In 2021,China updated its nationally determined contributions(NDCs)under the Paris Agreement,which prompts a more accurate mea-surement of its emissions inventory and a reasonable pathway toward carbon neutrality by 2...In 2021,China updated its nationally determined contributions(NDCs)under the Paris Agreement,which prompts a more accurate mea-surement of its emissions inventory and a reasonable pathway toward carbon neutrality by 2060.This study reviews the estimates using the bottom-up emissions factor method or the top-down atmospheric CO_(2) concentration inversion method to derive China's CO_(2) emissions inventory and finds that CO_(2) emissions from energy combustion and industrial processes in Chinese mainland range from 11.3-12.0 GtCO_(2) in 2021.Based on a comprehensive review of pathways proposed by domestic and international studies and an analysis of the origins of their differences,we proposed the Tsinghua-CMA pathway that coordinates the 2℃global temperature rise control target with China's current CO_(2) emissions status and mitigation policies.The pathway requires China's CO_(2) emissions to peak around 2028-2029 at about 12.8 GtCO_(2),then decline steadily to about 11.2 GtCO_(2) in 2035,3.6 GtCO_(2) in 2050,and 0.9 GtCO_(2) in 2060.Compared to a reference scenario without updated NDCs,this pathway would result in an economic cost of about 0.9%cumulative GDP between 2020 and 2060,only 1/4-1/3 of the cost associated with pathways that align with the 1.5℃target.We recommended that China improves emissions accounting by cross-validating bottom-up and top-down approaches and regularly updating the pathway toward carbon neutrality while maintaining consistency with its evolving CO_(2) emissions inventory,policy trends,and global CO_(2) emission budget updates.展开更多
Introduction: Omicron is a highly divergent variant of concern (VOCs) of a severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2. It carries a high number of mutations in its spike protein hence;it is more transmissible in the...Introduction: Omicron is a highly divergent variant of concern (VOCs) of a severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2. It carries a high number of mutations in its spike protein hence;it is more transmissible in the community by immune evasion mechanisms. Due to mutation within S gene, most Omicron variants have reported S gene target failure (SGTF) with some commercially available PCR kits. Such diagnostic features can be used as markers to screen Omicron. However, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is the only gold standard approach to confirm novel microorganisms at genetically level as similar mutations can also be found in other variants that are circulating at low frequencies worldwide. This Retrospective study is aimed to assess RT-PCR sensitivity in the detection of S gene target failure in comparison with whole genome sequencing to detect variants of Omicron. Methods: We have analysed retrospective data of SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR samples for S gene target failure (SGTF) with TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR Combo Kit (ThermoFisher) and combined with sequencing technologies to study the emerged pattern of SARS-CoV-2 variants during third wave at the tertiary care centre, Surat. Results: From the first day of December 2021 till the end of February 2022, a total of 321,803 diagnostic RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed, of which 20,566 positive cases were reported at our tertiary care centre with an average cumulative positivity of 6.39% over a period of three months. In the month of December 21 samples characterized by the SGTF (70/129) were suggestive of being infected by the Omicron variant and identified as Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) when sequence. In the month of January, we analysed a subset of samples (n = 618) with SGTF (24%) and without SGTF (76%) with Ct values Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it took almost more than 15 days to diagnose infection and identify pathogen by sequencing technology. In contrast to that molecular assay provided quick identification with the help of SGTF phenomenon within 5 hours of duration. This strategy helps scientists and health policymakers for the quick isolation and identification of clusters. That ultimately results in a decreased transmission of pathogen among the community.展开更多
基金supported by the Special Project (42341202 and 72140005)of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Pathways to Achieve Carbon Neutrality。
文摘In 2021,China updated its nationally determined contributions(NDCs)under the Paris Agreement,which prompts a more accurate mea-surement of its emissions inventory and a reasonable pathway toward carbon neutrality by 2060.This study reviews the estimates using the bottom-up emissions factor method or the top-down atmospheric CO_(2) concentration inversion method to derive China's CO_(2) emissions inventory and finds that CO_(2) emissions from energy combustion and industrial processes in Chinese mainland range from 11.3-12.0 GtCO_(2) in 2021.Based on a comprehensive review of pathways proposed by domestic and international studies and an analysis of the origins of their differences,we proposed the Tsinghua-CMA pathway that coordinates the 2℃global temperature rise control target with China's current CO_(2) emissions status and mitigation policies.The pathway requires China's CO_(2) emissions to peak around 2028-2029 at about 12.8 GtCO_(2),then decline steadily to about 11.2 GtCO_(2) in 2035,3.6 GtCO_(2) in 2050,and 0.9 GtCO_(2) in 2060.Compared to a reference scenario without updated NDCs,this pathway would result in an economic cost of about 0.9%cumulative GDP between 2020 and 2060,only 1/4-1/3 of the cost associated with pathways that align with the 1.5℃target.We recommended that China improves emissions accounting by cross-validating bottom-up and top-down approaches and regularly updating the pathway toward carbon neutrality while maintaining consistency with its evolving CO_(2) emissions inventory,policy trends,and global CO_(2) emission budget updates.
文摘Introduction: Omicron is a highly divergent variant of concern (VOCs) of a severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2. It carries a high number of mutations in its spike protein hence;it is more transmissible in the community by immune evasion mechanisms. Due to mutation within S gene, most Omicron variants have reported S gene target failure (SGTF) with some commercially available PCR kits. Such diagnostic features can be used as markers to screen Omicron. However, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is the only gold standard approach to confirm novel microorganisms at genetically level as similar mutations can also be found in other variants that are circulating at low frequencies worldwide. This Retrospective study is aimed to assess RT-PCR sensitivity in the detection of S gene target failure in comparison with whole genome sequencing to detect variants of Omicron. Methods: We have analysed retrospective data of SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR samples for S gene target failure (SGTF) with TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR Combo Kit (ThermoFisher) and combined with sequencing technologies to study the emerged pattern of SARS-CoV-2 variants during third wave at the tertiary care centre, Surat. Results: From the first day of December 2021 till the end of February 2022, a total of 321,803 diagnostic RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed, of which 20,566 positive cases were reported at our tertiary care centre with an average cumulative positivity of 6.39% over a period of three months. In the month of December 21 samples characterized by the SGTF (70/129) were suggestive of being infected by the Omicron variant and identified as Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) when sequence. In the month of January, we analysed a subset of samples (n = 618) with SGTF (24%) and without SGTF (76%) with Ct values Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it took almost more than 15 days to diagnose infection and identify pathogen by sequencing technology. In contrast to that molecular assay provided quick identification with the help of SGTF phenomenon within 5 hours of duration. This strategy helps scientists and health policymakers for the quick isolation and identification of clusters. That ultimately results in a decreased transmission of pathogen among the community.
