NGLY1 Deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder. Characteristic symptoms include among others, developmental delays, movement disorders, liver function abnormalities, seizures, and problems ...NGLY1 Deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder. Characteristic symptoms include among others, developmental delays, movement disorders, liver function abnormalities, seizures, and problems with tear formation. Movements are hyperkinetic and may include dysmetric, choreo-athetoid, myoclonic and dystonic movement elements. To date, there have been no quantitative reports describing arm movements of individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency. This report provides quantitative information about a series of arm movements performed by an individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and an aged-matched neurotypical participant. Three categories of arm movements were tested: 1) open ended reaches without specific end point targets;2) goal-directed reaches that included grasping an object;3) picking up small objects from a table placed in front of the participants. Arm movement kinematics were obtained with a camera-based motion analysis system and “initiation” and “maintenance” phases were identified for each movement. The combination of the two phases was labeled as a “complete” movement. Three-dimensional analysis techniques were used to quantify the movements and included hand trajectory pathlength, joint motion area, as well as hand trajectory and joint jerk cost. These techniques were required to fully characterize the movements because the NGLY1 individual was unable to perform movements only in the primary plane of progression instead producing motion across all three planes of movement. The individual with NGLY1 Deficiency was unable to pick up objects from a table or effectively complete movements requiring crossing the midline. The successfully completed movements were analyzed using the above techniques and the results of the two participants were compared statistically. Almost all comparisons revealed significant differences between the two participants, with a notable exception of the 3D initiation area as a percentage of the complete movement. The statistical tests of these measures revealed no significant differences between the two participants, possibly suggesting a common underlying motor control strategy. The 3D techniques used in this report effectively characterized arm movements of an individual with NGLY1 deficiency and can be used to provide information to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic, pharmacological, or physical rehabilitation therapies.展开更多
Nano-computed tomography(Nano-CT)is an emerging,high-resolution imaging technique.However,due to their low-light properties,tabletop Nano-CT has to be scanned under long exposure conditions,which the scanning process ...Nano-computed tomography(Nano-CT)is an emerging,high-resolution imaging technique.However,due to their low-light properties,tabletop Nano-CT has to be scanned under long exposure conditions,which the scanning process is time-consuming.For 3D reconstruction data,this paper proposed a lightweight 3D noise reduction method for desktop-level Nano-CT called AAD-ResNet(Axial Attention DeNoise ResNet).The network is framed by theU-net structure.The encoder and decoder are incorporated with the proposed 3D axial attention mechanism and residual dense block.Each layer of the residual dense block can directly access the features of the previous layer,which reduces the redundancy of parameters and improves the efficiency of network training.The 3D axial attention mechanism enhances the correlation between 3D information in the training process and captures the long-distance dependence.It can improve the noise reduction effect and avoid the loss of image structure details.Experimental results show that the network can effectively improve the image quality of a 0.1-s exposure scan to a level close to a 3-s exposure,significantly shortening the sample scanning time.展开更多
Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)exhibits remarkable potential in producing valuable chemicals with renewable energy.Operating CO_(2) RR in acidic media is beneficial to solve the issue of low carbo...Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)exhibits remarkable potential in producing valuable chemicals with renewable energy.Operating CO_(2) RR in acidic media is beneficial to solve the issue of low carbon utilization brought by(bi)carbonate formation at the cathode.Suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction and achieving stable CO_(2) RR performance remains challenging.Herein,we constructed a 3-dimensional Cu(3D-Cu)gas diffusion electrode(GDE)to achieve efficient C_(2)H_(4) production with a partial current density(j C_(2)H_(4))of over 470 mA cm^(2) and a Faradaic efficiency(FE C_(2)H_(4)) of 40%.With pause electrolysis,the decay rate of the j C_(2)H_(4) is only half that of the traditional constant electrolysis.The GDE after constant electrolysis was found to suffer from severe salt formation,leading to the decreased activity and poor stability.展开更多
The research work has been seldom done about cloverleaf junction expression in a 3-dimensional city model (3DCM). The main reason is that the cloverleaf junction is often in a complex and enormous construction. Its ma...The research work has been seldom done about cloverleaf junction expression in a 3-dimensional city model (3DCM). The main reason is that the cloverleaf junction is often in a complex and enormous construction. Its main body is bestraddle in air,and has aerial intersections between its parts. This complex feature made cloverleaf junction quite different from buildings and terrain, therefore, it is difficult to express this kind of spatial objects in the same way as for buildings and terrain. In this paper,authors analyze spatial characteristics of cloverleaf junction, propose an all-constraint points TIN algorithm to partition cloverleaf junction road surface, and develop a method to visualize cloverleaf junction road surface using TIN. In order to manage cloverleaf junction data efficiently, the authors also analyzed the mechanism of 3DCM data management, extended BLOB type in relational database, and combined R-tree index to manage 3D spatial data. Based on this extension, an appropriate data展开更多
This study examined the dynamic characteristics of upper airway collapse at soft palate level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） by using dynamic 3-Dimensional（3-D） CT imaging.A tota...This study examined the dynamic characteristics of upper airway collapse at soft palate level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） by using dynamic 3-Dimensional（3-D） CT imaging.A total of 41 male patients who presented with 2 of the following symptoms,i.e.,daytime sleepiness and fatigue,frequent snoring,and apnea with witness,were diagnosed as having OSAHS.They underwent full-night polysomnography and then dynamic 3-D CT imaging of the upper airway during quiet breathing and in Muller＇s maneuver.The soft palate length（SPL）,the minimal cross-sectional area of the retropalatal region（mXSA-RP）,and the vertical distance from the hard palate to the upper posterior part of the hyoid（hhL） were compared between the two breathing states.These parameters,together with hard palate length（HPL）,were also compared between mild/moderate and severe OSAHS groups.Association of these parameters with the severity of OSAHS [as reflected by apnea hypopnea index（AHI） and the lowest saturation of blood oxygen（LSaO2）] was examined.The results showed that 31 patients had severe OSAHS,and 10 mild/moderate OSAHS.All the patients had airway obstruction at soft palate level.mXSA-RP was significantly decreased and SPL remarkably increased during Muller＇s maneuver as compared with the quiet breathing state.There were no significant differences in these airway parameters（except the position of the hyoid bone） between severe and mild/moderate OSAHS groups.And no significant correlation between these airway parameters and the severity of OSAHS was found.The position of hyoid was lower in the severe OSAHS group than in the mild/moderate OSAHS group.The patients in group with body mass index（BMI）≥26 had higher collapse ratio of mXSA-RP,greater neck circumference and smaller mXSA-RP in the Muller＇s maneuver than those in group with BMI26（P0.05 for all）.It was concluded that dynamic 3-D CT imaging could dynamically show the upper airway changes at soft palate level in OSAHS patients.All the OSAHS patients had airway obstruction of various degrees at soft palate level.But no correlation was observed between the airway change at soft palate level and the severity of OSAHS.The patients in group with BMI≥26 were more likely to develop airway obstruction at soft palate level than those with BMI26.展开更多
The unique design for a novel 6-SPS parallel 3-dimensional platformmanipulator with an orthogonal configuration is investigated. The layout feature of the parallelmanipulator is described. Its force/motion transmissio...The unique design for a novel 6-SPS parallel 3-dimensional platformmanipulator with an orthogonal configuration is investigated. The layout feature of the parallelmanipulator is described. Its force/motion transmission capability, evaluation criteria arepresented. At the orthogonal configuration, the criteria and the relationships between the criteriaand the link lengths are analyzed, which is important since it can provide designer a piece ofvaluable information about how to choose the linear actuators. From the analysis of the results itis shown that the force/motion transmission capabilities of the parallel manipulator arecharacterized by isotropy at the orthogonal configuration. The manipulator is particularly suitablefor certain applications in 6-DOF micromanipulators and 6-axis force/moment transducers.展开更多
Three-dimensional（3D） crossbar array architecture is one of the leading candidates for future ultra-high density nonvolatile memory applications. To realize the technological potential, understanding the reliability...Three-dimensional（3D） crossbar array architecture is one of the leading candidates for future ultra-high density nonvolatile memory applications. To realize the technological potential, understanding the reliability mechanisms of the3 D RRAM array has become a field of intense research. In this work, the endurance performance of the 3D 1D1 R crossbar array under the thermal effect is investigated in terms of numerical simulation. It is revealed that the endurance performance of the 3D 1D1 R array would be seriously deteriorated under thermal effects as the feature size scales down to a relatively small value. A possible method to alleviate the thermal effects is provided and verified by numerical simulation.展开更多
In this paper,we compute Rota-Baxter operators on the 3-dimensional Lie algebra g whose derived algebra’s dimension is 2.Furthermore,we give the corresponding solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation in the 6-...In this paper,we compute Rota-Baxter operators on the 3-dimensional Lie algebra g whose derived algebra’s dimension is 2.Furthermore,we give the corresponding solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation in the 6-dimensional Lie algebras g ■ _(ad~*) g~* and some new structures of left-symmetric algebra induced from g and its Rota-Baxter operators.展开更多
The purpose of this review is to provide a definitive account of small intestinal mucosal structure and interpretation. The coeliac lesion has been well known, but not well described to date and this review aims to id...The purpose of this review is to provide a definitive account of small intestinal mucosal structure and interpretation. The coeliac lesion has been well known, but not well described to date and this review aims to identify the interpretative difficulties which have arisen over time with the histological assessment of coeliac disease. In early coeliac interpretation, there were significant inaccuracies, particularly surrounding intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and the degree of villous flattening which occurred in the tissue. Many of these interpretive pitfalls are still encountered today, increasing the potential for diagnostic errors. These difficulties are mostly due to the fact that stained 2-dimensional sections can never truly represent the 3-dimensional framework of the intestinal tissue under investigation. Therefore, this review offers a critical account occasioned by these 2-dimensional interpretative errors and which, in our opinion, should in general be jettisoned. As a result, we leave a framework regarding the true 3-dimensional knowledge of mucosal structure accrued over the 70-year period of study, and one which is available for future reference.展开更多
Based on the general conservation laws in continuum mechanics, the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the jump conditions of shock waves in 3-dimensional solids were presented respectively. The implication of the...Based on the general conservation laws in continuum mechanics, the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the jump conditions of shock waves in 3-dimensional solids were presented respectively. The implication of the jump conditions and their relations between each other, particularly the relation between the mass conservation and the displacement continuity, were discussed. Meanwhile the shock wave response curves in 3- dimensional solids, i.e. the Hugoniot curves were analysed, which provide the foundation for studying the coupling effects of shock waves in 3-dimensional solids.展开更多
In this paper, we introduce the notion of a （2＋1）-dimenslonal differential equation describing three-dimensional hyperbolic spaces （3-h.s.）. The （2＋1）-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation and its...In this paper, we introduce the notion of a （2＋1）-dimenslonal differential equation describing three-dimensional hyperbolic spaces （3-h.s.）. The （2＋1）-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation and its sister equation, the （2＋1）-dimensional coupled derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation, are shown to describe 3-h.s, The （2 ＋ 1 ）-dimensional generalized HF model：St=（1/2i[S,Sy]＋2iσS）x,σx=-1/4i tr（SSxSy）, in which S ∈ GLc（2）/GLc（1）×GLc（1）,provides another example of （2＋1）-dimensional differential equations describing 3-h.s. As a direct con-sequence, the geometric construction of an infinire number of conservation lairs of such equations is illustrated. Furthermore we display a new infinite number of conservation lairs of the （2＋1）-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the （2＋1）-dimensional derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation by a geometric way.展开更多
The summer and winter circulations in the South China Sea (SCS) including the surface elevation and water temperature are simulated using the model described by Cai and Li (1996) with the monthly mean wind stress and ...The summer and winter circulations in the South China Sea (SCS) including the surface elevation and water temperature are simulated using the model described by Cai and Li (1996) with the monthly mean wind stress and air temperature field at the 1000 mb level from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts as inputs. The boundary conditions at Bashi Channel and Taiwan Strait are taken from the simulation results of the Kuroshio using the same numerical model with a grid size of 0.5°×0.5° and the results of Cai and Li (1996) as boundary conditions. The computational domain for the present paper is between 100°E and 123°E and between 4.5°N and 27°N. The horizontal resolution is 0.25°×0.25° and the vertical variations of the velocity components are resolved by 6 layers The computed steady flow, temperature and elevation fields are consistent with the corresponding fields observed. In particular, the temperature and elevation fields of the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) have been successfully simulated. The paths of the branch of the Kuroshio entering the South China Sea (SCSBK) through Bashi Channel in winter and summer are discussed It is found that the SCSBK flows southward to the southern SCS from the coast of the Guangdong Province. A portion of the SCSBK returns to the Bashi Channel and subdivides again in deep waters in winter with a branch flows to the south along the coast of the Philippines instead of flowing back to the Pacific In addition, our results confirm the existence of a eastward current to the northeast of Dongsha in summer with the Kuroshio as its source as suggested by Huang et al. Since the value of the eddy viscosity adopted for the simulation of the Kuroshio is on the high side, resulting in a weaker west boundary current in the western Pacific as the boundary conditions for the present simulations, some deviations from the actual situations are expected although the results are in general consistent with observations.展开更多
Objective:In our investigation,we studied the patients with medulloblastoma who received 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT) and recorded their effects,side effects and failure reasons.Methods:From August...Objective:In our investigation,we studied the patients with medulloblastoma who received 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT) and recorded their effects,side effects and failure reasons.Methods:From August 2001 to August 2007,34 children with medulloblastoma were treated in our hospital.The age at diagnosis was 3-16 years old,and the mean age at diagnosis was 9.5 years old.Among all the patients,16 cases were included in the high risk group and 18 cases were included in the low risk group.All the patients were performed total resection or subtotal resection and no patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before operation.All patients received 3DCRT within 3 weeks after resection.The dose of 30 Gy were given to the whole brain and whole spine,followed by 20-25 Gy boosted to the posterior brain fossa.The median fraction dose was 180 cGy.Every patient received the chemotherapy scheme of the Lomustine,Cisplatinum and Vincristine.Nobody received intrathecal chemotherapy.The tests of the complete blood count,blood biochemistry,hepatic and renal functions were required before every cycle of chemotherapy.Results:5-year overall survival(OS) and 5-year disease free survival(DFS) were 71% and 62% respectively.The median follow-up time was 36.5 months.The 5-year OS of the high risk group was 71% compared to 62% of the low risk group.There were significant difference between the two groups(P = 0.01).There were 13 failure cases in all the patients.Of these 13 patients,10 were dead and the other 3 were alive with tumor.The complete remission(CR) rate was 70.5% and the partial remission(PR) rate was 14%.Among the failure patients,there were 3 patients(8.8%) with the recurrences located in the brain of cribriform region.The 5-year OS of the patients with preoperative metastases was 12.5%(1/8),and which of the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 was 0%(0/5).Through the statistic analysis,it was found that both whether or not the metastases were found before surgery and residual tumor volume have the significant impacts on the prognosis of the children with medulloblastoma(P < 0.05).The major adverse reactions were hematological toxicity(7/34,20.6%) and gastrointestinal reaction(4/34,11.8%).Conclusion:Through the using of 3DCRT for the children with medulloblastoma,the severe side effects rate was not high.The prognosis of the patients in low risk group was satisfied which was opposite to that of the patients in high risk group.And the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 and preoperative metastases also had poor prognosis.It is needed to pay attention to the possible low dose of the brain of cribriform region.展开更多
Objectives: To demonstrate the value of 3-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Methods: Fifty one infertile patients referred to our US unit during 12 years period, with ...Objectives: To demonstrate the value of 3-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Methods: Fifty one infertile patients referred to our US unit during 12 years period, with suspected diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies by previous HSG or 2D US examinations, were evaluated by transvaginal 3-D US. The 3-D US diagnoses were compared to the initial HSG diagnosis, and to hysteroscopic evaluation when performed. Results: 3-D scan confirmed the initial HSG diagnosis in 27 out of 51 (52.9%) women. The concordancy rates between the initial diagnosis by HSG and 3-D US results were 30.4% for bicornuate uterus;75% for arcuate uterus;83% for septate uterus;and 80% for unicornuate uterus. Of the 13 cases with normal HSG and suspicious 2-D US, 30.8% were found to be normal by 3D sonography. In cases where hysteroscopy was done, the results were 100% in concordance with the 3-D US evaluations. Conclusions: 3-D US is an accurate test for the assessment of uterine congenital anomalies. Its ability to concomitantly visualized, the external uterine contour with the uterine cavity on the same coronal plan, makes this noninvasive, easy to perform test the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of uterine anomalies.展开更多
Objective To study the practical value of 3-dimensional computed tomography on diagnosis of bladder tumor, Methods Fifteen patients with bladder masses were examined by thin-layer computed tomography. The results of 3...Objective To study the practical value of 3-dimensional computed tomography on diagnosis of bladder tumor, Methods Fifteen patients with bladder masses were examined by thin-layer computed tomography. The results of 3-dimensional reconstructed images were compared with the final diagnosis and the pathological stages. Results According to 3-dimensional reconstructed images, among the 15 cases, 12 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed, and the pathological types were transitional carcinoma. Two cases were diagnosed as benign tumor (leiomyoma), and the other one was colon cancer, which invaded bladder. The accuracy was 100% . The clinical stages were determined. Of the 12 bladder carcinomas,5 was in stage T1, 3 in T2,, 3 in T3 and 1 in T4.The accuracy of staging was up to 83% (10/12) compared with pathological stages. Conclusion The 3-dimensional reconstructed technology may improve the accuracy of staging of bladder carcinoma, and to provide important evidence for surgery options. 3 refs,2 figs.展开更多
The focusing tomography is presented to reconstruct 3 dimensional irradiance distribution. A 3 dimensional luminous body could be considered as the combination of many 2 dimensional parallel luminous sections. Focu...The focusing tomography is presented to reconstruct 3 dimensional irradiance distribution. A 3 dimensional luminous body could be considered as the combination of many 2 dimensional parallel luminous sections. Focus on these discrete sections respectively by a single camera, a group of images would be captured to form governing equations of irradiance. After inversion procedure, the irradiance distribution of different sections could be decoded. In this experimentation two lightbulbs are used to simulate two luminous sections. Reasonable results demonstrate that this technique could be a useful method in irradiance reconstruction after further development.展开更多
It is vital to choose a factual and reasonable micro-structural model of braided composites for improving the calculating precision of thermal property of 3-D braided composites by finite element method （FEM）. On th...It is vital to choose a factual and reasonable micro-structural model of braided composites for improving the calculating precision of thermal property of 3-D braided composites by finite element method （FEM）. On the basis of new microstructure model of braided composites proposed recently, the model of FEM calculation for thermal conductivity of 3-dimennsional and 4-directional braided composites is set up in this paper. The curves of coefficient of effective thermal conductivity versus fiber volume ratio and interior braiding angle are obtained. Furthermore, comparing the results of FEM with the available experimental data, the reasonability and veracity of calculation are confirmed at the same time.展开更多
This paper presents an optimized 3-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (3-DDWT) architecture. 1-DDWT employed for the design of 3-DDWT architecture uses reduced lifting scheme approach. Further the architecture is optimized ...This paper presents an optimized 3-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (3-DDWT) architecture. 1-DDWT employed for the design of 3-DDWT architecture uses reduced lifting scheme approach. Further the architecture is optimized by applying block enabling technique, scaling, and rounding of the filter coefficients. The proposed architecture uses biorthogonal (9/7) wavelet filter. The architecture is modeled using Verilog HDL, simulated using ModelSim, synthesized using Xilinx ISE and finally implemented on Virtex-5 FPGA. The proposed 3-DDWT architecture has slice register utilization of 5%, operating frequency of 396 MHz and a power consumption of 0.45 W.展开更多
A simultaneous inversion of earthquake relocation and three-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in central-western China (21癗~36癗, 98癊~112癊) were performed in this paper. The crustal P-wave velocity m...A simultaneous inversion of earthquake relocation and three-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in central-western China (21癗~36癗, 98癊~112癊) were performed in this paper. The crustal P-wave velocity model and earthquake relocation for this region are obtained using Pg and Sg phase readings of 9 988 earthquakes from 1992 to 1999 recorded at 193 seismic stations within central-western China by SPHYPIT90 and SPHREL3D90 programs. A lateral inhomogeneous structure of P-wave velocity in this region was obtained. Ob-vious contrast of P-wave velocities was revealed on both sides of active fault zones. Relocated epicenters of 6 459 events show clear lineation along active faults, which indicated a close correlation between seismicity and the active faults in this region. Focal depths of 82% relocated events ranged from 0 to 20 km, which is in good agreement with that from double-difference earthquake location algorithm.展开更多
文摘NGLY1 Deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder. Characteristic symptoms include among others, developmental delays, movement disorders, liver function abnormalities, seizures, and problems with tear formation. Movements are hyperkinetic and may include dysmetric, choreo-athetoid, myoclonic and dystonic movement elements. To date, there have been no quantitative reports describing arm movements of individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency. This report provides quantitative information about a series of arm movements performed by an individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and an aged-matched neurotypical participant. Three categories of arm movements were tested: 1) open ended reaches without specific end point targets;2) goal-directed reaches that included grasping an object;3) picking up small objects from a table placed in front of the participants. Arm movement kinematics were obtained with a camera-based motion analysis system and “initiation” and “maintenance” phases were identified for each movement. The combination of the two phases was labeled as a “complete” movement. Three-dimensional analysis techniques were used to quantify the movements and included hand trajectory pathlength, joint motion area, as well as hand trajectory and joint jerk cost. These techniques were required to fully characterize the movements because the NGLY1 individual was unable to perform movements only in the primary plane of progression instead producing motion across all three planes of movement. The individual with NGLY1 Deficiency was unable to pick up objects from a table or effectively complete movements requiring crossing the midline. The successfully completed movements were analyzed using the above techniques and the results of the two participants were compared statistically. Almost all comparisons revealed significant differences between the two participants, with a notable exception of the 3D initiation area as a percentage of the complete movement. The statistical tests of these measures revealed no significant differences between the two participants, possibly suggesting a common underlying motor control strategy. The 3D techniques used in this report effectively characterized arm movements of an individual with NGLY1 deficiency and can be used to provide information to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic, pharmacological, or physical rehabilitation therapies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62201618).
文摘Nano-computed tomography(Nano-CT)is an emerging,high-resolution imaging technique.However,due to their low-light properties,tabletop Nano-CT has to be scanned under long exposure conditions,which the scanning process is time-consuming.For 3D reconstruction data,this paper proposed a lightweight 3D noise reduction method for desktop-level Nano-CT called AAD-ResNet(Axial Attention DeNoise ResNet).The network is framed by theU-net structure.The encoder and decoder are incorporated with the proposed 3D axial attention mechanism and residual dense block.Each layer of the residual dense block can directly access the features of the previous layer,which reduces the redundancy of parameters and improves the efficiency of network training.The 3D axial attention mechanism enhances the correlation between 3D information in the training process and captures the long-distance dependence.It can improve the noise reduction effect and avoid the loss of image structure details.Experimental results show that the network can effectively improve the image quality of a 0.1-s exposure scan to a level close to a 3-s exposure,significantly shortening the sample scanning time.
基金the financial support from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(project no.24304920).
文摘Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)exhibits remarkable potential in producing valuable chemicals with renewable energy.Operating CO_(2) RR in acidic media is beneficial to solve the issue of low carbon utilization brought by(bi)carbonate formation at the cathode.Suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction and achieving stable CO_(2) RR performance remains challenging.Herein,we constructed a 3-dimensional Cu(3D-Cu)gas diffusion electrode(GDE)to achieve efficient C_(2)H_(4) production with a partial current density(j C_(2)H_(4))of over 470 mA cm^(2) and a Faradaic efficiency(FE C_(2)H_(4)) of 40%.With pause electrolysis,the decay rate of the j C_(2)H_(4) is only half that of the traditional constant electrolysis.The GDE after constant electrolysis was found to suffer from severe salt formation,leading to the decreased activity and poor stability.
文摘The research work has been seldom done about cloverleaf junction expression in a 3-dimensional city model (3DCM). The main reason is that the cloverleaf junction is often in a complex and enormous construction. Its main body is bestraddle in air,and has aerial intersections between its parts. This complex feature made cloverleaf junction quite different from buildings and terrain, therefore, it is difficult to express this kind of spatial objects in the same way as for buildings and terrain. In this paper,authors analyze spatial characteristics of cloverleaf junction, propose an all-constraint points TIN algorithm to partition cloverleaf junction road surface, and develop a method to visualize cloverleaf junction road surface using TIN. In order to manage cloverleaf junction data efficiently, the authors also analyzed the mechanism of 3DCM data management, extended BLOB type in relational database, and combined R-tree index to manage 3D spatial data. Based on this extension, an appropriate data
文摘This study examined the dynamic characteristics of upper airway collapse at soft palate level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） by using dynamic 3-Dimensional（3-D） CT imaging.A total of 41 male patients who presented with 2 of the following symptoms,i.e.,daytime sleepiness and fatigue,frequent snoring,and apnea with witness,were diagnosed as having OSAHS.They underwent full-night polysomnography and then dynamic 3-D CT imaging of the upper airway during quiet breathing and in Muller＇s maneuver.The soft palate length（SPL）,the minimal cross-sectional area of the retropalatal region（mXSA-RP）,and the vertical distance from the hard palate to the upper posterior part of the hyoid（hhL） were compared between the two breathing states.These parameters,together with hard palate length（HPL）,were also compared between mild/moderate and severe OSAHS groups.Association of these parameters with the severity of OSAHS [as reflected by apnea hypopnea index（AHI） and the lowest saturation of blood oxygen（LSaO2）] was examined.The results showed that 31 patients had severe OSAHS,and 10 mild/moderate OSAHS.All the patients had airway obstruction at soft palate level.mXSA-RP was significantly decreased and SPL remarkably increased during Muller＇s maneuver as compared with the quiet breathing state.There were no significant differences in these airway parameters（except the position of the hyoid bone） between severe and mild/moderate OSAHS groups.And no significant correlation between these airway parameters and the severity of OSAHS was found.The position of hyoid was lower in the severe OSAHS group than in the mild/moderate OSAHS group.The patients in group with body mass index（BMI）≥26 had higher collapse ratio of mXSA-RP,greater neck circumference and smaller mXSA-RP in the Muller＇s maneuver than those in group with BMI26（P0.05 for all）.It was concluded that dynamic 3-D CT imaging could dynamically show the upper airway changes at soft palate level in OSAHS patients.All the OSAHS patients had airway obstruction of various degrees at soft palate level.But no correlation was observed between the airway change at soft palate level and the severity of OSAHS.The patients in group with BMI≥26 were more likely to develop airway obstruction at soft palate level than those with BMI26.
基金This project is supported by National 863 Plan of China (No. 512-9804- 02) and 863 Opening Robot Laboratory Foundation of Shenyang Institute Automation of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The unique design for a novel 6-SPS parallel 3-dimensional platformmanipulator with an orthogonal configuration is investigated. The layout feature of the parallelmanipulator is described. Its force/motion transmission capability, evaluation criteria arepresented. At the orthogonal configuration, the criteria and the relationships between the criteriaand the link lengths are analyzed, which is important since it can provide designer a piece ofvaluable information about how to choose the linear actuators. From the analysis of the results itis shown that the force/motion transmission capabilities of the parallel manipulator arecharacterized by isotropy at the orthogonal configuration. The manipulator is particularly suitablefor certain applications in 6-DOF micromanipulators and 6-axis force/moment transducers.
基金Project supported by the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices&Integrated Technology,Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2014AA032901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61574166,61334007,61306117,61322408,61221004,and 61274091)+1 种基金Beijing Training Project for the Leading Talents in S&T,China(Grant No.Z151100000315008)the CAEP Microsystem and THz Science and Technology Foundation,China(Grant No.CAEPMT201504)
文摘Three-dimensional（3D） crossbar array architecture is one of the leading candidates for future ultra-high density nonvolatile memory applications. To realize the technological potential, understanding the reliability mechanisms of the3 D RRAM array has become a field of intense research. In this work, the endurance performance of the 3D 1D1 R crossbar array under the thermal effect is investigated in terms of numerical simulation. It is revealed that the endurance performance of the 3D 1D1 R array would be seriously deteriorated under thermal effects as the feature size scales down to a relatively small value. A possible method to alleviate the thermal effects is provided and verified by numerical simulation.
基金The NSF(11047030 and 11771122) of Chinathe Science and Technology Program(152300410061) of Henan Province
文摘In this paper,we compute Rota-Baxter operators on the 3-dimensional Lie algebra g whose derived algebra’s dimension is 2.Furthermore,we give the corresponding solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation in the 6-dimensional Lie algebras g ■ _(ad~*) g~* and some new structures of left-symmetric algebra induced from g and its Rota-Baxter operators.
文摘The purpose of this review is to provide a definitive account of small intestinal mucosal structure and interpretation. The coeliac lesion has been well known, but not well described to date and this review aims to identify the interpretative difficulties which have arisen over time with the histological assessment of coeliac disease. In early coeliac interpretation, there were significant inaccuracies, particularly surrounding intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and the degree of villous flattening which occurred in the tissue. Many of these interpretive pitfalls are still encountered today, increasing the potential for diagnostic errors. These difficulties are mostly due to the fact that stained 2-dimensional sections can never truly represent the 3-dimensional framework of the intestinal tissue under investigation. Therefore, this review offers a critical account occasioned by these 2-dimensional interpretative errors and which, in our opinion, should in general be jettisoned. As a result, we leave a framework regarding the true 3-dimensional knowledge of mucosal structure accrued over the 70-year period of study, and one which is available for future reference.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10272097) and the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Ballistics (No.51453040101zk0103)
文摘Based on the general conservation laws in continuum mechanics, the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the jump conditions of shock waves in 3-dimensional solids were presented respectively. The implication of the jump conditions and their relations between each other, particularly the relation between the mass conservation and the displacement continuity, were discussed. Meanwhile the shock wave response curves in 3- dimensional solids, i.e. the Hugoniot curves were analysed, which provide the foundation for studying the coupling effects of shock waves in 3-dimensional solids.
基金The project partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In this paper, we introduce the notion of a （2＋1）-dimenslonal differential equation describing three-dimensional hyperbolic spaces （3-h.s.）. The （2＋1）-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation and its sister equation, the （2＋1）-dimensional coupled derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation, are shown to describe 3-h.s, The （2 ＋ 1 ）-dimensional generalized HF model：St=（1/2i[S,Sy]＋2iσS）x,σx=-1/4i tr（SSxSy）, in which S ∈ GLc（2）/GLc（1）×GLc（1）,provides another example of （2＋1）-dimensional differential equations describing 3-h.s. As a direct con-sequence, the geometric construction of an infinire number of conservation lairs of such equations is illustrated. Furthermore we display a new infinite number of conservation lairs of the （2＋1）-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the （2＋1）-dimensional derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation by a geometric way.
文摘The summer and winter circulations in the South China Sea (SCS) including the surface elevation and water temperature are simulated using the model described by Cai and Li (1996) with the monthly mean wind stress and air temperature field at the 1000 mb level from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts as inputs. The boundary conditions at Bashi Channel and Taiwan Strait are taken from the simulation results of the Kuroshio using the same numerical model with a grid size of 0.5°×0.5° and the results of Cai and Li (1996) as boundary conditions. The computational domain for the present paper is between 100°E and 123°E and between 4.5°N and 27°N. The horizontal resolution is 0.25°×0.25° and the vertical variations of the velocity components are resolved by 6 layers The computed steady flow, temperature and elevation fields are consistent with the corresponding fields observed. In particular, the temperature and elevation fields of the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) have been successfully simulated. The paths of the branch of the Kuroshio entering the South China Sea (SCSBK) through Bashi Channel in winter and summer are discussed It is found that the SCSBK flows southward to the southern SCS from the coast of the Guangdong Province. A portion of the SCSBK returns to the Bashi Channel and subdivides again in deep waters in winter with a branch flows to the south along the coast of the Philippines instead of flowing back to the Pacific In addition, our results confirm the existence of a eastward current to the northeast of Dongsha in summer with the Kuroshio as its source as suggested by Huang et al. Since the value of the eddy viscosity adopted for the simulation of the Kuroshio is on the high side, resulting in a weaker west boundary current in the western Pacific as the boundary conditions for the present simulations, some deviations from the actual situations are expected although the results are in general consistent with observations.
文摘Objective:In our investigation,we studied the patients with medulloblastoma who received 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT) and recorded their effects,side effects and failure reasons.Methods:From August 2001 to August 2007,34 children with medulloblastoma were treated in our hospital.The age at diagnosis was 3-16 years old,and the mean age at diagnosis was 9.5 years old.Among all the patients,16 cases were included in the high risk group and 18 cases were included in the low risk group.All the patients were performed total resection or subtotal resection and no patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before operation.All patients received 3DCRT within 3 weeks after resection.The dose of 30 Gy were given to the whole brain and whole spine,followed by 20-25 Gy boosted to the posterior brain fossa.The median fraction dose was 180 cGy.Every patient received the chemotherapy scheme of the Lomustine,Cisplatinum and Vincristine.Nobody received intrathecal chemotherapy.The tests of the complete blood count,blood biochemistry,hepatic and renal functions were required before every cycle of chemotherapy.Results:5-year overall survival(OS) and 5-year disease free survival(DFS) were 71% and 62% respectively.The median follow-up time was 36.5 months.The 5-year OS of the high risk group was 71% compared to 62% of the low risk group.There were significant difference between the two groups(P = 0.01).There were 13 failure cases in all the patients.Of these 13 patients,10 were dead and the other 3 were alive with tumor.The complete remission(CR) rate was 70.5% and the partial remission(PR) rate was 14%.Among the failure patients,there were 3 patients(8.8%) with the recurrences located in the brain of cribriform region.The 5-year OS of the patients with preoperative metastases was 12.5%(1/8),and which of the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 was 0%(0/5).Through the statistic analysis,it was found that both whether or not the metastases were found before surgery and residual tumor volume have the significant impacts on the prognosis of the children with medulloblastoma(P < 0.05).The major adverse reactions were hematological toxicity(7/34,20.6%) and gastrointestinal reaction(4/34,11.8%).Conclusion:Through the using of 3DCRT for the children with medulloblastoma,the severe side effects rate was not high.The prognosis of the patients in low risk group was satisfied which was opposite to that of the patients in high risk group.And the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 and preoperative metastases also had poor prognosis.It is needed to pay attention to the possible low dose of the brain of cribriform region.
文摘Objectives: To demonstrate the value of 3-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Methods: Fifty one infertile patients referred to our US unit during 12 years period, with suspected diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies by previous HSG or 2D US examinations, were evaluated by transvaginal 3-D US. The 3-D US diagnoses were compared to the initial HSG diagnosis, and to hysteroscopic evaluation when performed. Results: 3-D scan confirmed the initial HSG diagnosis in 27 out of 51 (52.9%) women. The concordancy rates between the initial diagnosis by HSG and 3-D US results were 30.4% for bicornuate uterus;75% for arcuate uterus;83% for septate uterus;and 80% for unicornuate uterus. Of the 13 cases with normal HSG and suspicious 2-D US, 30.8% were found to be normal by 3D sonography. In cases where hysteroscopy was done, the results were 100% in concordance with the 3-D US evaluations. Conclusions: 3-D US is an accurate test for the assessment of uterine congenital anomalies. Its ability to concomitantly visualized, the external uterine contour with the uterine cavity on the same coronal plan, makes this noninvasive, easy to perform test the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of uterine anomalies.
基金Key Project Process Mechanism and Prediction of Geological Hazards (2001CB711005-1-3) and State Key Basic Research Project Mechanism and Prediction of Continental Earthquakes (G1998040702). sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Techno
文摘Objective To study the practical value of 3-dimensional computed tomography on diagnosis of bladder tumor, Methods Fifteen patients with bladder masses were examined by thin-layer computed tomography. The results of 3-dimensional reconstructed images were compared with the final diagnosis and the pathological stages. Results According to 3-dimensional reconstructed images, among the 15 cases, 12 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed, and the pathological types were transitional carcinoma. Two cases were diagnosed as benign tumor (leiomyoma), and the other one was colon cancer, which invaded bladder. The accuracy was 100% . The clinical stages were determined. Of the 12 bladder carcinomas,5 was in stage T1, 3 in T2,, 3 in T3 and 1 in T4.The accuracy of staging was up to 83% (10/12) compared with pathological stages. Conclusion The 3-dimensional reconstructed technology may improve the accuracy of staging of bladder carcinoma, and to provide important evidence for surgery options. 3 refs,2 figs.
文摘The focusing tomography is presented to reconstruct 3 dimensional irradiance distribution. A 3 dimensional luminous body could be considered as the combination of many 2 dimensional parallel luminous sections. Focus on these discrete sections respectively by a single camera, a group of images would be captured to form governing equations of irradiance. After inversion procedure, the irradiance distribution of different sections could be decoded. In this experimentation two lightbulbs are used to simulate two luminous sections. Reasonable results demonstrate that this technique could be a useful method in irradiance reconstruction after further development.
基金Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (04B51045)
文摘It is vital to choose a factual and reasonable micro-structural model of braided composites for improving the calculating precision of thermal property of 3-D braided composites by finite element method （FEM）. On the basis of new microstructure model of braided composites proposed recently, the model of FEM calculation for thermal conductivity of 3-dimennsional and 4-directional braided composites is set up in this paper. The curves of coefficient of effective thermal conductivity versus fiber volume ratio and interior braiding angle are obtained. Furthermore, comparing the results of FEM with the available experimental data, the reasonability and veracity of calculation are confirmed at the same time.
文摘This paper presents an optimized 3-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (3-DDWT) architecture. 1-DDWT employed for the design of 3-DDWT architecture uses reduced lifting scheme approach. Further the architecture is optimized by applying block enabling technique, scaling, and rounding of the filter coefficients. The proposed architecture uses biorthogonal (9/7) wavelet filter. The architecture is modeled using Verilog HDL, simulated using ModelSim, synthesized using Xilinx ISE and finally implemented on Virtex-5 FPGA. The proposed 3-DDWT architecture has slice register utilization of 5%, operating frequency of 396 MHz and a power consumption of 0.45 W.
文摘A simultaneous inversion of earthquake relocation and three-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in central-western China (21癗~36癗, 98癊~112癊) were performed in this paper. The crustal P-wave velocity model and earthquake relocation for this region are obtained using Pg and Sg phase readings of 9 988 earthquakes from 1992 to 1999 recorded at 193 seismic stations within central-western China by SPHYPIT90 and SPHREL3D90 programs. A lateral inhomogeneous structure of P-wave velocity in this region was obtained. Ob-vious contrast of P-wave velocities was revealed on both sides of active fault zones. Relocated epicenters of 6 459 events show clear lineation along active faults, which indicated a close correlation between seismicity and the active faults in this region. Focal depths of 82% relocated events ranged from 0 to 20 km, which is in good agreement with that from double-difference earthquake location algorithm.
