients who developed graft-versus-host disease （GvHD） after liver transplantation （LT）. METHODS： We performed a review of studies of GvHD following LT published in the English literature and ac- cessed the PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. Using relevant search phras- es, 88 articles were identified. Of these, 62 articles con- raining most of the study parameters were considered eligible for the study. Risk factors were first examined using a univariate Kaplan-Meier model, and variables with a significant association （P 〈 0.05） were then sub- jected to multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional- hazards model. RESULTS： The 61 articles reported 87 patients, 58 male and 29 female, mean age, 40.4 ± 15.5 years （range： 8 mo to 74 years）, who met the inclusion criteria for the present study. Deaths occurred in 59 （67.8%） patients, whereas 28 （32.2%） survived after a mean follow-up period of 280.8 ± 316.2 d （range： 27-2285 d）. Among the most frequent symptoms were rash （94.2%）, fever （66.6%）, diarrhea （54%）, and pancytopenia （54%）. The average time period between LT and first symptom on- set was 60.6 ± 190.1 d （range： 2-1865 d）. The Kaplan- Meier analysis revealed that pancytopenia （42.8% vs 59.3%, P = 0.03）, diarrhea （39.2% vs 61.0%, P = 0.04）, age difference between the recipient and the donor （14.6 ± 3.1 years vs 22.6 ± 2.7 years, P 〈 0.0001）, and time From first symptom occurrence to diagnosis or treatment （13.3 ± 2.6 mo vs 15.0 ± 2.3 mo, P 〈 0.0001） were significant factors affecting mortality, whereas age, sex, presence of rash and fever, use of immunosuppressive agents, acute rejection before GvHD, etiological causes, time of onset, and donor type were not associated with mortality risk. The Cox proportional-hazards model, de- termined that an age difference between the recipient and donor was an independent risk Factor （P = 0.03; hazard ratio, 7.395, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-46.7）. CONCLUSION： This study showed that an age differ- ence between the recipient and donor is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients who develop GvHD after LT.
文摘In the present study, we reported distribution of ERα and ER β mRNAs in the hypothalamus of young and old ovariectomized （OVX） rhesus macaques. The ERα were detected in all six major vestiblular nuclei which included arcuate nucleus （ARC） , paraventricularis nucleus （PVN） , periventricular nucleus （PeriV） , supraoptic nucleus （SON）, medial prioptic nucleus （MPN） and lateral hypotbalamus area （LHA）. However, the ERβ mRNA can also detected in those nuclei excerpt SON, but the signals of ERβ mRNA were weaker than those of ERα mRNA. We observed that the degree of expression of ERs mRNA were different in most nucleus of old and young monkeys. The ERα mRNAs were highly expressed in ARC and SON in young monkeys compared with old monkeys. Moderate amount of ERα mRNAs hybridization signals and weak signals were observed in LHA, and MPN both in young and old monkeys. In contrast, only lower level of ERα hybridization signal were observed in PVN and PeriV in young monkeys, and the signals of ERα were very low in those nucleus of old monkeys. In general, the expression of ERβ mRNA were weaker than that of ERα mRNA in above nucleus excerpt LHA. The relatively higher density of ERβ hybridization signals have been observed in the LHA in young monkey compared with old monkeys. Low amount of. ERβ mRNA hybridization signals were observed in the ARC, PVN and MPN, and no age differences were seen in PVN and MPN of those monkeys. In PeriV, we observed some signals in young monkey and a few signals in old monkeys. It was different from the rodent in which we did not found ERβ hybridization signal in SON. This study showed that both of the two estrogen receptors not only had the same pattern of expression but also had many different patterns of expression. The different expression of ERα and ERβ mRNAs in the young and old monkey brain may imply diverse functions in different regions of the monkey brain.
文摘Background: Epidemiologic research to learn the incidence, type, location, and severity of female soccer injuries and the risk factors for sustaining a sport injury is the first step in developing preventive policies. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries in the population of female soccer players in Spain.Methods: The injuries incurred by 25,397 female soccer players were registered by the medical staff of the Spanish Football Federation during 1 season. A standardized medical questionnaire was used to classify the injury according to type, severity, location, and injury mechanism. A total of 2108 injuries was reported with an incidence of 0.083 injuries per player per season. Most injuries were in the lower limbs(74.0%), mainly affecting knee(30.4%) and ankle joints(17.9%).Results: The proportion of injuries derived from contact with another player was higher during matches(33.7%) than during training(11.4%;p < 0.001). Noncontact injuries were classified as severe more frequently than were contact injuries(51.0% vs. 42.6%; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of injury was found in adult soccer players(≥18 years) vs. their counterparts younger than 18 years(0.094 vs. 0.072 injuries per player per year, respectively; p < 0.001). There were no differences between age groups in any other injury variable(e.g., type, mechanism, location, or severity; p > 0.05).Conclusion: Most female soccer injuries were located at the knee and ankle; the injury mechanism determined the playing time lost; and the player's age did not affect injury characteristics.
文摘The metabolic syndrome is common after liver transplant being present in approximately half of recipients. It has been associated with adverse outcomes such as progression of hepatitis C and major vascular events. As the United States population ages and the rate of obesity increases, prevention of the metabolic syndrome in the post-transplant population deserves special consideration. Currently, the metabolic syndrome after transplant appears at least two times more common than observed rates in the general population. Specific guidelines for patients after transplant does not exist, therefore prevention rests upon knowledge of risk factors and the presence of modifiable elements. The current article will focus on risk factors for the development of the metabolic syndrome after transplant, will highlight potentially modifiable factors and propose potential areas for intervention. As in the non-transplant population, behavioral choices might have a major role. Opportunities exist in this regard for health prevention studies incorporating lifestyle changes. Other factors such as the need for immunosuppression, and the changing characteristics of wait listed patients are not modifiable, but are important to know in order to identify persons at higher risk. Although immunosuppression after transplant is unavoidable, the contribution of different agents to the development of components of the metabolic syndrome is also discussed. Ultimately, an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome after transplant is likely unavoidable, however, there are many opportunities to reduce the prevalence.
基金Supported by Key Clinical Program of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China(No.[2007]353)
文摘Objective： To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus （BE） in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） in Northwest China. Methods： Patients older than 18 years who underwent regular health check-up or had upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the endoscopy centers of four major teaching hospitals located in four different provinces of Northwest China from September 2008 to February 2009 were included in the study. A face-to-face reflux diagnostic questionnaire including risk factors were taken and scale scores （So） were accumulated. Diagnostic criterion of GERD was Sc≥12 points. None of these subjects received anti-acid medication prior to their endoscopy done. Barrett＇s esophagus was diagnosed when specialized intestinal metaplasia was detected histologically. Results： A total of 528 patients met the criteria of GERD, among which 32 patients （20 male and 12 female） were diagnosed with BE. BE was present in 6.06% with a mean age of 51.2±11.6 years, which was significantly older than patients with GERD without BE （46.6±13.3 years） （P〈0.05）. There weresignificant differences between BE and GERD patients regarding gender, age, hiatus hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption （P〈0.05）, while no significant difference regarding symptoms of GERD. There was significant difference between short segment Barrett＇s esophagus and long segment （65.6% vs 34.4%, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The prevalence of BE was 6.06% in patients with GERD in northwest China and was dominated by SSBE. The potential risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus were older age, male, esophageal hiatal hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption.
文摘Second Language Acquisition （SLA） is influenced by many different factors. This paper attempts to discuss the age factor in SLA, particularly explores the learners＇ acquisition of accent. The author firstly introduces the topic and reviews the literature on Critical Period Hypothesis （CPH）. Then, the optimal age to attain the native-like accent is discussed. Finally, the author describes some other elements that influence the acquisition of accent and draws a natural conclusion that the topic in this paper needs more profound research.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41422205)
文摘Here we present(^(234)U/^(238)U)data from river sediments collected on the Tibetan Plateau.The(^(234)U/^(238)U)ratios of a specific grain size fraction show good correlation with erosion rates,which were determined by in-situ–produced cosmogenic nuclides.This correlation has previously been observed in a wide range of geomorphic settings,suggesting that(^(234)U/^(238)U)ratios of fluvial sediments have great potential to quantify erosion rates.
文摘Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia. Due to population aging, AF is a growing epidemic and its importance will continue to increase in the next decades. Although the prevalence of AF is high in advanced age, the number of subjects with predisposing factors for AF is even higher. Most of these factors increase the risk of atrial fibro- sis, an important component of atrial arrhythmia mecha- nisms. In fact, the new techniques to detect atrial fibrosis are showing the strong association between atrial fibrosis and AF risk. Regarding predisposing factors for AF, interatrial block （LAB） seems to be a key factor.
文摘Loading history and age are factors for disc degeneration and disc biomechanics; however, their relationship is unclear. To evaluate disc biomechanics, we conducted an experimental, anatomical and numerical approach to distinguish discs with mild and severe degeneration. In the experimental procedure, 10 cadaveric lumbar discs are tested to static and dynamic compression, and the elastic and viscous moduli and the dynamic parameters are reported. The morphology of disc degeneration is gained with MRI （magnetic resonance imaging） and used to generate a nonlinear finite element model of a degenerated disc, and assisted with the experimental results in order to numerically investigate the distribution of stresses and strains within the disc. The results show a promising methodology for the study of intervertebral disc biomechanics and in general other tissues, organs and medical devices.
文摘Objective To investigate the independent risk factors of traumatic brain injury （TBI） prognosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 885 hospitalized TBI patients from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2010 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi＇an Jiaotong LIniversity. Sin- gle-factor and logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the association of different variables with TBI outcome. Results The single-factor analysis revealed outcome, including age （P=0.044 for the age group （P〈0.O01）, cerebrospinal fluid leakage （P〈0.001）, reflex （P〈0.001）, shock （P〈0.001）, associated （P〈0.001）, cerebral contusion （P〈0.001）, diffuse significant association between several variables and TB1 40-60, P〈0.00l for the age group ≥60）, complications Glasgow Coma Scale （GCS） （P〈0.001）, pupillary light extra-cranial lesions （P=0.01）, subdural hematoma axonal injury （P〈0.001）, and subarachnoid hemorrhage （P〈0.001）, suggesting the influence of those factors on the prognosis of TBI. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis identified age, GCS score, pupillary light reflex, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage as independent risk factors of TB1 prognosis. Conclusion Age, GCS score, papillary light reflex, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage may be risk factors influencing the prognosis of TBI. Paying attention to those factors might improve the outcome of TBI in clinical treatment.
文摘The aging population of Shanghai is China one of the most serious city, is also one of the cities of the aging problem is prominent. As a result, the city＇s endowment pressure also with aging and aging aggravate gradually increased, especially the old man nursing problems become the main problem in society. Study abroad to establish a long term care insurance comprehensive factors, considering the feasibility of the long-term care insurance in Shanghai, alleviate the pressure of the pension, the construction of a harmonious society.
