BACKGROUND Uterine rupture is a fatal medical complication with a high mortality rate.Most cases of uterine rupture occur in late pregnancy or during labor and are mainly related to uterine scarring due to previous su...BACKGROUND Uterine rupture is a fatal medical complication with a high mortality rate.Most cases of uterine rupture occur in late pregnancy or during labor and are mainly related to uterine scarring due to previous surgical procedures.Adenomyosis is a possible risk factor for uterine rupture.However,spontaneous uterine rupture due to severe adenomyosis in a non-gravida-teenaged female has not been reported in the literature to date.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old girl was referred to our hospital for acute abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock with a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg.Radiologic studies revealed a huge endometrial mass with multiple nodules in the lung,suggesting lung metastasis.The patient underwent an emergency total hysterectomy and wedge resection of the lung nodules.Histologically,the uterus showed diffuse adenomyosis with glandular and stromal dissociation.Lung nodules were endometrioma with massive hemorrhage.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the tumor cells were positive for PAX8,ER,and PR expression,leading to a final diagnosis of pulmonary endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis.Following surgery,the patient remains in good condition without recurrence.CONCLUSION This is the first case of spontaneous uterine rupture due to adenomyosis in a nongravida adolescent.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that abnormal innervation is an important factor impacting occurrence and development of pathological pain in endometriosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe uterine innervation of adenomyosis mice...BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that abnormal innervation is an important factor impacting occurrence and development of pathological pain in endometriosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe uterine innervation of adenomyosis mice and to analyze the cause of innervation changes due to nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, inflammation, and vascularization. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, and Central Laboratory of Zhong- shan Hospital, Fudan University from March to December 2008. MATERIALS: Tamoxifen was provided by Fudan Forward, China. Rabbit anti-mouse NGF was purchased from Santa Cruz Corporation, USA; rabbit anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and rabbit antisubstance P (SP) were purchased from Chemicon, USA. METHODS: A total of 40 newborn ICR mice were randomly assigned to adenomyosis model and control groups, with 20 animals in each group. Mice in the adenomyosis model group were orally administrated 2.7 μmol/kg tamoxifen on days 2-5 after birth, while the controls were not treated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Both uteri from all mice were harvested at days 135-145 after birth. Expressions of polyclonal PGP9.5 and SP were immunohistochemically detected to demonstrate pan- and sensory nerve fibers. Microvessel density was quantified in the endometrium and myometrium using immunochemical staining for polyclonal rabbit anti-CD31, which stained vessels. Gene expression for NGF, high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (trkA), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), bradykinin receptor-1 (BKR-1), and 2 (BKR-2), as well as substance P receptor (neurokinin1 receptor, NK1-R), were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. NGF-β protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: More nerve fibers were stained with PGP9.5 in the endometrium and myometrium, and with SP in the endometrium, in adenomyosis mice compared with controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). Microvessel density in the myometrium of adenomyosis mice was significantly greater than the controls (P < 0.01). In the uterus of adenomyosis mice, mRNA expression of NGF and its two receptors (trkA and p75 NTR), BKR-1, and NK1-R, as well as protein expression of NGF-β, were greater than the control mice (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Uterine innervation in the adenomyosis mice was increased compared with the controls. Moreover, NGF expression, inflammation, and vascularization, which have been shown to be impact factors of innervation, were abnormal in the uteri of adenomyosis mice.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cystic adenomyosis is a special type of adenomyosis. Its clinical manifestations lack specificity. Pelvic ultrasound and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging can help clarify the diagnosis. Because cystic ute...BACKGROUND Cystic adenomyosis is a special type of adenomyosis. Its clinical manifestations lack specificity. Pelvic ultrasound and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging can help clarify the diagnosis. Because cystic uterine adenomyosis is rare in clinical work, it can be easily misdiagnosed or its diagnosis can be missed. Early surgical treatment and postoperative drug treatment can alleviate dysmenorrhea,menorrhagia, anemia, and other symptoms.CASE SUMMARY Two cases complained about abnormal vaginal bleeding and were diagnosed with intrauterine cystic adenomyosis by gynecological ultrasound and pathological examination. The clinical manifestations included dysmenorrhea,hypermenorrhea, and a history of cesarean section. Both cases underwent a surgery, and chocolate-like liquid was released from the cystic mass in the uterus and the manifestations were relieved.CONCLUSION Intrauterine cystic adenomyosis could be diagnosed by pathological examination and treated by hysterectomy or hystscopy to release the liquid inside.展开更多
BACKGROUND Moyamoya disease is essentially an ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Here,we describe a case of acute recurrent cerebral infarction caused by moyamoya disease with concurrent adenomyosis which,to our knowled...BACKGROUND Moyamoya disease is essentially an ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Here,we describe a case of acute recurrent cerebral infarction caused by moyamoya disease with concurrent adenomyosis which,to our knowledge,is the first in the literature.A literature review is also presented.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old female presented to the Research and Treatment Center of Moyamoya Disease in our hospital with"left limb weakness"as the main symptom.She was diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction and moyamoya disease through magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography.Prior to this,she had experienced a prolonged menstrual period of one-month duration.This was investigated and adenomyosis was diagnosed.After passing the acute cerebral infarction phase,the patient underwent surgery for adenomyosis followed by combined cerebral revascularization.During the postoperative follow-up,improvements of the perfusion imaging stage and modified Rankin Scale were observed.A review of the literature showed only 16 reported cases of gynecological diseases complicated with stroke.The clinical characteristics,pathogenesis,therapeutic effects,and long-term prognosis of these cases have been studied and discussed.CONCLUSION In patients with moyamoya disease,early management of gynecological-related bleeding disorders is essential to prevent the complications of cerebral events.展开更多
A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus,termed as cystic adenomyosis,has chocolate-like,thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium.It is ...A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus,termed as cystic adenomyosis,has chocolate-like,thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium.It is an extremely rare type of adenomyosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we report an unusual case of a giant cystic mass in the pelvic cavity after uterine myomectomy.The patient complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea.After a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device(LNG-IUD)was inserted,her symptoms were greatly alleviated.However,the LNG-IUD was detected in the cystic cavity during the follow-up.For fear of the intrauterine device migrating into and damaging the surrounding viscera,surgical treatment was proposed.Therefore,laparoscopic resection of the lesion and removal of the LNG-IUD were performed and cystic adenomyosis with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity was diagnosed.CONCLUSION We believe that myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may have been a predisposing factor for the development of cystic adenomyosis in this case.展开更多
Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease in reproductive women,which causes serious dysmenorrhea,menorrhagia,anemia,and infertility,and has a serious impact on the physical and mental health of women.Considering ...Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease in reproductive women,which causes serious dysmenorrhea,menorrhagia,anemia,and infertility,and has a serious impact on the physical and mental health of women.Considering that the efficacy of the traditional medication and surgical treatment is not ideal,an increasing number of patients are searching for more effective and less invasive therapies.Ultrasound(US)-guided microwave ablation(MWA)has emerged as a new effective and minimally invasive alternative treatment for symptomatic adenomyosis,and it is widely being used in clinical settings.Several studies have proven that it is an efficient and safe treatment modality for symptomatic adenomyosis,but a significant variance in clinical outcomes reported in previous studies was also observed.Herein,we have analyzed the potential causes of this problem from the aspects of the diagnosis of adenomyosis,symptom evaluation before ablation,steps of USguided ablation treatment,and outcome evaluation after ablation.Simultaneously,the clinical problems existing in the ablation treatment of adenomyosis are discussed,and the directions of future research are pointed out.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the association between magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)classification and symptom relief after uterine artery embolization(UAE)in patients with adenomyosis.Methods:Totally,73 patients with sym...Objective:To investigate the association between magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)classification and symptom relief after uterine artery embolization(UAE)in patients with adenomyosis.Methods:Totally,73 patients with symptomatic adenomyosis who underwent UAE were retrospectively analyzed.Preoperative MRI classification was defined as:type Ⅰ,high signal on both T2-weighted images(T2WI)and T1-weighted images(T1WI);type Ⅱ,high signal only on T2WI,and type Ⅲ,high signal on neither T1WI nor T2WI.Dysmenorrhea was measured with the visual-analog scales and the degree of menorrhagia was measured according to the number of sanitary pads used in one menstrual cycle.Dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia were measured before UAE and 12 months after UAE.Results:The number of the type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ cases was 23,37,and 13,respectively.The baseline characteristics of the three groups exhibited no significant difference.The alleviation rates of dysmenorrhea among type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ cases were 73.9%,89.2%,and 84.6%,respectively(P=0.455).The alleviation rates of menorrhagia for type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ were 69.6%,78.4%,and 92.3%,respectively(P=0.714).Conclusion:Pre-procedure MRI classification and symptom relief after UAE exhibited no significant association.UAE has a favorable mid-term control on dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia among patients with adenomyosis.Preoperative MRI classification might not indicate symptom relief.More research is needed before changing clinical practice.展开更多
The association between etio-pathogenesis of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) or placenta cretas and adenomyosis has never been described in medical literature. Contrary to the believe that MAP is due to direct invasi...The association between etio-pathogenesis of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) or placenta cretas and adenomyosis has never been described in medical literature. Contrary to the believe that MAP is due to direct invasion of trophoblastic tissues into the adjacent normal myometrium due to prior uterine surgeries, this article describes how pre-existence of adenomyosis acts as a precursor for the development of placenta cretas. It elucidates how prior uterine traumas such as surgeries, repeated childbirths and endometritis cause endometrial tissues to invade the myometrium as a result of disruption of decidua basalis. The invaded endometrial tissues cause hyper-plasia and hypertrophy of surrounding myometrium to form the clinical entity called adenomyosis. The over-expression of bcl-2 oncogene in the endometrium causes inhibition of apoptosis of endometrial cells removing the barrier of trophoblastic tissues to invade the myometrium to form MAP. This hypothesis is based on the similarity of their clinical perspectives, similar pathological description of the two disease entities and their common molecular components. Both diseases increase with age;more in women older than 35 years and also in those with history of previous endometrial traumas such as surgeries, childbirth and endometritis. Both diseases also share common pathological factors and molecular components due to absence of deciduas basalis and over-expression of bcl-2 oncoprotein gene, inhibition of cell apoptosis and failure to find genetic abnormalities such as mutations of K-ras, P53 or LOH. An ongoing study looking at uterine specimens from cesarean hysterectomies and pelvic MRI evaluation of patients with retained placentas to prove that pre-existing adenomyosis may be a precursor to the development of morbidly adherent placenta is near to conclusion.展开更多
Objectives. Common symptoms of adenomyosis include pain and bleeding disorders and can severely impact a patient’s quality of life. Few studies report on the impact of hysteroscopy procedures on improving these sympt...Objectives. Common symptoms of adenomyosis include pain and bleeding disorders and can severely impact a patient’s quality of life. Few studies report on the impact of hysteroscopy procedures on improving these symptoms. This study evaluates the effect of laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LASH) in adenomyosis patients on pain in general, pain during intercourse, bleeding disorders and general satisfactoriness of the procedure. Methods. This prospective observational single-arm, single-center study included 256 patients treated with LASH and whose histological analysis revealed adenomyosis. Other inclusion criteria were completed family planning and no more symptom relief with conservative therapy. They completed questionnaires before and after the procedure which evaluated pain in general, pain during intercourse, bleeding disorders and general satisfactoriness of the procedure. Results. Our results showed a significant (p Conclusion. As a minimal invasive procedure associated with low major complication rates, LASH is a qualified therapeutic choice to treat pain and bleeding disorders in adenomyosis patients with completed family planning and in where conservative therapy failed.展开更多
Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility ...Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility increased significantly. Although scholars disagreed about the effect of AD on infertility, more and more evidence showed that AD was closely related to the str uct ural and func ti onal defects of the eutopic endomet rium and myomet rial junc tional zone (MJZ), which may lead to embryo implantation failure and infertility. With the rapid development of imaging technology, the accuracy of diagnose AD has been enhanced, more and more infertility patients were diagnosed with AD. At the same time, a series of pathogenic hypothesis have been proposed to explain the relationship between AD. In addition, AD may influence the patient's reproductive function by affecting sperm transport, embryo implantation, altering uterine peristalsis, influencing the structure and function of endometrium, and changing the intrauterine environment. At present, the treatment of AD-associated infertility is similar to the treatment of AD. The commonly used treatment methods include drug therapy, conservative operative treatment, drug combination surgery, and Chinese medicine treatment and so on. The clinical and experimental studies of AD complicated with infertility and its possible pathogenesis and treatment in recent years are reviewed in this article.展开更多
Objectives: To investigate the clinical effects of transcervical interstitial microwave irradiation of adenomyotic tissues as an alternative to hysterectomy. Methods: Thirty-three patients who were candidates for hyst...Objectives: To investigate the clinical effects of transcervical interstitial microwave irradiation of adenomyotic tissues as an alternative to hysterectomy. Methods: Thirty-three patients who were candidates for hysterectomy for the treatment of adenomyosis associated with menorrhagia were treated by interstitial microwave irradiation using a specifically developed transabdominal ultrasound probe attachment for transcervical puncture along with microwave endometrial ablation, as an alternative to hysterectomy. Primary outcomes were changes in the venous hemoglobin level and the volume of the uterine body before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes were the visual-analogue scale (VAS) score for menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea after treatment. Results: At 3 months after surgery, the average hemoglobin level significantly increased by 4.6 g/dL. The volume of the uterine body significantly decreased to 53% and 52% of the volume before treatment at 3 and 12 months, respectively. VAS scores indicated an improvement in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Conclusions: Transcervical interstitial microwave ablation therapy combined with microwave endometrial ablation reduced the uterine body volume and relieved menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal caused by adenomyosis. This strategy is a promising alternative to hysterectomy for the treatment of symptomatic adenomyosis.展开更多
Objective: To observe the effect of combined therapy regimen on ovarian function, MMP and related factors in patients with adenomyosis under the condition of LNG-IUS drug therapy. Methods: A total of 110 patients with...Objective: To observe the effect of combined therapy regimen on ovarian function, MMP and related factors in patients with adenomyosis under the condition of LNG-IUS drug therapy. Methods: A total of 110 patients with adenomyosis from October 2015 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into control group and observation group. The control group of 54 patients, observation group of 56 patients. All patients were treated with LNG-IUS system in the 4th to 7th day of the menstrual cycle. The patients in the observation group were treated with TCRE on the basis of LNG-IUS. The fasting venous blood was taken from the third day of menstruation and the luteinizing hormone (LH (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of VEGF, CA125 and IGF-1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Ang-2, PGE2 levels were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in LH, FSH and E2 levels between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, the levels of LH, FSH and E2 were significantly higher in the two groups compared with those before treatment. (2) Before treatment, the levels of serum MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-2 and MMP-2 in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 in the serum of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) Before treatment, serum levels of VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and PGE2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The levels of serum VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and PGE2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment. The patients in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, there was significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion The levels of serum MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and MMP-2 in patients with adenomyosis were treated with TCRE on the basis of LNG-IUS drug therapy. PGE2 level, indicating that TCRE combined with LNG-IUS drug therapy can not only improve the efficacy, improve the patient's menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea and other symptoms, control the progression of the disease, but also by regulating the expression of certain factors play a role in improving ovarian function, worthy of clinical On the promotion and application.展开更多
Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 cases of adenomyosis admitted to Dez...Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 cases of adenomyosis admitted to Dezhou Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2020 to October 2021 were selected and randomly divided into two groups(Group A and Group B),which were initiated on dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system,respectively.The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of the two groups were analyzed.Results:After 6 months of treatment,the uterine volume in the LNG-IUS group reduced slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05),while that in the DNG group increased slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05).After 6 months of treatment,the hemoglobin of patients in both groups increased compared with that before treatment;there was no significant difference in the DNG group(p>0.05),but there was significant difference in the LNG-IUS group(p<0.01).After 6 months of treatment,the VAS scores of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(p<0.01);the serum CA125 level in both groups decreased significantly compared with that before treatment(p<0.01).Conclusion:Mirena(levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system)has better therapeutic effect on adenomyosis and fewer adverse reactions than deinogest.展开更多
Aim To assess whether adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis are different according to the method of conception and the concurrent of uterine leiomyoma(UL).Methods We performed a retrospective study.Fif...Aim To assess whether adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis are different according to the method of conception and the concurrent of uterine leiomyoma(UL).Methods We performed a retrospective study.Fifty-three singleton pregnancy cases complicated with adenomyosis were included in this study.In the study group,15 women became pregnant with assisted reproductive technology(ART)and 21 women combined with UL.Pregnancy outcomes were compared between ART and non-ART,UL and non-UL groups.Results The prevalence for such complications as hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy(HDCP)and postpartum hemorrhage(PPH)were significantly higher in the women conceived by ART(33.3%vs.5.3%,P=0.023)and(53.3%vs.23.7%,P=0.037),respectively.And women concurrent with UL of which the diameter≥4cm were more likely to have severe PPH(44.4%vs.0%,P=0.021).Conclusion ART may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as HDCP and PPH in women with adenomyosis and UL of which the diameter≥4cm may further increase the risk of severe PPH.展开更多
Pyomoyoma is a rare complication of Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE). This case report reflects on this condition. A 45-year-old female, a known case of adenomyosis, presented with intermittent fever and foul vaginal...Pyomoyoma is a rare complication of Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE). This case report reflects on this condition. A 45-year-old female, a known case of adenomyosis, presented with intermittent fever and foul vaginal discharge. These symptoms occurred shortly after the patient underwent UAE for menorrhagia secondary to adenomyosis. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis aided in the diagnosis of Pyomyoma secondary to UAE. After a trial of broad spectrum antibiotics and Suction and Evacuation of the uterus had little to no help in the patient’s condition, she underwent Total Abdominal Hysterectomy in which a big, organized pus collection was removed from the uterus. Conclusion: Pyomyoma should be considered in the differentials for patients presenting with fever and vaginal discharge post UAE.展开更多
Extracellular vesicles from highly metastatic tumor cells have been shown to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related events in recipient cells.In endometrial epithelial cells,EMT processes are known to ...Extracellular vesicles from highly metastatic tumor cells have been shown to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related events in recipient cells.In endometrial epithelial cells,EMT processes are known to be involved in the development of adenomyosis.We aimed to investigate whether adenomyosis-derived extracellular vesicles(AMEVs)are able to induce an EMT process in endometrial epithelial cells.In this study,AMEVs were isolated from patients with adenomyosis and characterized by transmission electron microscopy,Western blot,and nanoparticle tracking.Primary endometrial epithelial cells(EECs)were derived from normal endometrium tissues from patients with leiomyoma and co-cultured with AMEVs in vitro.AMEV uptake was examined by fluorescence confocal microscopy.The invasion of EECs was confirmed by Transwell assay.Immunohistochemistry,Western blot,and qRT-PCR were performed on EECs to illustrate the expression levels of cytokeratin 19,E-cadherin,vimentin,and zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox 1(ZEB1).The results indicated that the cellular fluorescence intensity gradually increased after 48 h of co-culture,but decreased after 72 h.After co-culturing with AMEVs for 72 h,EECs expressed significantly lower levels of cytokeratin 19 and E-cadherin,and significantly higher levels of vimentin and ZEB1.Together these results demonstrated that AMEVs induce an EMT process and enhance the invasion of EECs.These changes may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of adenomyosis.展开更多
Objective:Despite the fact that adenomyosis is a fairly common gynecological disorder,its pathogenesis remains elusive.Several theories on the pathogenesis of adenomyosis have been proposed,but none of them has been p...Objective:Despite the fact that adenomyosis is a fairly common gynecological disorder,its pathogenesis remains elusive.Several theories on the pathogenesis of adenomyosis have been proposed,but none of them has been proven experimentally.So far,the most used one is the neonatal feeding of tamoxifen(TAM)in Institute of Cancer Research/cryopreserved(ICR/CD-1)mouse.However,its underlying mechanism of action is unknown.To further delineate the mechanism of TAM-induced adenomyosis in ICR/CD-1 mouse with regard to specific estrogen receptor(ER),we conducted an experiment that neonatal mice were fed with either TAM,or 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol(PPT;an ERαagonist),or 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile(DPN;an ERβagonist),or G-1(a G-protein coupled receptor 30 agonist),or just vehicle,in an attempt to tease out which specific receptor plays a dominant role in the genesis of adenomyosis induced by neonatal feeding of TAM.Methods:Forty female neonatal mice were randomly divided into 5 equal-sized groups:CTL(control),TAM,PPT,DPN,and G-1.Three months later,all mice were sacrificed and their uterine horns were harvested,weighed,and processed for histological evaluation.Results:All mice in the TAM group developed adenomyosis,so did 4 mice(50%)in the DPN group,a result that should be considered significant given that mice in the CTL group would not develop adenomyosis.No mouse in the PPT or G-1 group developed adenomyosis.Remarkably,all lesions in the DPN group were seen exclusively near the uterine serosa,which are dramatically different from that of TAM mice and reminiscent of extrinsic or external adenomyosis in humans.Conclusions:Neonatal feeding of DPN induces adenomyosis,but the adenomyotic lesions appear to be different from those induced by TAM.Thus,the cause of TAM-induced adenomyosis in ICR/CD-1 mouse cannot be attributable to one specific ER alone.This suggests that the extrinsic/external adenomyosis may have a pathogenesis that is different from other sub-types of adenomyosis.展开更多
Objective:To study the 12-month effects and possible mechanisms of low-dose mifepristone in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:Patients included in this retrospective study had painful adenomyosis and previously rec...Objective:To study the 12-month effects and possible mechanisms of low-dose mifepristone in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:Patients included in this retrospective study had painful adenomyosis and previously received 5 mg mifepristone daily(group A,n=45)or 5 mg mifepristone daily with a poor-effect levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device(group B,n=13)for 12 months.Uterine size,serum CA125 levels,estradiol levels,Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score,endometrial thickness,and hemoglobin levels were compared before and after treatment and investigated again at 3 to 6 months after drug withdrawal.Another 8 patients with adenomyosis(group C,n=8)who underwent surgery for severe dysmenorrhea during the same period were only used as a control group for immunohistochemical research.Endometrial biopsy results and expression of nerve growth factor(NGF),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),and nuclear-associated antigen Ki-67(Ki-67)in endometrial tissues and adenomyotic lesions were also analyzed.Results:The VAS scores in both experimental groups at all time points during treatment and follow-up were significantly lower(P<0.001)than those before treatment.The uterine size was significantly reduced,and endometrial thickness was distinctly thicker after 12 months of treatment than that before treatment in group A receiving 5 mg/d mifepristone.The immunohistochemical expression of NGF and COX-2 decreased in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium after treatment,whereas that of Ki-67 slightly increased in eutopic endometrium after treatment and rapidly recovered to the baseline value after stopping mifepristone.There were no signs of hyperplasia,atypical hyperplasia,or malignancy in the endometrial biopsies.Conclusions:The results suggested that a daily dose of 5 mg mifepristone for 12 months down-regulated the expression of NGF and COX-2 and was effective in treating painful adenomyosis with few side effects.展开更多
Objectives:Previous studies demonstrated that endometriosis and adenomyosis are closely linked to lots of adverse pregnancy outcomes while the role of endometriosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis has not been expl...Objectives:Previous studies demonstrated that endometriosis and adenomyosis are closely linked to lots of adverse pregnancy outcomes while the role of endometriosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis has not been explored yet.The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of previous laparoscopic surgical and pathological diagnosis of endometriosis on pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 pregnant women who were diagnosed with adenomyosis before or during pregnancy were included in this study.Among them,8 were also diagnosed with endometriosis by previous laparoscopic surgery.The demographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with adenomyosis only and those with the surgical history of endometriosis.Results:Compared with women with adenomyosis only,those concomitant with the surgical history of endometriosis had significantly higher age at delivery[37.5(36.25–39.75)vs.35(33.25–37),P=0.016]and an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH)(adjusted OR:5.992,95%CI:1.03–34.857,P=0.046)while no significant differences were found in other adverse pregnancy outcomes between these two groups.Then we further detected the risk factor of PPH in women with adenomyosis and found that the surgical history of endometriosis(OR:6.995,95%CI:1.16–42.171,P=0.034)and assisted reproductive technology(ART)(OR:5.062,95%CI:1.494–17.146,P=0.009)were the parameters closely associated with the occurrence of PPH.Conclusions:The history of previous laparoscopic surgical and pathological diagnosis of endometriosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis may increase the risk of PPH,which still needs to be verified by future studies with a large sample size.Besides,pregnancy through ART is also an increased risk factor for PPH in women with adenomyosis.Pregnant women with adenomyosis who conceived with the surgical history of endometriosis or by ART should be closely monitored for the reason of being at high risk of PPH.展开更多
Background:Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects women in reproductive age,and adenomyosis was known as“endometriosis in the uterus”.Endometriosis is an immune-dysfunction-related disease,contributing to t...Background:Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects women in reproductive age,and adenomyosis was known as“endometriosis in the uterus”.Endometriosis is an immune-dysfunction-related disease,contributing to the diversity of microbiota in the lower genital tract.Endometriosis is also an infection-related disease,the number of bacteria may contribute to some unknown mechanisms.Presently,the feature of microbiota between endometriosis patients and normal people is not fully understood.Methods:To identify the microbiota differences and features of endometriosis patients,298 samples from the cervical canal,posterior fornix of the vagina and uterine cavity were analyzed by 16s-rRNA sequencing.Raw data were filtered,analyzed,and visualized.We conducted diversity analysis,statistical data of microbiota abundance,biomarker identification,random forest,and environmental factors analysis.Results:Alpha diversity was not distinctive in endometriosis and adenomyosis patients.Posterior fornix near cervix was a better sampling location to analyze the dysmenorrhea-related microbiota feature;few dysmenorrhea-related bacteria were identified.Endometrial bacteria is controversial,and the result of 16s-rRNA sequencing was not good enough to conduct further analysis.Anaerococcus was a possible biomarker of adenomyosis-endometriosis patients.The identified bacteria were representative only in specific periods during the menstrual cycle.GnRH-a treatment impacted microbiota feature the most compared with other environmental factors.Conclusion:This study provided us with a new concept of endometriosis and bacteria;different microbiota features may relate to endometriosis.The bacterial involvement should be considered in the future study of endometriosis.New non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic methods through bacterial medication are prospective.展开更多
基金the Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute,No.BCRI22011.
文摘BACKGROUND Uterine rupture is a fatal medical complication with a high mortality rate.Most cases of uterine rupture occur in late pregnancy or during labor and are mainly related to uterine scarring due to previous surgical procedures.Adenomyosis is a possible risk factor for uterine rupture.However,spontaneous uterine rupture due to severe adenomyosis in a non-gravida-teenaged female has not been reported in the literature to date.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old girl was referred to our hospital for acute abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock with a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg.Radiologic studies revealed a huge endometrial mass with multiple nodules in the lung,suggesting lung metastasis.The patient underwent an emergency total hysterectomy and wedge resection of the lung nodules.Histologically,the uterus showed diffuse adenomyosis with glandular and stromal dissociation.Lung nodules were endometrioma with massive hemorrhage.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the tumor cells were positive for PAX8,ER,and PR expression,leading to a final diagnosis of pulmonary endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis.Following surgery,the patient remains in good condition without recurrence.CONCLUSION This is the first case of spontaneous uterine rupture due to adenomyosis in a nongravida adolescent.
基金the Construction Program of Shanghai Medical Intensive Subject (Obstetrics and Gynaecology), No. 05-111-0165
文摘BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that abnormal innervation is an important factor impacting occurrence and development of pathological pain in endometriosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe uterine innervation of adenomyosis mice and to analyze the cause of innervation changes due to nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, inflammation, and vascularization. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, and Central Laboratory of Zhong- shan Hospital, Fudan University from March to December 2008. MATERIALS: Tamoxifen was provided by Fudan Forward, China. Rabbit anti-mouse NGF was purchased from Santa Cruz Corporation, USA; rabbit anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and rabbit antisubstance P (SP) were purchased from Chemicon, USA. METHODS: A total of 40 newborn ICR mice were randomly assigned to adenomyosis model and control groups, with 20 animals in each group. Mice in the adenomyosis model group were orally administrated 2.7 μmol/kg tamoxifen on days 2-5 after birth, while the controls were not treated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Both uteri from all mice were harvested at days 135-145 after birth. Expressions of polyclonal PGP9.5 and SP were immunohistochemically detected to demonstrate pan- and sensory nerve fibers. Microvessel density was quantified in the endometrium and myometrium using immunochemical staining for polyclonal rabbit anti-CD31, which stained vessels. Gene expression for NGF, high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (trkA), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), bradykinin receptor-1 (BKR-1), and 2 (BKR-2), as well as substance P receptor (neurokinin1 receptor, NK1-R), were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. NGF-β protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: More nerve fibers were stained with PGP9.5 in the endometrium and myometrium, and with SP in the endometrium, in adenomyosis mice compared with controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). Microvessel density in the myometrium of adenomyosis mice was significantly greater than the controls (P < 0.01). In the uterus of adenomyosis mice, mRNA expression of NGF and its two receptors (trkA and p75 NTR), BKR-1, and NK1-R, as well as protein expression of NGF-β, were greater than the control mice (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Uterine innervation in the adenomyosis mice was increased compared with the controls. Moreover, NGF expression, inflammation, and vascularization, which have been shown to be impact factors of innervation, were abnormal in the uteri of adenomyosis mice.
文摘BACKGROUND Cystic adenomyosis is a special type of adenomyosis. Its clinical manifestations lack specificity. Pelvic ultrasound and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging can help clarify the diagnosis. Because cystic uterine adenomyosis is rare in clinical work, it can be easily misdiagnosed or its diagnosis can be missed. Early surgical treatment and postoperative drug treatment can alleviate dysmenorrhea,menorrhagia, anemia, and other symptoms.CASE SUMMARY Two cases complained about abnormal vaginal bleeding and were diagnosed with intrauterine cystic adenomyosis by gynecological ultrasound and pathological examination. The clinical manifestations included dysmenorrhea,hypermenorrhea, and a history of cesarean section. Both cases underwent a surgery, and chocolate-like liquid was released from the cystic mass in the uterus and the manifestations were relieved.CONCLUSION Intrauterine cystic adenomyosis could be diagnosed by pathological examination and treated by hysterectomy or hystscopy to release the liquid inside.
文摘BACKGROUND Moyamoya disease is essentially an ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Here,we describe a case of acute recurrent cerebral infarction caused by moyamoya disease with concurrent adenomyosis which,to our knowledge,is the first in the literature.A literature review is also presented.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old female presented to the Research and Treatment Center of Moyamoya Disease in our hospital with"left limb weakness"as the main symptom.She was diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction and moyamoya disease through magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography.Prior to this,she had experienced a prolonged menstrual period of one-month duration.This was investigated and adenomyosis was diagnosed.After passing the acute cerebral infarction phase,the patient underwent surgery for adenomyosis followed by combined cerebral revascularization.During the postoperative follow-up,improvements of the perfusion imaging stage and modified Rankin Scale were observed.A review of the literature showed only 16 reported cases of gynecological diseases complicated with stroke.The clinical characteristics,pathogenesis,therapeutic effects,and long-term prognosis of these cases have been studied and discussed.CONCLUSION In patients with moyamoya disease,early management of gynecological-related bleeding disorders is essential to prevent the complications of cerebral events.
文摘A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus,termed as cystic adenomyosis,has chocolate-like,thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium.It is an extremely rare type of adenomyosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we report an unusual case of a giant cystic mass in the pelvic cavity after uterine myomectomy.The patient complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea.After a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device(LNG-IUD)was inserted,her symptoms were greatly alleviated.However,the LNG-IUD was detected in the cystic cavity during the follow-up.For fear of the intrauterine device migrating into and damaging the surrounding viscera,surgical treatment was proposed.Therefore,laparoscopic resection of the lesion and removal of the LNG-IUD were performed and cystic adenomyosis with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity was diagnosed.CONCLUSION We believe that myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may have been a predisposing factor for the development of cystic adenomyosis in this case.
基金supported in part by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grants 21Y11910800 and 19DZ2251100)Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(Grants 2019LJ21 and SHSLCZDZK 03502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 81725008)。
文摘Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease in reproductive women,which causes serious dysmenorrhea,menorrhagia,anemia,and infertility,and has a serious impact on the physical and mental health of women.Considering that the efficacy of the traditional medication and surgical treatment is not ideal,an increasing number of patients are searching for more effective and less invasive therapies.Ultrasound(US)-guided microwave ablation(MWA)has emerged as a new effective and minimally invasive alternative treatment for symptomatic adenomyosis,and it is widely being used in clinical settings.Several studies have proven that it is an efficient and safe treatment modality for symptomatic adenomyosis,but a significant variance in clinical outcomes reported in previous studies was also observed.Herein,we have analyzed the potential causes of this problem from the aspects of the diagnosis of adenomyosis,symptom evaluation before ablation,steps of USguided ablation treatment,and outcome evaluation after ablation.Simultaneously,the clinical problems existing in the ablation treatment of adenomyosis are discussed,and the directions of future research are pointed out.
文摘Objective:To investigate the association between magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)classification and symptom relief after uterine artery embolization(UAE)in patients with adenomyosis.Methods:Totally,73 patients with symptomatic adenomyosis who underwent UAE were retrospectively analyzed.Preoperative MRI classification was defined as:type Ⅰ,high signal on both T2-weighted images(T2WI)and T1-weighted images(T1WI);type Ⅱ,high signal only on T2WI,and type Ⅲ,high signal on neither T1WI nor T2WI.Dysmenorrhea was measured with the visual-analog scales and the degree of menorrhagia was measured according to the number of sanitary pads used in one menstrual cycle.Dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia were measured before UAE and 12 months after UAE.Results:The number of the type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ cases was 23,37,and 13,respectively.The baseline characteristics of the three groups exhibited no significant difference.The alleviation rates of dysmenorrhea among type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ cases were 73.9%,89.2%,and 84.6%,respectively(P=0.455).The alleviation rates of menorrhagia for type Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ were 69.6%,78.4%,and 92.3%,respectively(P=0.714).Conclusion:Pre-procedure MRI classification and symptom relief after UAE exhibited no significant association.UAE has a favorable mid-term control on dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia among patients with adenomyosis.Preoperative MRI classification might not indicate symptom relief.More research is needed before changing clinical practice.
文摘The association between etio-pathogenesis of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) or placenta cretas and adenomyosis has never been described in medical literature. Contrary to the believe that MAP is due to direct invasion of trophoblastic tissues into the adjacent normal myometrium due to prior uterine surgeries, this article describes how pre-existence of adenomyosis acts as a precursor for the development of placenta cretas. It elucidates how prior uterine traumas such as surgeries, repeated childbirths and endometritis cause endometrial tissues to invade the myometrium as a result of disruption of decidua basalis. The invaded endometrial tissues cause hyper-plasia and hypertrophy of surrounding myometrium to form the clinical entity called adenomyosis. The over-expression of bcl-2 oncogene in the endometrium causes inhibition of apoptosis of endometrial cells removing the barrier of trophoblastic tissues to invade the myometrium to form MAP. This hypothesis is based on the similarity of their clinical perspectives, similar pathological description of the two disease entities and their common molecular components. Both diseases increase with age;more in women older than 35 years and also in those with history of previous endometrial traumas such as surgeries, childbirth and endometritis. Both diseases also share common pathological factors and molecular components due to absence of deciduas basalis and over-expression of bcl-2 oncoprotein gene, inhibition of cell apoptosis and failure to find genetic abnormalities such as mutations of K-ras, P53 or LOH. An ongoing study looking at uterine specimens from cesarean hysterectomies and pelvic MRI evaluation of patients with retained placentas to prove that pre-existing adenomyosis may be a precursor to the development of morbidly adherent placenta is near to conclusion.
文摘Objectives. Common symptoms of adenomyosis include pain and bleeding disorders and can severely impact a patient’s quality of life. Few studies report on the impact of hysteroscopy procedures on improving these symptoms. This study evaluates the effect of laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LASH) in adenomyosis patients on pain in general, pain during intercourse, bleeding disorders and general satisfactoriness of the procedure. Methods. This prospective observational single-arm, single-center study included 256 patients treated with LASH and whose histological analysis revealed adenomyosis. Other inclusion criteria were completed family planning and no more symptom relief with conservative therapy. They completed questionnaires before and after the procedure which evaluated pain in general, pain during intercourse, bleeding disorders and general satisfactoriness of the procedure. Results. Our results showed a significant (p Conclusion. As a minimal invasive procedure associated with low major complication rates, LASH is a qualified therapeutic choice to treat pain and bleeding disorders in adenomyosis patients with completed family planning and in where conservative therapy failed.
文摘Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility increased significantly. Although scholars disagreed about the effect of AD on infertility, more and more evidence showed that AD was closely related to the str uct ural and func ti onal defects of the eutopic endomet rium and myomet rial junc tional zone (MJZ), which may lead to embryo implantation failure and infertility. With the rapid development of imaging technology, the accuracy of diagnose AD has been enhanced, more and more infertility patients were diagnosed with AD. At the same time, a series of pathogenic hypothesis have been proposed to explain the relationship between AD. In addition, AD may influence the patient's reproductive function by affecting sperm transport, embryo implantation, altering uterine peristalsis, influencing the structure and function of endometrium, and changing the intrauterine environment. At present, the treatment of AD-associated infertility is similar to the treatment of AD. The commonly used treatment methods include drug therapy, conservative operative treatment, drug combination surgery, and Chinese medicine treatment and so on. The clinical and experimental studies of AD complicated with infertility and its possible pathogenesis and treatment in recent years are reviewed in this article.
文摘Objectives: To investigate the clinical effects of transcervical interstitial microwave irradiation of adenomyotic tissues as an alternative to hysterectomy. Methods: Thirty-three patients who were candidates for hysterectomy for the treatment of adenomyosis associated with menorrhagia were treated by interstitial microwave irradiation using a specifically developed transabdominal ultrasound probe attachment for transcervical puncture along with microwave endometrial ablation, as an alternative to hysterectomy. Primary outcomes were changes in the venous hemoglobin level and the volume of the uterine body before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes were the visual-analogue scale (VAS) score for menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea after treatment. Results: At 3 months after surgery, the average hemoglobin level significantly increased by 4.6 g/dL. The volume of the uterine body significantly decreased to 53% and 52% of the volume before treatment at 3 and 12 months, respectively. VAS scores indicated an improvement in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Conclusions: Transcervical interstitial microwave ablation therapy combined with microwave endometrial ablation reduced the uterine body volume and relieved menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal caused by adenomyosis. This strategy is a promising alternative to hysterectomy for the treatment of symptomatic adenomyosis.
文摘Objective: To observe the effect of combined therapy regimen on ovarian function, MMP and related factors in patients with adenomyosis under the condition of LNG-IUS drug therapy. Methods: A total of 110 patients with adenomyosis from October 2015 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into control group and observation group. The control group of 54 patients, observation group of 56 patients. All patients were treated with LNG-IUS system in the 4th to 7th day of the menstrual cycle. The patients in the observation group were treated with TCRE on the basis of LNG-IUS. The fasting venous blood was taken from the third day of menstruation and the luteinizing hormone (LH (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of VEGF, CA125 and IGF-1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Ang-2, PGE2 levels were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in LH, FSH and E2 levels between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, the levels of LH, FSH and E2 were significantly higher in the two groups compared with those before treatment. (2) Before treatment, the levels of serum MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-2 and MMP-2 in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 in the serum of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) Before treatment, serum levels of VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and PGE2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The levels of serum VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and PGE2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment. The patients in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, there was significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion The levels of serum MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and VEGF, CA125, IGF-1, Ang-2 and MMP-2 in patients with adenomyosis were treated with TCRE on the basis of LNG-IUS drug therapy. PGE2 level, indicating that TCRE combined with LNG-IUS drug therapy can not only improve the efficacy, improve the patient's menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea and other symptoms, control the progression of the disease, but also by regulating the expression of certain factors play a role in improving ovarian function, worthy of clinical On the promotion and application.
文摘Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 cases of adenomyosis admitted to Dezhou Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2020 to October 2021 were selected and randomly divided into two groups(Group A and Group B),which were initiated on dienogest and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system,respectively.The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of the two groups were analyzed.Results:After 6 months of treatment,the uterine volume in the LNG-IUS group reduced slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05),while that in the DNG group increased slightly compared with that before treatment,with no statistical significance(p>0.05).After 6 months of treatment,the hemoglobin of patients in both groups increased compared with that before treatment;there was no significant difference in the DNG group(p>0.05),but there was significant difference in the LNG-IUS group(p<0.01).After 6 months of treatment,the VAS scores of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(p<0.01);the serum CA125 level in both groups decreased significantly compared with that before treatment(p<0.01).Conclusion:Mirena(levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system)has better therapeutic effect on adenomyosis and fewer adverse reactions than deinogest.
基金“Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality”[No:7222206].
文摘Aim To assess whether adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis are different according to the method of conception and the concurrent of uterine leiomyoma(UL).Methods We performed a retrospective study.Fifty-three singleton pregnancy cases complicated with adenomyosis were included in this study.In the study group,15 women became pregnant with assisted reproductive technology(ART)and 21 women combined with UL.Pregnancy outcomes were compared between ART and non-ART,UL and non-UL groups.Results The prevalence for such complications as hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy(HDCP)and postpartum hemorrhage(PPH)were significantly higher in the women conceived by ART(33.3%vs.5.3%,P=0.023)and(53.3%vs.23.7%,P=0.037),respectively.And women concurrent with UL of which the diameter≥4cm were more likely to have severe PPH(44.4%vs.0%,P=0.021).Conclusion ART may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as HDCP and PPH in women with adenomyosis and UL of which the diameter≥4cm may further increase the risk of severe PPH.
文摘Pyomoyoma is a rare complication of Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE). This case report reflects on this condition. A 45-year-old female, a known case of adenomyosis, presented with intermittent fever and foul vaginal discharge. These symptoms occurred shortly after the patient underwent UAE for menorrhagia secondary to adenomyosis. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis aided in the diagnosis of Pyomyoma secondary to UAE. After a trial of broad spectrum antibiotics and Suction and Evacuation of the uterus had little to no help in the patient’s condition, she underwent Total Abdominal Hysterectomy in which a big, organized pus collection was removed from the uterus. Conclusion: Pyomyoma should be considered in the differentials for patients presenting with fever and vaginal discharge post UAE.
文摘Extracellular vesicles from highly metastatic tumor cells have been shown to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related events in recipient cells.In endometrial epithelial cells,EMT processes are known to be involved in the development of adenomyosis.We aimed to investigate whether adenomyosis-derived extracellular vesicles(AMEVs)are able to induce an EMT process in endometrial epithelial cells.In this study,AMEVs were isolated from patients with adenomyosis and characterized by transmission electron microscopy,Western blot,and nanoparticle tracking.Primary endometrial epithelial cells(EECs)were derived from normal endometrium tissues from patients with leiomyoma and co-cultured with AMEVs in vitro.AMEV uptake was examined by fluorescence confocal microscopy.The invasion of EECs was confirmed by Transwell assay.Immunohistochemistry,Western blot,and qRT-PCR were performed on EECs to illustrate the expression levels of cytokeratin 19,E-cadherin,vimentin,and zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox 1(ZEB1).The results indicated that the cellular fluorescence intensity gradually increased after 48 h of co-culture,but decreased after 72 h.After co-culturing with AMEVs for 72 h,EECs expressed significantly lower levels of cytokeratin 19 and E-cadherin,and significantly higher levels of vimentin and ZEB1.Together these results demonstrated that AMEVs induce an EMT process and enhance the invasion of EECs.These changes may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of adenomyosis.
基金funded in part by grants 81771553(S.G.),82071623(S.G.),and 81871144(X.L.)from the National Science Foundation of Chinaan Excellence in Centers of Clinical Medicine grant(2017ZZ01016)from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai MunicipalityClinical Research Plan grant SHDC2020CR2062B from Shanghai Shenkang Center for Hospital Development.
文摘Objective:Despite the fact that adenomyosis is a fairly common gynecological disorder,its pathogenesis remains elusive.Several theories on the pathogenesis of adenomyosis have been proposed,but none of them has been proven experimentally.So far,the most used one is the neonatal feeding of tamoxifen(TAM)in Institute of Cancer Research/cryopreserved(ICR/CD-1)mouse.However,its underlying mechanism of action is unknown.To further delineate the mechanism of TAM-induced adenomyosis in ICR/CD-1 mouse with regard to specific estrogen receptor(ER),we conducted an experiment that neonatal mice were fed with either TAM,or 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol(PPT;an ERαagonist),or 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile(DPN;an ERβagonist),or G-1(a G-protein coupled receptor 30 agonist),or just vehicle,in an attempt to tease out which specific receptor plays a dominant role in the genesis of adenomyosis induced by neonatal feeding of TAM.Methods:Forty female neonatal mice were randomly divided into 5 equal-sized groups:CTL(control),TAM,PPT,DPN,and G-1.Three months later,all mice were sacrificed and their uterine horns were harvested,weighed,and processed for histological evaluation.Results:All mice in the TAM group developed adenomyosis,so did 4 mice(50%)in the DPN group,a result that should be considered significant given that mice in the CTL group would not develop adenomyosis.No mouse in the PPT or G-1 group developed adenomyosis.Remarkably,all lesions in the DPN group were seen exclusively near the uterine serosa,which are dramatically different from that of TAM mice and reminiscent of extrinsic or external adenomyosis in humans.Conclusions:Neonatal feeding of DPN induces adenomyosis,but the adenomyotic lesions appear to be different from those induced by TAM.Thus,the cause of TAM-induced adenomyosis in ICR/CD-1 mouse cannot be attributable to one specific ER alone.This suggests that the extrinsic/external adenomyosis may have a pathogenesis that is different from other sub-types of adenomyosis.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY19H040011)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1001202)National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.81471433,81671429,and 82071616)
文摘Objective:To study the 12-month effects and possible mechanisms of low-dose mifepristone in the treatment of adenomyosis.Methods:Patients included in this retrospective study had painful adenomyosis and previously received 5 mg mifepristone daily(group A,n=45)or 5 mg mifepristone daily with a poor-effect levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device(group B,n=13)for 12 months.Uterine size,serum CA125 levels,estradiol levels,Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score,endometrial thickness,and hemoglobin levels were compared before and after treatment and investigated again at 3 to 6 months after drug withdrawal.Another 8 patients with adenomyosis(group C,n=8)who underwent surgery for severe dysmenorrhea during the same period were only used as a control group for immunohistochemical research.Endometrial biopsy results and expression of nerve growth factor(NGF),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),and nuclear-associated antigen Ki-67(Ki-67)in endometrial tissues and adenomyotic lesions were also analyzed.Results:The VAS scores in both experimental groups at all time points during treatment and follow-up were significantly lower(P<0.001)than those before treatment.The uterine size was significantly reduced,and endometrial thickness was distinctly thicker after 12 months of treatment than that before treatment in group A receiving 5 mg/d mifepristone.The immunohistochemical expression of NGF and COX-2 decreased in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium after treatment,whereas that of Ki-67 slightly increased in eutopic endometrium after treatment and rapidly recovered to the baseline value after stopping mifepristone.There were no signs of hyperplasia,atypical hyperplasia,or malignancy in the endometrial biopsies.Conclusions:The results suggested that a daily dose of 5 mg mifepristone for 12 months down-regulated the expression of NGF and COX-2 and was effective in treating painful adenomyosis with few side effects.
基金supported by“Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality”[No:7222206].
文摘Objectives:Previous studies demonstrated that endometriosis and adenomyosis are closely linked to lots of adverse pregnancy outcomes while the role of endometriosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis has not been explored yet.The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of previous laparoscopic surgical and pathological diagnosis of endometriosis on pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis.Methods:A total of 60 pregnant women who were diagnosed with adenomyosis before or during pregnancy were included in this study.Among them,8 were also diagnosed with endometriosis by previous laparoscopic surgery.The demographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with adenomyosis only and those with the surgical history of endometriosis.Results:Compared with women with adenomyosis only,those concomitant with the surgical history of endometriosis had significantly higher age at delivery[37.5(36.25–39.75)vs.35(33.25–37),P=0.016]and an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH)(adjusted OR:5.992,95%CI:1.03–34.857,P=0.046)while no significant differences were found in other adverse pregnancy outcomes between these two groups.Then we further detected the risk factor of PPH in women with adenomyosis and found that the surgical history of endometriosis(OR:6.995,95%CI:1.16–42.171,P=0.034)and assisted reproductive technology(ART)(OR:5.062,95%CI:1.494–17.146,P=0.009)were the parameters closely associated with the occurrence of PPH.Conclusions:The history of previous laparoscopic surgical and pathological diagnosis of endometriosis in pregnant women with adenomyosis may increase the risk of PPH,which still needs to be verified by future studies with a large sample size.Besides,pregnancy through ART is also an increased risk factor for PPH in women with adenomyosis.Pregnant women with adenomyosis who conceived with the surgical history of endometriosis or by ART should be closely monitored for the reason of being at high risk of PPH.
基金funded by The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China(2017YFC1001200).
文摘Background:Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects women in reproductive age,and adenomyosis was known as“endometriosis in the uterus”.Endometriosis is an immune-dysfunction-related disease,contributing to the diversity of microbiota in the lower genital tract.Endometriosis is also an infection-related disease,the number of bacteria may contribute to some unknown mechanisms.Presently,the feature of microbiota between endometriosis patients and normal people is not fully understood.Methods:To identify the microbiota differences and features of endometriosis patients,298 samples from the cervical canal,posterior fornix of the vagina and uterine cavity were analyzed by 16s-rRNA sequencing.Raw data were filtered,analyzed,and visualized.We conducted diversity analysis,statistical data of microbiota abundance,biomarker identification,random forest,and environmental factors analysis.Results:Alpha diversity was not distinctive in endometriosis and adenomyosis patients.Posterior fornix near cervix was a better sampling location to analyze the dysmenorrhea-related microbiota feature;few dysmenorrhea-related bacteria were identified.Endometrial bacteria is controversial,and the result of 16s-rRNA sequencing was not good enough to conduct further analysis.Anaerococcus was a possible biomarker of adenomyosis-endometriosis patients.The identified bacteria were representative only in specific periods during the menstrual cycle.GnRH-a treatment impacted microbiota feature the most compared with other environmental factors.Conclusion:This study provided us with a new concept of endometriosis and bacteria;different microbiota features may relate to endometriosis.The bacterial involvement should be considered in the future study of endometriosis.New non-invasive diagnosis and therapeutic methods through bacterial medication are prospective.
