旨在探究缺氧诱导基因1C(HIG1 hypoxia inducible domain family member 1C,HIGD1C)对牦牛睾丸支持细胞凋亡的影响。本研究分别选择3头3~6岁龄健康状况良好的公牦牛和隐睾症公牦牛,以其睾丸组织作为研究材料。通过HE染色、牦牛睾丸支持...旨在探究缺氧诱导基因1C(HIG1 hypoxia inducible domain family member 1C,HIGD1C)对牦牛睾丸支持细胞凋亡的影响。本研究分别选择3头3~6岁龄健康状况良好的公牦牛和隐睾症公牦牛,以其睾丸组织作为研究材料。通过HE染色、牦牛睾丸支持细胞分离培养、间接免疫荧光、RT-qPCR、Western blot、HIGD1C过表达与干扰载体构建及体外细胞转染等技术,探究HIGD1C对牦牛睾丸支持细胞凋亡的调控机制。结果显示:正常睾丸基底膜及间质组织完整,曲细精管、管周肌细胞及支持细胞等排列紧密,隐睾中曲细精管断裂萎缩且HIGD1C在牦牛隐睾组织中转录及蛋白的表达水平极显著于高于正常睾丸组织(P<0.01);HIGD1C蛋白主要分布在睾丸间质细胞和支持细胞;成功分离培养出牦牛睾丸支持细胞且HIGD1C蛋白定位于原代睾丸支持细胞胞核;HIGD1C过表达支持细胞后,Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),蛋白表达水平极显著上调(P<0.01),Bax和Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均极显著上调(P<0.01),流式细胞术结果显示过表达HIGD1C组支持细胞凋亡率极显著上升(P<0.01);反之,HIGD1C敲除后,Bax、Bcl-2和Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均极显著下调(P<0.01),流式细胞术结果显示HIGD1C敲除组支持细胞凋亡率极显著下调(P<0.01)。本研究结果表明:正常睾丸组织结构完整,隐睾间质疏松,且HIGD1C在牦牛隐睾组织中高表达。体外细胞试验表明上调HIGD1C,可以激活促凋亡蛋白,促进牦牛支持细胞凋亡;反之,下调HIGD1C表达水平会抑制支持细胞凋亡。提示HIGD1C参与调控牦牛睾丸支持细胞的凋亡,为揭示牦牛隐睾的发生机制提供了参考。展开更多
海洋一号C(HY-1C)卫星是中国首颗海洋水色业务卫星,其搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager, CZI)具有大幅宽、短重访周期的优势,可实现海洋和海岸带的大面积观测。作为光学传感器,CZI受云影响严重,准确识别云是CZI数据处理的关键,但...海洋一号C(HY-1C)卫星是中国首颗海洋水色业务卫星,其搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager, CZI)具有大幅宽、短重访周期的优势,可实现海洋和海岸带的大面积观测。作为光学传感器,CZI受云影响严重,准确识别云是CZI数据处理的关键,但是CZI缺少红外和短波红外等对云敏感的波段,云检测难度大。针对该问题,本文提出一种融合多尺度卷积和侧窗滤波的轻量化云检测方法,该方法通过多尺度卷积获取云的不同尺度特征,通过侧窗滤波突出边缘特征,减少椒盐噪声的影响,提升云边缘检测的精度。实验结果表明,本文所提出的方法可有效进行云检测,在云边缘提取方面表现较好,F1-score达92.77%,Kappa系数达0.89,与现有云检测方法相比优势明显,且模型训练速度快、参数量少,可为HY-1C CZI遥感影像处理提供有力支撑。展开更多
目的探究老年糖尿病治疗中采用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖的价值。方法选取上海市嘉定区迎园医院于2022年6月—2023年9月收治的106例糖尿病老年患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为对照组(53例,给予阿卡波糖治疗)、观察组(53例,给予甘精胰...目的探究老年糖尿病治疗中采用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖的价值。方法选取上海市嘉定区迎园医院于2022年6月—2023年9月收治的106例糖尿病老年患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为对照组(53例,给予阿卡波糖治疗)、观察组(53例,给予甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗)。比较两组临床疗效、血糖指标、体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、不良反应发生情况以及胰岛功能。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Glucose,FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 Hour Post⁃prandial Blood Glucose,2 hBG)以及糖化血红蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组体质指数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应总发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resis⁃tance,HOMA-IR)低于对照组,胰岛β细胞功能指数(Homeostasis Model Assessment-β,HOMA-β)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论在老年糖尿病治疗中选择甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖联合方案可降低血糖水平,改善体质指数及胰岛素功能,确保治疗有效性。展开更多
目的研究固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c,SREBP1c)对肠道糖异生的调控作用。方法饥饿处理C57BL/6小鼠、SREBP1c纯合敲除型(SREBP1c-KO)和同窝野生型(SREBP1c-WT)小鼠,通过qPCR、Western blot检...目的研究固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c,SREBP1c)对肠道糖异生的调控作用。方法饥饿处理C57BL/6小鼠、SREBP1c纯合敲除型(SREBP1c-KO)和同窝野生型(SREBP1c-WT)小鼠,通过qPCR、Western blot检测糖异生途径限速酶葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic,G6PC)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1,PCK1)在肝脏、空肠和回肠组织中的表达水平;在肠上皮细胞CaCo-2中过表达或敲低SREBP1c,检测细胞内G6PC和PCK1表达水平。结果饥饿处理后,C57BL/6小鼠空肠、回肠组织中G6PC、PCK1和SREBP1c表达水平均显著增加(P<0.05)。SREBP1c基因敲除后,小鼠空肠、回肠组织中由饥饿诱导的糖异生限速酶G6PC和PCK1的表达明显下调(P<0.05)。在肠上皮细胞CaCo-2中过表达SREBP1c,可显著上调糖异生途径关键酶G6PC和PCK1的表达,促进细胞内葡萄糖的产生(P<0.05);反之,敲低SREBP1c的表达,可明显下调G6PC和PCK1,抑制细胞内葡萄糖的产生(P<0.05)。结论饥饿状态下,SREBP1c可调控肠上皮细胞中糖异生限速酶G6PC和PCK1的表达,进而影响葡萄糖的生成,表明SREBP1c可能参与肠道糖异生的调控,机制有待进一步探索。展开更多
Dear Editor,Ferroptosis,an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by overwhelming lipid peroxidation,represents a vulnerability in cancers,and therapeutic strategies to further potentiate ferroptosis hold great pote...Dear Editor,Ferroptosis,an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by overwhelming lipid peroxidation,represents a vulnerability in cancers,and therapeutic strategies to further potentiate ferroptosis hold great potential for melanoma treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder induced by an imbalance between osteoclastic activity and osteogenic activity.During osteoporosis,bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)exhibit an increased abil...BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder induced by an imbalance between osteoclastic activity and osteogenic activity.During osteoporosis,bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)exhibit an increased ability to differentiate into adipocytes and a decreased ability to differentiate into osteoblasts,resulting in bone loss.Jumonji domain-containing 1C(JMJD1C)has been demonstrated to suppress osteoclastogenesis.AIM To examine the effect of JMJD1C on the osteogenesis of BMSCs and the potential underlying mechanism.METHODS BMSCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow tissues.Oil Red O staining,Alizarin red staining,alkaline phosphatase staining and the expression of adipo-genic and osteogenic-associated genes were assessed to determine the differen-tiation of BMSCs.Bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMMs)were incubated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaΒligand to induce osteoclast differentiation,and osteoclast differen-tiation was confirmed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining.Other related genes were measured via reverse transcription coupled to the quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 beta.RESULTS The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs isolated from mouse bone marrow samples was evaluated.JMJD1C mRNA and protein expression was upregulated in BMSCs after osteoblast induction,while p-nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and inflammatory cytokines were not significantly altered.Knockdown of JMJD1C repressed osteogenic differentiation and enhanced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine release in BMSCs.Moreover,JMJD1C expression decreased during BMM osteoclast differentiation.CONCLUSION The JMJD1C/NF-κB signaling pathway is potentially involved in BMSC osteogenic differentiation and may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean...BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean populations in Jilin,China,remains inconclusive.AIM To determine the best cut-off of HbA1c for diagnosing DR among the Chinese.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1933 participants from the Yanbian area of Jilin Province,China.Trained investigators employed a questionnaire-based survey,physical examination,laboratory tests,and fundus photography for the investigation.The best cut-off value for HbA1c was established via the receiver operating characteristic curve.The factors associated with HbA1c-associated risk factors were determined via linear regression.RESULTS The analysis included 887 eligible Chinese Han and Korean participants,591 of whom were assigned randomly to the training set and 296 to the validation set.The prevalence of DR was 3.27% in the total population.HbA1c of 6.2% was the best cut-off value in the training set,while it was 5.9% in the validation set.In both Chinese Han and Korean populations,an HbA1c level of 6.2% was the best cut-off value.The optimal cut-off values of fasting blood glucose(FBG)≥7 mmol/L and<7 mmol/L were 8.1% and 6.2% respectively in Han populations,while those in Korean populations were 6.9%and 5.3%,respectively.Age,body mass index,and FBG were determined as the risk factors impacting HbA1c levels.CONCLUSION HbA1c may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for DR.An HbA1c level of 6.2% may be an appropriate cut-off value for DR detection in the Chinese population.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking ...BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.展开更多
文摘海洋一号C(HY-1C)卫星是中国首颗海洋水色业务卫星,其搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager, CZI)具有大幅宽、短重访周期的优势,可实现海洋和海岸带的大面积观测。作为光学传感器,CZI受云影响严重,准确识别云是CZI数据处理的关键,但是CZI缺少红外和短波红外等对云敏感的波段,云检测难度大。针对该问题,本文提出一种融合多尺度卷积和侧窗滤波的轻量化云检测方法,该方法通过多尺度卷积获取云的不同尺度特征,通过侧窗滤波突出边缘特征,减少椒盐噪声的影响,提升云边缘检测的精度。实验结果表明,本文所提出的方法可有效进行云检测,在云边缘提取方面表现较好,F1-score达92.77%,Kappa系数达0.89,与现有云检测方法相比优势明显,且模型训练速度快、参数量少,可为HY-1C CZI遥感影像处理提供有力支撑。
文摘目的探究老年糖尿病治疗中采用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖的价值。方法选取上海市嘉定区迎园医院于2022年6月—2023年9月收治的106例糖尿病老年患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为对照组(53例,给予阿卡波糖治疗)、观察组(53例,给予甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗)。比较两组临床疗效、血糖指标、体质指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、不良反应发生情况以及胰岛功能。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Glucose,FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 Hour Post⁃prandial Blood Glucose,2 hBG)以及糖化血红蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组体质指数高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应总发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resis⁃tance,HOMA-IR)低于对照组,胰岛β细胞功能指数(Homeostasis Model Assessment-β,HOMA-β)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论在老年糖尿病治疗中选择甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖联合方案可降低血糖水平,改善体质指数及胰岛素功能,确保治疗有效性。
文摘目的研究固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c,SREBP1c)对肠道糖异生的调控作用。方法饥饿处理C57BL/6小鼠、SREBP1c纯合敲除型(SREBP1c-KO)和同窝野生型(SREBP1c-WT)小鼠,通过qPCR、Western blot检测糖异生途径限速酶葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic,G6PC)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1,PCK1)在肝脏、空肠和回肠组织中的表达水平;在肠上皮细胞CaCo-2中过表达或敲低SREBP1c,检测细胞内G6PC和PCK1表达水平。结果饥饿处理后,C57BL/6小鼠空肠、回肠组织中G6PC、PCK1和SREBP1c表达水平均显著增加(P<0.05)。SREBP1c基因敲除后,小鼠空肠、回肠组织中由饥饿诱导的糖异生限速酶G6PC和PCK1的表达明显下调(P<0.05)。在肠上皮细胞CaCo-2中过表达SREBP1c,可显著上调糖异生途径关键酶G6PC和PCK1的表达,促进细胞内葡萄糖的产生(P<0.05);反之,敲低SREBP1c的表达,可明显下调G6PC和PCK1,抑制细胞内葡萄糖的产生(P<0.05)。结论饥饿状态下,SREBP1c可调控肠上皮细胞中糖异生限速酶G6PC和PCK1的表达,进而影响葡萄糖的生成,表明SREBP1c可能参与肠道糖异生的调控,机制有待进一步探索。
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82103183,82102803,82272849)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ40767,2021JJ40976)+1 种基金the Natural Science Fund for Outstanding Youths in Hunan Province(2023JJ20093)the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC2504700).
文摘Dear Editor,Ferroptosis,an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by overwhelming lipid peroxidation,represents a vulnerability in cancers,and therapeutic strategies to further potentiate ferroptosis hold great potential for melanoma treatment.
基金2018 Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Plan Project,China,No.SBGJ2018019.
文摘BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder induced by an imbalance between osteoclastic activity and osteogenic activity.During osteoporosis,bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)exhibit an increased ability to differentiate into adipocytes and a decreased ability to differentiate into osteoblasts,resulting in bone loss.Jumonji domain-containing 1C(JMJD1C)has been demonstrated to suppress osteoclastogenesis.AIM To examine the effect of JMJD1C on the osteogenesis of BMSCs and the potential underlying mechanism.METHODS BMSCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow tissues.Oil Red O staining,Alizarin red staining,alkaline phosphatase staining and the expression of adipo-genic and osteogenic-associated genes were assessed to determine the differen-tiation of BMSCs.Bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMMs)were incubated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaΒligand to induce osteoclast differentiation,and osteoclast differen-tiation was confirmed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining.Other related genes were measured via reverse transcription coupled to the quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 beta.RESULTS The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs isolated from mouse bone marrow samples was evaluated.JMJD1C mRNA and protein expression was upregulated in BMSCs after osteoblast induction,while p-nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and inflammatory cytokines were not significantly altered.Knockdown of JMJD1C repressed osteogenic differentiation and enhanced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine release in BMSCs.Moreover,JMJD1C expression decreased during BMM osteoclast differentiation.CONCLUSION The JMJD1C/NF-κB signaling pathway is potentially involved in BMSC osteogenic differentiation and may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China,No.2016YFC1305700.
文摘BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean populations in Jilin,China,remains inconclusive.AIM To determine the best cut-off of HbA1c for diagnosing DR among the Chinese.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1933 participants from the Yanbian area of Jilin Province,China.Trained investigators employed a questionnaire-based survey,physical examination,laboratory tests,and fundus photography for the investigation.The best cut-off value for HbA1c was established via the receiver operating characteristic curve.The factors associated with HbA1c-associated risk factors were determined via linear regression.RESULTS The analysis included 887 eligible Chinese Han and Korean participants,591 of whom were assigned randomly to the training set and 296 to the validation set.The prevalence of DR was 3.27% in the total population.HbA1c of 6.2% was the best cut-off value in the training set,while it was 5.9% in the validation set.In both Chinese Han and Korean populations,an HbA1c level of 6.2% was the best cut-off value.The optimal cut-off values of fasting blood glucose(FBG)≥7 mmol/L and<7 mmol/L were 8.1% and 6.2% respectively in Han populations,while those in Korean populations were 6.9%and 5.3%,respectively.Age,body mass index,and FBG were determined as the risk factors impacting HbA1c levels.CONCLUSION HbA1c may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for DR.An HbA1c level of 6.2% may be an appropriate cut-off value for DR detection in the Chinese population.
基金Supported by the Academic Leaders Training Program of Pudong Health Bureau of Shanghai,No.PWRd2023-03Clinical Research Fund of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health,No.202040136+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82070842Jiangxi Health Commission Science and Technology Plan Project,No.202212838 and No.202212852.
文摘BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.
