Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease...Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease of maize.In this study,we identified 24 CgCFEM proteins in the genome of C.graminicola.Phylogenic analysis revealed that these 24 proteins(CgCFEM1–24)can be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acids of the CFEM domain are highly conserved and contain 8 spaced cysteines,with the exception that CgCFEM1 and CgCFEM24 lack 1 and 2 cysteines,respectively.Ten CgCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without the trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors and,thus were selected for structural prediction and functional analyses.The CFEM domain in the candidate effectors can form a helical-basket structure homologous to the Csa2 protein in Candida albicans,which is responsible for haem acquisition and pathogenicity.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these effectors accumulate in the cell membrane,nucleus,and cytosolic bodies.Additionally,5 effectors,CgCFEM6,7,8,9 and 15,can suppress the BAX-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana with or without the signal peptide.These results demonstrate that these 10 CgCFEM candidate effectors with different structures and subcellular localizations in host cells may play important roles during the pathogenic processes on maize plants.展开更多
Seventy-two sorghum accessions were randomly selected from the Ethiopia, Mali, Sudan, and Uganda germplasm collections maintained by the US National Plant Germplasm System to evaluate variation in anthracnose resistan...Seventy-two sorghum accessions were randomly selected from the Ethiopia, Mali, Sudan, and Uganda germplasm collections maintained by the US National Plant Germplasm System to evaluate variation in anthracnose resistance. The accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design in College Station, Texas during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Twenty-six accessions exhibited a resistant response across growing seasons with 8 accessions showing a susceptible response. Twenty-nine accessions showed variation in disease response within and between experiments. Seven accessions were rated as resistant in 2007 but showed a susceptible reaction in 2008. The frequency of resistant germplasm varied based on country of origin with 80% of the accessions from Mali, 48% of the accessions from Uganda, 24% of the accessions from Sudan, and 7% of the accessions from Ethiopia exhibiting a resistance response. When the same accessions were evaluated in Isabela, Puerto Rico, 100% of the accessions from Mali, 43% of the accessions from Uganda, and 28% of the accessions from Sudan exhibited a resistant response. All the accessions from Ethiopia were susceptible to anthracnose when evaluated in Isabela, Puerto Rico. In both locations, 22 accessions exhibited a resistant response. Four accessions rated as resistant in Texas were found to be susceptible in Puerto Rico;whereas, five accessions rated as resistant in Puerto Rico showed a susceptible response in Texas. These results indicated that the Mali, Sudan, and Uganda sorghum collections may be an important source of anthracnose resistance. However, the identification of anthracnose resistant germplasm from many diverse regions could result in the identification of new sources of genetic variation for resistance. Also, greater genetic variation for resistance could be present in regions with a high frequency of resistant germplasm.展开更多
Seven Colletotrichum acutatum strains isolated from strawberries were cultivated on various culture media and tested in vitro and in vivo on Fragaria x ananassa for anthracnose symptoms. PDA caused an optimum growth o...Seven Colletotrichum acutatum strains isolated from strawberries were cultivated on various culture media and tested in vitro and in vivo on Fragaria x ananassa for anthracnose symptoms. PDA caused an optimum growth of all isolates, MEA, ML and Strawberry allowed a good but not optimal growth. Czapeck, Sabouraud and the organic medium from potato gave the lowest growth rate of all isolates. PDA allowed a good sporulation of isolates follow-up by strawberry, MEA;in contrast, ML, Czapeck and Sabouraud gave a low sporulation. The fungal development is maximal at 25°C and 27°C for all the isolates studied. No growth was observed at 5°C and 37°C. The studied strains developed at all pH values. They didn’t develop at 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 aw but mycelial growth was perfect at 1 and 0.95 aw. The in vitro test of the pathogenicity caused by C. acutatum strains on strawberry’s leaves showed an increasing percentage of infection with time and different infection rates among C. acutatum strains, strain Ca6 having a pathogenic power very high compared to the other isolates. After in vivo inoculation and incubation of the seedlings, all isolates caused severe symptoms related to anthracnose on leaflets and petioles of the studied strawberry plants.展开更多
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect molecular markers linked to anthracnose ( Spheceloma ampelinum de Bary) resistant gene in the native wild grapes ( Vitis L. ) of China. RAPD marker OPJ1...Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect molecular markers linked to anthracnose ( Spheceloma ampelinum de Bary) resistant gene in the native wild grapes ( Vitis L. ) of China. RAPD marker OPJ13-300 was linked to anthracnose resistant gene using 90-3 cross F1 V. quinquangularis Rehd (shang-24) × V. vinifera (Longyan). The marker was verified in 90-3 cross F1, Chinese wild grapes and V. riparia and European grape cuitivars. This work has provided a solid basis for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) to disease resistance and cloning of disease resistant genes.展开更多
In this research,the inhibitory effect of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persimmon anthracnose was investigated using mycelial growth method and spore germination method. The results showed that among t...In this research,the inhibitory effect of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persimmon anthracnose was investigated using mycelial growth method and spore germination method. The results showed that among the 16 tested fungicides,10% of Difenoconazole WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25%of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,430 g/L of Tebuconazole SC,50% of Prochloraz-manganese chloride and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of C. horri,with the inhibition rate of 100%; 70% of Polyram WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,50% of Chlorobromoisocyanuric acid AF,50% of Triram WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole achieved the best inhibitory effect on spore germination of C. horri,with the germination rate of 0. In conclusion,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect both in mycelial growth and spore germination,which could be used as the preference fungicides for the control of persimmon anthracnose,and 70% of Polyram WG and 50% of Triram WP achieved the secondly best inhibitory effect,which could be used as alternative fungicides. The results of this research could provide scientific evidence for the effective control of persimmon anthracnose,and more optional pesticides for utilization in the production practice of persimmon industry.展开更多
Alternative strategies of management of sorghum diseases were implemented using field experiments conducted in Embrapa Maize and Sorghum Research Center,Brazil in 2001 until 2003 to evaluate the efficacy of lineage mi...Alternative strategies of management of sorghum diseases were implemented using field experiments conducted in Embrapa Maize and Sorghum Research Center,Brazil in 2001 until 2003 to evaluate the efficacy of lineage mixtures of Sorghum bicolor for the control of anthracnose(caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum).The calculated values for disease severity considered the area under the disease progress curve(AUDPC)observed for the nine susceptible and resistant elite strains of sorghum planted in 30 stands randomly.Each stand was drawn in mixtures of three genotypes each,in the same proportions per plant.This design was compared with the severity of the disease measured in AUDPC calculated for each of the same nine strains of sorghum in pure stands.In most of the cases,the disease severity on the susceptible cultivars was decreased;and in some cases,reached 85%of disease reduction compared with disease progress in pure stand of correspondent plant.The implication and effect of these sorghum mixtures on the populations of C.sublineolum on each treatment were evaluated and revealed that there was an increase of frequency of complex races in most of these mixtures and a highest phenotypic diversity for virulence to pathogen populations from pure stands,than the characterized on populations collected from the mixtures,despite of the effectiveness on decrease of the anthracnose severity.展开更多
The increasingly strict regulation of the use of phytosanitary products and the will of the populations to move towards sustainable development allow bio-sourced products and more particularly for biocontrol in the fi...The increasingly strict regulation of the use of phytosanitary products and the will of the populations to move towards sustainable development allow bio-sourced products and more particularly for biocontrol in the field of pesticides to progress. The study carried out here concerns the evaluation of the potency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bc2 and Trichoderma harzianum to fight against strawberry cultures infected with anthracnose (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The studies were carried out in the laboratory and in the field. The results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens Bc2 and Trichoderma harzianum TR are effective for the biological control of anthracnose, gray mold and powdery mildew on strawberries grown in field conditions. The increase in plant size and the number of fruits produced with these control agents has also been observed.展开更多
Plant extracts have long been used in commercial agriculture as anti-microbial tools in food safety applications. These offer growers and agrobiologists many unique benefits which include their eco-friendliness. This ...Plant extracts have long been used in commercial agriculture as anti-microbial tools in food safety applications. These offer growers and agrobiologists many unique benefits which include their eco-friendliness. This work reviews the situation of Biofungicides reconnaissance in reference to fungal disease of cowpea. Twenty different pathogens were associated with various fungal diseases of cowpea and, only the species of Colletotrichum was found to have the virulence and propensity of afflicting a 100% infection on a single susceptible cowpea crop. Plant families under the affliction of Colletotrichum were analyzed. The different forms of botanicals so far availed for use as potential biofungicidal were identified. Eighteen plant families were found to represent the entire plants and plant materials agrobiologically screened within a range of thirteen years and found to habour large spectra of species containing substances of biofungicidal potentials. Current position in the use of Botanicals to combat agricultural pests and disease is 7% of the total cowpea disease management options.展开更多
Anthracnose is the one of the most devastating diseases of mango produced in the southern part of Senegal. The field trials against post harvest rot due to anthracnose took place in three orchards over two production ...Anthracnose is the one of the most devastating diseases of mango produced in the southern part of Senegal. The field trials against post harvest rot due to anthracnose took place in three orchards over two production seasons, in 2009 and 2010. Three systemic fungicides (thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin and myclobutanyl) and one contact fungicide (mancozeb) were tested for their efficacy. The first treatments in 2009 took place in the rainy season, while 20% of mangoes on trees exhibited anthracnose lesions. At ripening stage, 100% of fruits from non treated control mango trees were affected by anthracnose and got rotten, while between 73.2% and 80% of mangoes ripened free of disease when treated with thiophanate methyl. With the treatment with azoxystrobin, between 46.6% and 60% of fruits were not infected. Treatment with myclobutanyl was less effective. This level of effectiveness was clearly improved in 2010 by preventive spraying, days ahead of onset of the rainy season, before the appearance of anthracnose symptoms on fruits. The level of effectiveness was higher respectively for thiophanate methyl (between 96% and 100% of fruits not infected) and azoxystrobin (between 84% and 96% of fruits not infected).展开更多
Severe outbreak of anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) occured in north-western Tanzania in October, 2011. Thirteen cassava leaf samples w...Severe outbreak of anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) occured in north-western Tanzania in October, 2011. Thirteen cassava leaf samples with disease symptoms were collected from Maruku Agricultural Research Institute (MARI) and from farmers. The collected samples were tested for infection using Blotter method. The results indicated that, all 13 leaf samples (100%) were infected by C. gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis. Three isolates of the fungus per sample were subcultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for seven days then each isolate was sprayed-inoculated onto 4-week-old sprouting leaves of cassava cuttings, var Mkombozi grown in pots in the screenhouse maintained at 27?C and relative humidity of 85% - 90%. All isolates were pathogenic on cassava and produced similar symptoms as those observed under field conditions. This is the first report of C. gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis a causal agent of anthracnose disease of cassava in Tanzania.展开更多
Anthracnose, caused by the fungus called <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gloeosporioides<...Anthracnose, caused by the fungus called <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gloeosporioides</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is the main postharvest disease that affects mango production on Reunion Island. Fruit</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the export market are always treated with chemicals. The use of chemical treatment is not in adequation with consumer expectations, and the increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates promotes the development of alternatives methods. The principal objective of this work was to use antimicrobial properties of thymol as an alternative postharvest treatment on mango. Thymol diluated in a penetrating agent solution was effective on mango anthracnose. At a concentration of 0.025%, Thymol limited necrosis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development due to pathogens during fruit storage. This treatment can</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stimulate some of polyphenols biosynthesis involved in the fruit resistance to postharvest disease, particularly the<span style="white-space:nowrap;">synthesis</span> of gallic acid and resorcinol. With this final concentration of 0.025% thymol, the treatment did not affect fruit maturation and quality, especially the peel colour and sugar content. Importantly, the treatment did not show any detectable effect on organoleptic qualities of the fruit.</span></span></span></span>展开更多
The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos)<span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span><span styl...The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos)<span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum asianum</span></i><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was assessed in terms of conidial germination and mycelia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:" color:red;"=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">growth. Their effect on defense-related compounds content, physicochemical properties</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and anthracnose lesions</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in mango fruits was also determined. Four of the tested </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eos w</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ravensara aromatica </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leaves,</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and the last Eo was extracted from clove leaves. Their chemical compositions were then determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Eo was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pore germination, mycelia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eos tested were fungistatic to </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas clove Eo was fungitoxic and the 4 chemotypes of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eo exhibited variable inhibiting capabilities: </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">all tested doses of all Eos</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(112.5 and 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of air) were effective against</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mycelial growth (10</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">100% inhibition) but doses of 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L were more inhibitory than those of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">112.5</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) Conidial germination was more resistant to Eos toxicity since only 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of methyl eugenol</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chemotype of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eo, all tested doses of the sabinene</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chemotype of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eo and</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clove Eo were found inhibitory toward conidial germination of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">30</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of sprayed clove Eoweretested on inoculated mangoes and were found to be effective against anthracnose development</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">without affecting the resorcinol content in mango peel and the physicochemical properties of mango pulp. Tests on the major components of clove Eo showed fungitoxic activities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">similar to those of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clove Eo.</span>展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to obtain a pathogen-inducible responsive gene TcREMORIN from Taxus chinesis.[Method]Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent,and cDNA was synthesized using TaKaRa reverse transcription kit a...[Objective]The paper was to obtain a pathogen-inducible responsive gene TcREMORIN from Taxus chinesis.[Method]Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent,and cDNA was synthesized using TaKaRa reverse transcription kit and Invitrogen M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase kit.The TcREMORIN gene was amplified by qRT-PCR.[Result]The full length of TcREMORIN was 778 bp with a 501 bp open reading frame(ORF)which encoded 166 amino acids.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that TcREMORIN possessed a conserved domain of remorin family genes and located probably in cell plasma membrane.The results of real-time quantitative PCR assay revealed that the target gene was induced by anthracnose of T.chinesis and its expression level was up-regulated by PEG,NaCl,H2O2 and 4℃stresses.[Conclusion]The TcREMORIN gene may play a critical role in plant-pathogen interaction.展开更多
Oligochitosan (OC) with molecular weight Mw of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 ray irradiation of chitosan solution. Nanosilica (nSiO2) with the size of 10 - 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated...Oligochitosan (OC) with molecular weight Mw of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 ray irradiation of chitosan solution. Nanosilica (nSiO2) with the size of 10 - 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk. The mixture of 1% OC - 1% nSiO2 was prepared by dispersion of nSiO2 in OC solution. The morphology of nSiO2 in the mixture of OC-nSiO2 was measured from images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of foliar application of the mixture of OC-nSiO2 on the induction of resistance against anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus on chili fruits was investigated. Results indicated that foliar application of OC-nSiO2 with the concentration of 60 mg/l - 60 mg/l was found to be as the optimal treatment that reduced the disease severity on chili fruits to 22.2% compared with 90.0% of the control. Thus, OC-nSiO2 hybrid material could be considered as an effective biotic elicitor to prevent anthracnose disease infection for chili fruits. Furthermore, the prepared OC-nSiO2 hybrid material can also be used as an environmentally friendly agrochemical product for sustainable development of agriculture.展开更多
Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disea...Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disease of common bean and results in high yield loss. Due to the high degree of pathogenic variability of the fungus and the continual emergence of new races, genetic resistance in the host is not durable. Gene pyramiding using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is proposed as a viable approach to improve the durability of major genes conditioning resistance to anthracnose. In this study a common bean line Urugezi x AND 1062 susceptible to anthracnose but already improved for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pythium </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">root rot resistance was improved for anthracnose resistance through a backcross breeding program. Genotypic selection was done in Rubilizi laboratory in Kigali, Rwanada whereas phenotypic selection was conducted in an anthracnose hotspot at Rwerere, a research Centre of the Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB).</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analysis of variance for effect of bean varieties and anthracnose isolates on disease expression showed significant differences (p < 0.001) among varieties and isolates and for the interaction between isolates and varieties. Developed BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants were 41% of them resistant and 59% susceptible to anthracnose. However, the observed proportion of 26 resistants and 37 susceptible in BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants didn’t fit the goodness of fit of the expected proportion of 75 resistants to 25 susceptible. Only 41% of BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants inherited the resistance genes and were phenotypically resistant. Presence of SCAR-markers, SAB3 and SBB14, in the developed resistant lines </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suggested successful resistance transfer of anthracnose resistance genes.展开更多
Citrus anthracnose is a common fungal disease in citrus-growing areas in China,which causes very serious damage.At present,the manual management method is time-consuming and labor-consuming,which reduces the control e...Citrus anthracnose is a common fungal disease in citrus-growing areas in China,which causes very serious damage.At present,the manual management method is time-consuming and labor-consuming,which reduces the control effect of citrus anthracnose.Therefore,by designing and running the image retrieval system of citrus anthracnose,the automatic recognition and analysis of citrus anthracnose control were realized,and the control effect of citrus anthracnose was improved.In this paper,based on the self-collected and collated citrus anthracnose image database,we use three image features to realize an image retrieval system based on citrus anthracnose through SMV,AP clustering optimization.The results show that:1)In the accuracy of image feature retrieval,Gist feature extraction>cumulative color histogram>Gabor texture feature;2)In the maximum divergence diversity retrieval,semi-supervised AP clustering retrieval>AP clustering retrieval>SVM relevance feedback results>initial retrieval.3)Practice shows that this technology can reduce the workload of monitoring and management in the control process of citrus planting area,and promote the intelligent and efficient control of citrus anthracnose,which has high practical application value.展开更多
The present work describes the development of a computer vision system for the early detection of anthracnose in sugar mango based on Ultraviolet A illumination(UV-A).Anthracnose,a disease caused by the fungus Colleto...The present work describes the development of a computer vision system for the early detection of anthracnose in sugar mango based on Ultraviolet A illumination(UV-A).Anthracnose,a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum sp,is commonly found in the fruit of sugar mango(Mangifera indica).It manifests as surface defects including black spots and is responsible for reducing the quality of the fruit.Consequently,it decreases its commercial value.In more detail,this study poses a system that begins with image acquisition under white and ultraviolet illumination.Furthermore,it proposes to analyze the Red,Green and Blue color information(R,G,B)of the pixels under two types of illumination,using four different methods:RGB-threshold,RGB-Linear Discriminant Analysis(RGBLDA),UV-LDA,and UV-threshold.This analysis produces an early semantic segmentation of healthy and diseased areas of the mango image.The results showed that the combination of the linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and UV-A light(called UV-LDA method)in sugar mango images allows early detection of anthracnose.Particularly,this method achieves the identification of the disease one day earlier than by an expert with respect to the scale of anthracnose severity implemented in this work.展开更多
Anthracnose,caused by the fungus Colletotrichum musae,is a serious latent post-harvest disease of banana,which results in major economic losses during transportation and storage.Benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-...Anthracnose,caused by the fungus Colletotrichum musae,is a serious latent post-harvest disease of banana,which results in major economic losses during transportation and storage.Benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester(BTH),a functional analogue of the plant endogenous hormone-like compound salicylic acid(SA),has been known to possess resistant effects on some diseases caused by fungi.The aim of present study was to select an appropriate BTH concentration and an appropriate stage of banana ripening for its application in controlling anthracnose and extending shelf life of harvested banana fruit.Different concentrations of BTH(50,100,200 and 300μg/mL)were applied at different stages of banana fruit ripening,including one week,two weeks and one month before harvest.The results suggest that while the concentrations of BTH ranging from 50μg/mL to 200μg/mL in both pre-harvest and post-harvest application,this could control anthracnose of harvested banana fruit,the appropriate concentration of BTH in both pre-harvest and post-harvest treatment was 100μg/mL and the best time of BTH treatment was two weeks before harvest.Examination of quality parameters including peel color and firmness indicated that 100μg/mL BTH treatment delayed banana fruit ripening at room temperature.展开更多
Anthracnose of strawberry, caused primarily by the fungal pathogens belonging to Colletotrichum acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) is an economically important disease in the...Anthracnose of strawberry, caused primarily by the fungal pathogens belonging to Colletotrichum acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) is an economically important disease in the Southeast United States. Quiescently infected (QI) planting stock is one of the most important sources of inoculum in the fruiting field that can only be reliably detected by highly sensitive real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) assay. In this study, a q-PCR assay was developed and optimized that can discriminate anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) and anthracnose crown rot (ACR) causing species based on the difference in post PCR melting temperatures of amplicons. Controlled environment grown plants artificially inoculated with different levels of CASC and CGSC showed a significant (P 0.001) correlation with levels of quantification expressed by Ct values in q-PCR from petioles and leaf blades. The leaf blade was a significantly larger reservoir of QI than that of the petiole. Both TaqMan and SYBR Green assay showed similar sensitivity and specificity. Detection of QI on leaves at young middle and older stages from inoculation with same number of conidia indicated that middle aged leaves were the best for assessing QI. Quantification of QI from middle aged leaf samples from a strawberry fruiting field that has been planted with pre-inoculated plants at both ends of rows and let inoculum spread showed higher sensitivity and precision by q-PCR compared to that of a traditional paraquat assay. The assay developed and validated in this study offers a new tool for evaluating planting stocks for QI to make decision on preventative control for strawberry anthracnose.展开更多
The effect of temperature (18°C - 30°C), water activity (0.85 - 1) and pH (4 - 9) was studied by dual culture technique on the antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma harzianum to Colletotri...The effect of temperature (18°C - 30°C), water activity (0.85 - 1) and pH (4 - 9) was studied by dual culture technique on the antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma harzianum to Colletotrichum acutatum, responsible of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier) anthracnose. The antagonistic bacteria’s strains behave significantly and differently according to the parameters studied. These results reveal useful information about the applicability of their biocontrol in agricultural culture with the change of environmental factors.展开更多
基金supported by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals of China
文摘Fungal secreted proteins that contain the Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domain are important for pathogenicity.The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola causes the serious anthracnose disease of maize.In this study,we identified 24 CgCFEM proteins in the genome of C.graminicola.Phylogenic analysis revealed that these 24 proteins(CgCFEM1–24)can be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acids of the CFEM domain are highly conserved and contain 8 spaced cysteines,with the exception that CgCFEM1 and CgCFEM24 lack 1 and 2 cysteines,respectively.Ten CgCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without the trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effectors and,thus were selected for structural prediction and functional analyses.The CFEM domain in the candidate effectors can form a helical-basket structure homologous to the Csa2 protein in Candida albicans,which is responsible for haem acquisition and pathogenicity.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these effectors accumulate in the cell membrane,nucleus,and cytosolic bodies.Additionally,5 effectors,CgCFEM6,7,8,9 and 15,can suppress the BAX-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana with or without the signal peptide.These results demonstrate that these 10 CgCFEM candidate effectors with different structures and subcellular localizations in host cells may play important roles during the pathogenic processes on maize plants.
文摘Seventy-two sorghum accessions were randomly selected from the Ethiopia, Mali, Sudan, and Uganda germplasm collections maintained by the US National Plant Germplasm System to evaluate variation in anthracnose resistance. The accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design in College Station, Texas during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Twenty-six accessions exhibited a resistant response across growing seasons with 8 accessions showing a susceptible response. Twenty-nine accessions showed variation in disease response within and between experiments. Seven accessions were rated as resistant in 2007 but showed a susceptible reaction in 2008. The frequency of resistant germplasm varied based on country of origin with 80% of the accessions from Mali, 48% of the accessions from Uganda, 24% of the accessions from Sudan, and 7% of the accessions from Ethiopia exhibiting a resistance response. When the same accessions were evaluated in Isabela, Puerto Rico, 100% of the accessions from Mali, 43% of the accessions from Uganda, and 28% of the accessions from Sudan exhibited a resistant response. All the accessions from Ethiopia were susceptible to anthracnose when evaluated in Isabela, Puerto Rico. In both locations, 22 accessions exhibited a resistant response. Four accessions rated as resistant in Texas were found to be susceptible in Puerto Rico;whereas, five accessions rated as resistant in Puerto Rico showed a susceptible response in Texas. These results indicated that the Mali, Sudan, and Uganda sorghum collections may be an important source of anthracnose resistance. However, the identification of anthracnose resistant germplasm from many diverse regions could result in the identification of new sources of genetic variation for resistance. Also, greater genetic variation for resistance could be present in regions with a high frequency of resistant germplasm.
文摘Seven Colletotrichum acutatum strains isolated from strawberries were cultivated on various culture media and tested in vitro and in vivo on Fragaria x ananassa for anthracnose symptoms. PDA caused an optimum growth of all isolates, MEA, ML and Strawberry allowed a good but not optimal growth. Czapeck, Sabouraud and the organic medium from potato gave the lowest growth rate of all isolates. PDA allowed a good sporulation of isolates follow-up by strawberry, MEA;in contrast, ML, Czapeck and Sabouraud gave a low sporulation. The fungal development is maximal at 25°C and 27°C for all the isolates studied. No growth was observed at 5°C and 37°C. The studied strains developed at all pH values. They didn’t develop at 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 aw but mycelial growth was perfect at 1 and 0.95 aw. The in vitro test of the pathogenicity caused by C. acutatum strains on strawberry’s leaves showed an increasing percentage of infection with time and different infection rates among C. acutatum strains, strain Ca6 having a pathogenic power very high compared to the other isolates. After in vivo inoculation and incubation of the seedlings, all isolates caused severe symptoms related to anthracnose on leaflets and petioles of the studied strawberry plants.
文摘Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect molecular markers linked to anthracnose ( Spheceloma ampelinum de Bary) resistant gene in the native wild grapes ( Vitis L. ) of China. RAPD marker OPJ13-300 was linked to anthracnose resistant gene using 90-3 cross F1 V. quinquangularis Rehd (shang-24) × V. vinifera (Longyan). The marker was verified in 90-3 cross F1, Chinese wild grapes and V. riparia and European grape cuitivars. This work has provided a solid basis for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) to disease resistance and cloning of disease resistant genes.
基金Supported by Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2018GNC110013)the Innovative Project of Forestry Science and Technology of Shandong Provinc of China(LYCX04-2018-23)Agricultural Improved Seed Project of Shandong Province(2016LZG012)
文摘In this research,the inhibitory effect of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persimmon anthracnose was investigated using mycelial growth method and spore germination method. The results showed that among the 16 tested fungicides,10% of Difenoconazole WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25%of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,430 g/L of Tebuconazole SC,50% of Prochloraz-manganese chloride and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of C. horri,with the inhibition rate of 100%; 70% of Polyram WG,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP,50% of Chlorobromoisocyanuric acid AF,50% of Triram WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole achieved the best inhibitory effect on spore germination of C. horri,with the germination rate of 0. In conclusion,33. 5% of Copper quinolate SC,25% of Bromothalonil EC,70% of Mancozeb WP and 400 g/L of Flusilazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effect both in mycelial growth and spore germination,which could be used as the preference fungicides for the control of persimmon anthracnose,and 70% of Polyram WG and 50% of Triram WP achieved the secondly best inhibitory effect,which could be used as alternative fungicides. The results of this research could provide scientific evidence for the effective control of persimmon anthracnose,and more optional pesticides for utilization in the production practice of persimmon industry.
文摘Alternative strategies of management of sorghum diseases were implemented using field experiments conducted in Embrapa Maize and Sorghum Research Center,Brazil in 2001 until 2003 to evaluate the efficacy of lineage mixtures of Sorghum bicolor for the control of anthracnose(caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum).The calculated values for disease severity considered the area under the disease progress curve(AUDPC)observed for the nine susceptible and resistant elite strains of sorghum planted in 30 stands randomly.Each stand was drawn in mixtures of three genotypes each,in the same proportions per plant.This design was compared with the severity of the disease measured in AUDPC calculated for each of the same nine strains of sorghum in pure stands.In most of the cases,the disease severity on the susceptible cultivars was decreased;and in some cases,reached 85%of disease reduction compared with disease progress in pure stand of correspondent plant.The implication and effect of these sorghum mixtures on the populations of C.sublineolum on each treatment were evaluated and revealed that there was an increase of frequency of complex races in most of these mixtures and a highest phenotypic diversity for virulence to pathogen populations from pure stands,than the characterized on populations collected from the mixtures,despite of the effectiveness on decrease of the anthracnose severity.
文摘The increasingly strict regulation of the use of phytosanitary products and the will of the populations to move towards sustainable development allow bio-sourced products and more particularly for biocontrol in the field of pesticides to progress. The study carried out here concerns the evaluation of the potency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bc2 and Trichoderma harzianum to fight against strawberry cultures infected with anthracnose (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The studies were carried out in the laboratory and in the field. The results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens Bc2 and Trichoderma harzianum TR are effective for the biological control of anthracnose, gray mold and powdery mildew on strawberries grown in field conditions. The increase in plant size and the number of fruits produced with these control agents has also been observed.
文摘Plant extracts have long been used in commercial agriculture as anti-microbial tools in food safety applications. These offer growers and agrobiologists many unique benefits which include their eco-friendliness. This work reviews the situation of Biofungicides reconnaissance in reference to fungal disease of cowpea. Twenty different pathogens were associated with various fungal diseases of cowpea and, only the species of Colletotrichum was found to have the virulence and propensity of afflicting a 100% infection on a single susceptible cowpea crop. Plant families under the affliction of Colletotrichum were analyzed. The different forms of botanicals so far availed for use as potential biofungicidal were identified. Eighteen plant families were found to represent the entire plants and plant materials agrobiologically screened within a range of thirteen years and found to habour large spectra of species containing substances of biofungicidal potentials. Current position in the use of Botanicals to combat agricultural pests and disease is 7% of the total cowpea disease management options.
文摘Anthracnose is the one of the most devastating diseases of mango produced in the southern part of Senegal. The field trials against post harvest rot due to anthracnose took place in three orchards over two production seasons, in 2009 and 2010. Three systemic fungicides (thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin and myclobutanyl) and one contact fungicide (mancozeb) were tested for their efficacy. The first treatments in 2009 took place in the rainy season, while 20% of mangoes on trees exhibited anthracnose lesions. At ripening stage, 100% of fruits from non treated control mango trees were affected by anthracnose and got rotten, while between 73.2% and 80% of mangoes ripened free of disease when treated with thiophanate methyl. With the treatment with azoxystrobin, between 46.6% and 60% of fruits were not infected. Treatment with myclobutanyl was less effective. This level of effectiveness was clearly improved in 2010 by preventive spraying, days ahead of onset of the rainy season, before the appearance of anthracnose symptoms on fruits. The level of effectiveness was higher respectively for thiophanate methyl (between 96% and 100% of fruits not infected) and azoxystrobin (between 84% and 96% of fruits not infected).
文摘Severe outbreak of anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) occured in north-western Tanzania in October, 2011. Thirteen cassava leaf samples with disease symptoms were collected from Maruku Agricultural Research Institute (MARI) and from farmers. The collected samples were tested for infection using Blotter method. The results indicated that, all 13 leaf samples (100%) were infected by C. gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis. Three isolates of the fungus per sample were subcultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for seven days then each isolate was sprayed-inoculated onto 4-week-old sprouting leaves of cassava cuttings, var Mkombozi grown in pots in the screenhouse maintained at 27?C and relative humidity of 85% - 90%. All isolates were pathogenic on cassava and produced similar symptoms as those observed under field conditions. This is the first report of C. gloesporioides f.sp. manihotis a causal agent of anthracnose disease of cassava in Tanzania.
文摘Anthracnose, caused by the fungus called <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gloeosporioides</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is the main postharvest disease that affects mango production on Reunion Island. Fruit</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for the export market are always treated with chemicals. The use of chemical treatment is not in adequation with consumer expectations, and the increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates promotes the development of alternatives methods. The principal objective of this work was to use antimicrobial properties of thymol as an alternative postharvest treatment on mango. Thymol diluated in a penetrating agent solution was effective on mango anthracnose. At a concentration of 0.025%, Thymol limited necrosis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development due to pathogens during fruit storage. This treatment can</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stimulate some of polyphenols biosynthesis involved in the fruit resistance to postharvest disease, particularly the<span style="white-space:nowrap;">synthesis</span> of gallic acid and resorcinol. With this final concentration of 0.025% thymol, the treatment did not affect fruit maturation and quality, especially the peel colour and sugar content. Importantly, the treatment did not show any detectable effect on organoleptic qualities of the fruit.</span></span></span></span>
文摘The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos)<span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum asianum</span></i><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was assessed in terms of conidial germination and mycelia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:" color:red;"=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">growth. Their effect on defense-related compounds content, physicochemical properties</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and anthracnose lesions</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in mango fruits was also determined. Four of the tested </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eos w</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ravensara aromatica </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leaves,</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and the last Eo was extracted from clove leaves. Their chemical compositions were then determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Eo was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pore germination, mycelia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eos tested were fungistatic to </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas clove Eo was fungitoxic and the 4 chemotypes of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Eo exhibited variable inhibiting capabilities: </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">all tested doses of all Eos</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(112.5 and 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of air) were effective against</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mycelial growth (10</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">100% inhibition) but doses of 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L were more inhibitory than those of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">112.5</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) Conidial germination was more resistant to Eos toxicity since only 225</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of methyl eugenol</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chemotype of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eo, all tested doses of the sabinene</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">chemotype of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aromatica</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eo and</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clove Eo were found inhibitory toward conidial germination of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">asianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">30</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μL/L of sprayed clove Eoweretested on inoculated mangoes and were found to be effective against anthracnose development</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">without affecting the resorcinol content in mango peel and the physicochemical properties of mango pulp. Tests on the major components of clove Eo showed fungitoxic activities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> asianum</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">similar to those of</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">clove Eo.</span>
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(182102110132).
文摘[Objective]The paper was to obtain a pathogen-inducible responsive gene TcREMORIN from Taxus chinesis.[Method]Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent,and cDNA was synthesized using TaKaRa reverse transcription kit and Invitrogen M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase kit.The TcREMORIN gene was amplified by qRT-PCR.[Result]The full length of TcREMORIN was 778 bp with a 501 bp open reading frame(ORF)which encoded 166 amino acids.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that TcREMORIN possessed a conserved domain of remorin family genes and located probably in cell plasma membrane.The results of real-time quantitative PCR assay revealed that the target gene was induced by anthracnose of T.chinesis and its expression level was up-regulated by PEG,NaCl,H2O2 and 4℃stresses.[Conclusion]The TcREMORIN gene may play a critical role in plant-pathogen interaction.
文摘Oligochitosan (OC) with molecular weight Mw of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 ray irradiation of chitosan solution. Nanosilica (nSiO2) with the size of 10 - 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk. The mixture of 1% OC - 1% nSiO2 was prepared by dispersion of nSiO2 in OC solution. The morphology of nSiO2 in the mixture of OC-nSiO2 was measured from images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of foliar application of the mixture of OC-nSiO2 on the induction of resistance against anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus on chili fruits was investigated. Results indicated that foliar application of OC-nSiO2 with the concentration of 60 mg/l - 60 mg/l was found to be as the optimal treatment that reduced the disease severity on chili fruits to 22.2% compared with 90.0% of the control. Thus, OC-nSiO2 hybrid material could be considered as an effective biotic elicitor to prevent anthracnose disease infection for chili fruits. Furthermore, the prepared OC-nSiO2 hybrid material can also be used as an environmentally friendly agrochemical product for sustainable development of agriculture.
文摘Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disease of common bean and results in high yield loss. Due to the high degree of pathogenic variability of the fungus and the continual emergence of new races, genetic resistance in the host is not durable. Gene pyramiding using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is proposed as a viable approach to improve the durability of major genes conditioning resistance to anthracnose. In this study a common bean line Urugezi x AND 1062 susceptible to anthracnose but already improved for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pythium </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">root rot resistance was improved for anthracnose resistance through a backcross breeding program. Genotypic selection was done in Rubilizi laboratory in Kigali, Rwanada whereas phenotypic selection was conducted in an anthracnose hotspot at Rwerere, a research Centre of the Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB).</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analysis of variance for effect of bean varieties and anthracnose isolates on disease expression showed significant differences (p < 0.001) among varieties and isolates and for the interaction between isolates and varieties. Developed BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants were 41% of them resistant and 59% susceptible to anthracnose. However, the observed proportion of 26 resistants and 37 susceptible in BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants didn’t fit the goodness of fit of the expected proportion of 75 resistants to 25 susceptible. Only 41% of BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants inherited the resistance genes and were phenotypically resistant. Presence of SCAR-markers, SAB3 and SBB14, in the developed resistant lines </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suggested successful resistance transfer of anthracnose resistance genes.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61772561in part by the Key Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province under Grant 2018NK2012+2 种基金in part by the Science Research Projects of Hunan Provincial Education Department under Grant 18A174in part by the Degree&Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Hunan Province under Grant 209and in part by the Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Central South University of Forestry&Technology under Grant 2019JG013.
文摘Citrus anthracnose is a common fungal disease in citrus-growing areas in China,which causes very serious damage.At present,the manual management method is time-consuming and labor-consuming,which reduces the control effect of citrus anthracnose.Therefore,by designing and running the image retrieval system of citrus anthracnose,the automatic recognition and analysis of citrus anthracnose control were realized,and the control effect of citrus anthracnose was improved.In this paper,based on the self-collected and collated citrus anthracnose image database,we use three image features to realize an image retrieval system based on citrus anthracnose through SMV,AP clustering optimization.The results show that:1)In the accuracy of image feature retrieval,Gist feature extraction>cumulative color histogram>Gabor texture feature;2)In the maximum divergence diversity retrieval,semi-supervised AP clustering retrieval>AP clustering retrieval>SVM relevance feedback results>initial retrieval.3)Practice shows that this technology can reduce the workload of monitoring and management in the control process of citrus planting area,and promote the intelligent and efficient control of citrus anthracnose,which has high practical application value.
文摘The present work describes the development of a computer vision system for the early detection of anthracnose in sugar mango based on Ultraviolet A illumination(UV-A).Anthracnose,a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum sp,is commonly found in the fruit of sugar mango(Mangifera indica).It manifests as surface defects including black spots and is responsible for reducing the quality of the fruit.Consequently,it decreases its commercial value.In more detail,this study poses a system that begins with image acquisition under white and ultraviolet illumination.Furthermore,it proposes to analyze the Red,Green and Blue color information(R,G,B)of the pixels under two types of illumination,using four different methods:RGB-threshold,RGB-Linear Discriminant Analysis(RGBLDA),UV-LDA,and UV-threshold.This analysis produces an early semantic segmentation of healthy and diseased areas of the mango image.The results showed that the combination of the linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and UV-A light(called UV-LDA method)in sugar mango images allows early detection of anthracnose.Particularly,this method achieves the identification of the disease one day earlier than by an expert with respect to the scale of anthracnose severity implemented in this work.
基金This work was financially supported by the project of the earmarked fund from China Agriculture Research System(CARS-32-09A)Guangdong Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(Grant No.LNSG2011-12)+1 种基金the Ministry of Agriculture of China(Projects Nyhyzx3-55 and 2006-G32)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U0631004).
文摘Anthracnose,caused by the fungus Colletotrichum musae,is a serious latent post-harvest disease of banana,which results in major economic losses during transportation and storage.Benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester(BTH),a functional analogue of the plant endogenous hormone-like compound salicylic acid(SA),has been known to possess resistant effects on some diseases caused by fungi.The aim of present study was to select an appropriate BTH concentration and an appropriate stage of banana ripening for its application in controlling anthracnose and extending shelf life of harvested banana fruit.Different concentrations of BTH(50,100,200 and 300μg/mL)were applied at different stages of banana fruit ripening,including one week,two weeks and one month before harvest.The results suggest that while the concentrations of BTH ranging from 50μg/mL to 200μg/mL in both pre-harvest and post-harvest application,this could control anthracnose of harvested banana fruit,the appropriate concentration of BTH in both pre-harvest and post-harvest treatment was 100μg/mL and the best time of BTH treatment was two weeks before harvest.Examination of quality parameters including peel color and firmness indicated that 100μg/mL BTH treatment delayed banana fruit ripening at room temperature.
文摘Anthracnose of strawberry, caused primarily by the fungal pathogens belonging to Colletotrichum acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) is an economically important disease in the Southeast United States. Quiescently infected (QI) planting stock is one of the most important sources of inoculum in the fruiting field that can only be reliably detected by highly sensitive real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) assay. In this study, a q-PCR assay was developed and optimized that can discriminate anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) and anthracnose crown rot (ACR) causing species based on the difference in post PCR melting temperatures of amplicons. Controlled environment grown plants artificially inoculated with different levels of CASC and CGSC showed a significant (P 0.001) correlation with levels of quantification expressed by Ct values in q-PCR from petioles and leaf blades. The leaf blade was a significantly larger reservoir of QI than that of the petiole. Both TaqMan and SYBR Green assay showed similar sensitivity and specificity. Detection of QI on leaves at young middle and older stages from inoculation with same number of conidia indicated that middle aged leaves were the best for assessing QI. Quantification of QI from middle aged leaf samples from a strawberry fruiting field that has been planted with pre-inoculated plants at both ends of rows and let inoculum spread showed higher sensitivity and precision by q-PCR compared to that of a traditional paraquat assay. The assay developed and validated in this study offers a new tool for evaluating planting stocks for QI to make decision on preventative control for strawberry anthracnose.
文摘The effect of temperature (18°C - 30°C), water activity (0.85 - 1) and pH (4 - 9) was studied by dual culture technique on the antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma harzianum to Colletotrichum acutatum, responsible of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier) anthracnose. The antagonistic bacteria’s strains behave significantly and differently according to the parameters studied. These results reveal useful information about the applicability of their biocontrol in agricultural culture with the change of environmental factors.
