BACKGROUND Dislocation rates after hemiarthroplasty reportedly vary from 1%to 17%.This serious complication is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates.Approaches to this surgery are still debated,with ...BACKGROUND Dislocation rates after hemiarthroplasty reportedly vary from 1%to 17%.This serious complication is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates.Approaches to this surgery are still debated,with no consensus regarding the superiority of any single approach.AIM To compare early postoperative complications after implementing the direct anterior and posterior approaches(PL)for hip hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fractures.METHODS This is a comparative,retrospective,single-center cohort study conducted at a university hospital.Between March 2008 and December 2018,273 patients(a total of 280 hips)underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasties(n=280)for displaced femoral neck fractures using either the PL(n=171)or the minimally invasive direct anterior approach(DAA)(n=109).The choice of approach was related to the surgeons’practices;the implant types were similar and unrelated to the approach.Dislocation rates and other complications were reviewed after a minimum followup of 6 mo.RESULTS Both treatment groups had similarly aged patients(mean age:82 years),sex ratios,patient body mass indexes,and patient comorbidities.Surgical data(surgery delay time,operative time,and blood loss volume)did not differ significantly between the groups.The 30 d mortality rate was higher in the PL group(9.9%)than in the DAA group(3.7%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.052).Among the one-month survivors,a significantly higher rate of dislocation was observed in the PL group(14/154;9.1%)than in the DAA group(0/105;0%)(P=0.002).Of the 14 patients with dislocation,8 underwent revision surgery for recurrent instability(posterior group),and one of them had 2 additional procedures due to a deep infection.The rate of other complications(e.g.,perioperative and early postoperative periprosthetic fractures and infection-related complications)did not differ significantly between the groups.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the DAA to bipolar hemiarthroplasty for patients with femoral neck fractures is associated with a lower dislocation rate(<1%)than the PL.展开更多
In this article, a novel scalarization technique, called the improved objective-constraint approach, is introduced to find efficient solutions of a given multiobjective programming problem. The presented scalarized pr...In this article, a novel scalarization technique, called the improved objective-constraint approach, is introduced to find efficient solutions of a given multiobjective programming problem. The presented scalarized problem extends the objective-constraint problem. It is demonstrated that how adding variables to the scalarized problem, can lead to find conditions for (weakly, properly) Pareto optimal solutions. Applying the obtained necessary and sufficient conditions, two algorithms for generating the Pareto front approximation of bi-objective and three-objective programming problems are designed. These algorithms are easy to implement and can achieve an even approximation of (weakly, properly) Pareto optimal solutions. These algorithms can be generalized for optimization problems with more than three criterion functions, too. The effectiveness and capability of the algorithms are demonstrated in test problems.展开更多
DC-DC converter-based multi-bus DC microgrids(MGs) in series have received much attention, where the conflict between voltage recovery and current balancing has been a hot topic. The lack of models that accurately por...DC-DC converter-based multi-bus DC microgrids(MGs) in series have received much attention, where the conflict between voltage recovery and current balancing has been a hot topic. The lack of models that accurately portray the electrical characteristics of actual MGs while is controller design-friendly has kept the issue active. To this end, this paper establishes a large-signal model containing the comprehensive dynamical behavior of the DC MGs based on the theory of high-order fully actuated systems, and proposes distributed optimal control based on this. The proposed secondary control method can achieve the two goals of voltage recovery and current sharing for multi-bus DC MGs. Additionally, the simple structure of the proposed approach is similar to one based on droop control, which allows this control technique to be easily implemented in a variety of modern microgrids with different configurations. In contrast to existing studies, the process of controller design in this paper is closely tied to the actual dynamics of the MGs. It is a prominent feature that enables engineers to customize the performance metrics of the system. In addition, the analysis of the stability of the closed-loop DC microgrid system, as well as the optimality and consensus of current sharing are given. Finally, a scaled-down solar and battery-based microgrid prototype with maximum power point tracking controller is developed in the laboratory to experimentally test the efficacy of the proposed control method.展开更多
This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By i...This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By introducing two adjustable parameters and two free variables,a novel convex function greater than or equal to the quadratic function is constructed,regardless of the sign of the coefficient in the quadratic term.The developed lemma can also be degenerated into the existing quadratic function negative-determination(QFND)lemma and relaxed QFND lemma respectively,by setting two adjustable parameters and two free variables as some particular values.Moreover,for a linear system with time-varying delays,a relaxed stability criterion is established via our developed lemma,together with the quivalent reciprocal combination technique and the Bessel-Legendre inequality.As a result,the conservatism can be reduced via the proposed approach in the context of constructing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for the stability analysis of linear time-varying delay systems.Finally,the superiority of our results is illustrated through three numerical examples.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hip fractures account for 23.8%of all fractures in patients over the age of 75 years.More than half of these patients are older than 80 years.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty(BHA)was established as an effective man...BACKGROUND Hip fractures account for 23.8%of all fractures in patients over the age of 75 years.More than half of these patients are older than 80 years.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty(BHA)was established as an effective management option for these patients.Various approaches can be used for the BHA procedure.However,there is a high risk of postoperative dislocation.The conjoined tendon-preserving posterior(CPP)lateral approach was introduced to reduce postoperative dislocation rates.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the CPP lateral approach for BHA in elderly patients.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed medical data from 80 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures who underwent BHA.The patients were followed up for at least 1 year.Among the 80 patients,57(71.3%)were female.The time to operation averaged 2.3 d(range:1-5 d).The mean age was 80.5 years(range:67-90 years),and the mean body mass index was 24.9 kg/m^(2)(range:17-36 kg/m^(2)).According to the Garden classification,42.5%of patients were typeⅢand 57.5%of patients were typeⅣ.Uncemented bipolar hip prostheses were used for all patients.Torn conjoined tendons,dislocations,and adverse complications during and after surgery were recorded.RESULTS The mean postoperative follow-up time was 15.3 months(range:12-18 months).The average surgery time was 52 min(range:40-70 min)with an average blood loss of 120 mL(range:80-320 mL).The transfusion rate was 10%(8 of 80 patients).The gemellus inferior was torn in 4 patients(5%),while it was difficult to identify in 2 patients(2.5%)during surgery.The posterior capsule was punctured by the fractured femoral neck in 3 patients,but the conjoined tendon and the piriformis tendon remained intact.No patients had stem varus greater than 3 degrees or femoral fracture.There were no patients with stem subsidence more than 5 mm at the last follow-up.No postoperative dislocations were observed throughout the follow-up period.No significance was found between preoperative and postoperative mean Health Service System scores(87.30±2.98 vs 86.10±6.10,t=1.89,P=0.063).CONCLUSION The CPP lateral approach can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative dislocation without increasing perioperative complications.For surgeons familiar with the posterior lateral approach,there is no need for additional surgical instruments,and it does not increase surgical difficulty.展开更多
It is important for surgeons performing sarcoma surgery to know that bone resection and tumor prosthesis applications in soft tissue sarcomas(STS)have unique features in terms of indication,surgical approach and follo...It is important for surgeons performing sarcoma surgery to know that bone resection and tumor prosthesis applications in soft tissue sarcomas(STS)have unique features in terms of indication,surgical approach and follow-up,in terms of the management of these cases.Some STS are associated with bone and major neurovascular structures.Bone-associated STS are generally relatively large and relatively deep-seated.Additionally,the tendency for metastasis is high.In some cases,the decision about which structures to resect is difficult.These cases are often accompanied by poor oncological and surgical outcomes.Management of cases should be done by a multidisciplinary team in advanced centers specialized in this field.The surgical team must have sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of limb-sparing surgery.Preoperative evaluation and especially good planning of bone and soft tissue reconstruction are vital.展开更多
BACKGROUND Advancements in laparoscopic technology and a deeper understanding of intra-hepatic anatomy have led to the establishment of more precise laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH)techniques.The indocyanine green(ICG)flu...BACKGROUND Advancements in laparoscopic technology and a deeper understanding of intra-hepatic anatomy have led to the establishment of more precise laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH)techniques.The indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence navi-gation technique has emerged as the most effective method for identifying hepatic regions,potentially overcoming the limitations of LH.While laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy(LLH)is a standardized procedure,there is a need for innova-tive strategies to enhance its outcomes.important anatomical markers,surgical skills,and ICG staining methods.METHODS Thirty-seven patients who underwent ICG fluorescence-guided LLH at Qujing Second People's Hospital between January 2019 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The cranial-dorsal approach was performed which involves dissecting the left hepatic vein cephalad,isolating the Arantius ligament,exposing the middle hepatic vein,and dissecting the parenchyma from the dorsal to the foot in order to complete the anatomical LLH.The surgical methods,as well as intra-and post-surgical data,were recorded and analyzed.Our hospital’s Medical Ethics Committee approved this study(Ethical review:2022-019-01).RESULTS Intraoperative blood loss during LLH was 335.68±99.869 mL and the rates of transfusion and conversion to laparotomy were 13.5%and 0%,respectively.The overall incidence of complications throughout the follow-up(median of 18 months;range 1-36 months)was 21.6%.No mortality or severe complications(level IV)were reported.CONCLUSION LLH has the potential to become a novel,standardized approach that can effectively,safely,and simply expose the middle hepatic vein and meet the requirements of precision surgery.展开更多
In the evolving landscape of cardiac rehabilitation(CR),adopting digital technologies,including synchronous/real-time digital interventions and smart applications,has emerged as a transformative approach.These technol...In the evolving landscape of cardiac rehabilitation(CR),adopting digital technologies,including synchronous/real-time digital interventions and smart applications,has emerged as a transformative approach.These technologies offer realtime health data access,continuous vital sign monitoring,and personalized educational enhanced patient self-management and engagement.Despite their potential benefits,challenges and limitations exist,necessitating careful consideration.Synchronous/real-time digital CR involves remote,two-way audiovisual communication,addressing issues of accessibility and promoting home-based interventions.Smart applications extend beyond traditional healthcare,providing real-time health data and fostering patient empowerment.Wearable devices and mobile apps enable continuous monitoring,tracking of rehabilitation outcomes,and facilitate lifestyle modifications crucial for cardiac health maintenance.As digital CR progresses,ensuring patient access,equitable implementation,and addressing the digital divide becomes paramount.Artificial intelligence holds promise in the early detection of cardiac events and tailoring patient-specific CR programs.However,challenges such as digital literacy,data privacy,and security must be addressed to ensure inclusive implementation.Moreover,the shift toward digital CR raises concerns about cost,safety,and potential depersonalization of therapeutic relationships.A transformative shift towards technologically enabled CR necessitates further research,focusing not only on technological advancements but also on customization to meet diverse patient needs.Overcoming challenges related to cost,safety,data security,and potential depersonalization is crucial for the widespread adoption of digital CR.Future studies should explore integrating moral values into digital therapeutic relationships and ensure that digital CR is accessible,equitable,and seamlessly integrated into routine cardiac care.Theoretical frameworks that accommodate the dynamic quality of real-time monitoring and feedback feature of digital CR interventions should be considered to guide intervention development.展开更多
BACKGROUND Total hip arthroplasty is as an effective intervention to relieve pain and improve hip function.Approaches of the hip have been exhaustively explored about pros and cons.The efficacy and the complications o...BACKGROUND Total hip arthroplasty is as an effective intervention to relieve pain and improve hip function.Approaches of the hip have been exhaustively explored about pros and cons.The efficacy and the complications of hip approaches remains inconclusive.This study conducted an umbrella review to systematically appraise previous meta-analysis(MAs)including conventional posterior approach(PA),and minimally invasive surgeries as the lateral approach(LA),direct anterior approach(DAA),2-incisions method,mini-lateral approach and the newest technique direct superior approach(DSA)or supercapsular percutaneouslyassisted total hip(SuperPath).AIM To compare the efficacy and complications of hip approaches that have been published in all MAs and randomized controlled trials(RCTs).METHODS MAs were identified from MEDLINE and Scopus from inception until 2023.RCTs were then updated from the latest MA to September 2023.This study included studies which compared hip approaches and reported at least one outcome such as Harris Hip Score(HHS),dislocation,intra-operative fracture,wound compliData were independently selected,extracted and assessed by two reviewers.Network MA and cluster rank and surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA)were estimated for treatment efficacy and safety.RESULTS Finally,twenty-eight MAs(40 RCTs),and 13 RCTs were retrieved.In total 47 RCTs were included for reanalysis.The results of corrected covered area showed high degree(13.80%).Among 47 RCTs,most of the studies were low risk of bias in part of random process and outcome reporting,while other domains were medium to high risk of bias.DAA significantly provided higher HHS at three months than PA[pooled unstandardized mean difference(USMD):3.49,95%confidence interval(CI):0.98,6.00 with SUCRA:85.9],followed by DSA/SuperPath(USMD:1.57,95%CI:-1.55,4.69 with SUCRA:57.6).All approaches had indifferent dislocation and intraoperative fracture rates.SUCRA comparing early functional outcome and composite complications(dislocation,intra-operative fracture,wound complication,and nerve injury)found DAA was the best approach followed by DSA/SuperPath.CONCLUSION DSA/SuperPath had better earlier functional outcome than PA,but still could not overcome the result of DAA.This technique might be the other preferred option with acceptable complications.展开更多
The number of students demanding computer science(CS)education is rapidly rising,and while faculty sizes are also growing,the traditional pipeline consisting of a CS major,a CS master’s,and then a move to industry or...The number of students demanding computer science(CS)education is rapidly rising,and while faculty sizes are also growing,the traditional pipeline consisting of a CS major,a CS master’s,and then a move to industry or a Ph.D.program is simply not scalable.To address this problem,the Department of Computing at the University of Illinois has introduced a multidisciplinary approach to computing,which is a scalable and collaborative approach to capitalize on the tremendous demand for computer science education.The key component of the approach is the blended major,also referred to as“CS+X”,where CS denotes computer science and X denotes a non-computing field.These CS+X blended degrees enable win-win partnerships among multiple subject areas,distributing the educational responsibilities while growing the entire university.To meet the demand from non-CS majors,another pathway that is offered is a graduate certificate program in addition to the traditional minor program.To accommodate the large number of students,scalable teaching tools,such as automatic graders,have also been developed.展开更多
Introduction: Standard procedures for surgical fixation of proximal femoral fractures (PFF) require an image intensifier which in developing countries remains a luxury. We hypothesized that, with a well-codified techn...Introduction: Standard procedures for surgical fixation of proximal femoral fractures (PFF) require an image intensifier which in developing countries remains a luxury. We hypothesized that, with a well-codified technique, the Watson Jones approach (WJA) without image intensifier nor traction table, can allow open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of PFF using Dynamic hip screw (DHS), with satisfactory outcome. Patients and methods: Forty one consecutive patients (mean age 59.5 ± 21.6 years, 61% males) who were followed in a Teaching Hospital for PFF treated by ORIF using the WJA and DHS from January 2016 to December 2020 were reassessed. The outcome measures were the quality of the reduction, the positioning of the implants, the tip-apex distance (TAD), the rate and delay of consolidation, the functional results using Postel Merle d’Aubigné (PMA) score, the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) and the overall mortality. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with mechanical failure. Results: The mean follow-up period was 33.8 ± 15.0 months. Fracture reduction was good in 31 (75.6%) cases and acceptable in 8(19.5%) cases. Implant position was fair to good in 37 (90.2%) patients. The mean TAD was 26.1 ± 3.9 mm. Three patients developed SSI. Consolidation was achieved in 38 (92.6%) patients. The functional results were good to excellent in 80.5% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 7.3%. There were an association between mechanical failure and osteoporosis (p = 0.04), fracture reduction (p = 0.003), and TAD (p = 0.025). In multivariate logistic regression, no independent factors were predictive of mechanical failure. Conclusion: This study shows that ORIF using DHS for PFF via the Watson-Jones approach without an image intensifier can give satisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes in low-resource settings. It provides and validates a reliable and reproducible technique that deserves to be diffused to surgeons in austere areas over the world.展开更多
The large-scale optimization problem requires some optimization techniques, and the Metaheuristics approach is highly useful for solving difficult optimization problems in practice. The purpose of the research is to o...The large-scale optimization problem requires some optimization techniques, and the Metaheuristics approach is highly useful for solving difficult optimization problems in practice. The purpose of the research is to optimize the transportation system with the help of this approach. We selected forest vehicle routing data as the case study to minimize the total cost and the distance of the forest transportation system. Matlab software helps us find the best solution for this case by applying three algorithms of Metaheuristics: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Extended Great Deluge (EGD). The results show that GA, compared to ACO and EGD, provides the best solution for the cost and the length of our case study. EGD is the second preferred approach, and ACO offers the last solution.展开更多
We provide a kernel-regularized method to give theory solutions for Neumann boundary value problem on the unit ball. We define the reproducing kernel Hilbert space with the spherical harmonics associated with an inner...We provide a kernel-regularized method to give theory solutions for Neumann boundary value problem on the unit ball. We define the reproducing kernel Hilbert space with the spherical harmonics associated with an inner product defined on both the unit ball and the unit sphere, construct the kernel-regularized learning algorithm from the view of semi-supervised learning and bound the upper bounds for the learning rates. The theory analysis shows that the learning algorithm has better uniform convergence according to the number of samples. The research can be regarded as an application of kernel-regularized semi-supervised learning.展开更多
Objective: Multiple alternative approaches of cochlear implant surgery have been described, such as the suprameatal approach, transcanal approach, transmeatal approach and middle cranial fossa approach.Transmeatal(ope...Objective: Multiple alternative approaches of cochlear implant surgery have been described, such as the suprameatal approach, transcanal approach, transmeatal approach and middle cranial fossa approach.Transmeatal(open trnascanal) approach has not been adapted since first described in the clinical field.we aimed to assess the long-term complications of the transmeatal approach in a series of 131 patients at our center between 2004 and 2008.Methods: This study was a retrospective case series of all patients who underwent cochlear implants with the transmeatal(open transcanal) approach from May 2004 to December 2008 at King Faisal Specialist and Research Hospital(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), which were conducted by the same surgeon.Results: Complications were observed often with various combinations-recurrent otitis externa, posterior tympanic membrane perforation, electrode extrusion, cholesteatoma, and chronic mastoiditis. The overall long-term complication rate was 16%(21/131). The gap between the implantation and the diagnosis of a complication ranged from <1 year to 11 years. Major complications were as follows:cholesteatoma in 5(3.8%) patients, extrusion of the electrode in 5(3.8%) patients, and tympanic membrane perforation or deep retractions in 5(3.8%) patients. Minor complications were as follows: recurrent mastoiditis with/without concomitant temporary facial nerve palsy in 4(3%) patients, recurrent otitis externa infections in 7(5%) patients, and weakness of the posterior canal wall in 1 patient.Conclusion: The transmeatal approach posed an high rate of complications on long-term follow-up such as cholestetoma formation, extrusion of electrode or perielectrode reaction formation to tympanic membrane and external auditory canal.展开更多
Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desir...Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desirable parents.The present study was carried out with six parents crossed in full diallel fashion and generated 30 F1 hybrids.These hybrids were evaluated in two replications in Randomized Block Design at Department of Cotton,TNAU for combining ability and gene action.Diallel analysis was carried out according to Griffing’s method-I(parents + F_(1) + reciprocals) and model-I and Hayman’s graphical approach by using INDOSTAT software.Results Analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that mean square values of GCA,SCA and reciprocals were highly significant for all the traits except for the uniformity index.RG763 and K12 showed highly positively significant GCA effects for most of the yield traits while PA838 and K12 for fibre quality traits,so they were found as best general combiners.PAIG379 × K12 and PDB29 × K12 for yield traits,and PDB29 × PA838,RG763 × PA838,and CNA1007 × RG763 cross combinations for fibre quality traits could be recommended for future breeding programms.Conclusion The results of both Griffing’s and Hayman’s approaches showed that non-additive gene action predominates as SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance,so heterosis breeding is thought to be a more fruitful option for enhancing GCA of many traits.展开更多
BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction has a center of origin within 5 cm of the esophagogastric junction.Surgical resection remains the main treatment.A transthoracic approach is recommended for Si...BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction has a center of origin within 5 cm of the esophagogastric junction.Surgical resection remains the main treatment.A transthoracic approach is recommended for Siewert I adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction and a transabdominal approach is recommended for Siewert III adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction.However,there is a need to determine the optimal surgical approach for Siewert II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction to improve lung function and the prognosis of patients.AIM To investigate and compare the surgical effects,postoperative changes in pulmonary function,and prognoses of two approaches to treating combined esophagogastric cancer.METHODS One hundred and thirty-eight patients with combined esophagogastric cancer treated by general and thoracic surgeries in our hospital were selected.They were divided into group A comprising 70 patients(transabdominal approach)and group B comprising 68 patients(transthoracic approach)based on the surgical approach.The indexes related to surgical trauma,number of removed lymph nodes,indexes of lung function before and after surgery,survival rate,and survival duration of the two groups were compared 3 years after surgery.RESULTS The duration of surgery,length of hospital stay,and postoperative drainage duration of the patients in group A were shorter than those of the patients in group B,and the volume of blood loss caused by surgery was lower for group A than for group B(P<0.05).At the one-month postoperative review,the first second,maximum ventilation volume,forceful lung volume,and lung volume values were higher for group A than for group B(P<0.05).Preoperatively,the QLQ-OES18 scale scores of the patients in group A were higher than those in group B on re-evaluation at 3 mo postoperatively(P<0.05).The surgical complication rate of the patients in group A was 10.00%,which was lower than that of patients in group B,which was 23.53%(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Transabdominal and transthoracic surgical approaches are comparable in treating combined esophagogastric cancer;however,the former results in lesser surgical trauma,milder changes in pulmonary function,and fewer complications.展开更多
This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted i...This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted in a public high school in Ecuador.Seventy students enrolled in the second year of senior high school participated.One in-service teacher taught the EFL classes during the process of intervention(10 weeks),and two EFL teachers observed all of these classes and recorded the information by filling in observation sheets.The students were administered grammar pretests and post-tests in order to assess their grammar knowledge.The results of the tests showed a significant difference in the scores in favor of the inductive approach.After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the tests and observation sheets,we concluded that the inductive approach is more effective for teaching grammar in the EFL classroom in terms of instruction and rapport.展开更多
The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in impr...The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in improving the quality of language teaching and learning.Furthermore,these emotional factors also promote the well-being of language teachers and learners and place them in a suitable mental condition.In view of the favorable impact of emotional factors on the mental health of language teachers and learners,many educational scholars around the world have studied these factors,their background,and their pedagogical consequences.Nonetheless,the majority of previous studies have employed traditional research methods in assessing these variables and their influences on language teachers’and learners’mental health.Because of the complex and dynamic quality of emotional factors,traditional research approaches often fail to evaluate these factors and their dynamic,non-linear connections with teachers’and learners’mental health and well-being.Accordingly,some novel research approaches are required to measure the dynamicity and complexity of emotional factors in language education settings.To address this call,the current state-of-the-art conceptual article seeks to provide new insights for investigating emotional factors and their potential impact on language teachers’and learners’mental states.This study also intends to offer a comprehensive list of emerging methods that take into account the complex and dynamic nature of emotional variables.Finally,the study outlines the potential implications of this review for educational researchers.展开更多
Pluripotent stem cells in neural differentiation:characterization and potential:The establishment and use of pluripotent stem cells(PSCs),including embryonic(ESCs)and induced(iPSCs),constitutes a major scientific brea...Pluripotent stem cells in neural differentiation:characterization and potential:The establishment and use of pluripotent stem cells(PSCs),including embryonic(ESCs)and induced(iPSCs),constitutes a major scientific breakthrough of the last decades.Human PSCs hold the potential to deliver regenerative therapies in many diseases,including neurological ones.The general approach is to produce functioning human neurons and glial cells in vitro,to be later implanted in the diseased nervous system,replacing dysfunctional or dead cells.In addition,human and other animal-sourced PSCs make useful and dynamic in vitro models for neurodevelopmental,neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders,enabling researchers to continuously produce normal and diseased neurons to investigate basic mechanistic questions,which can eventually lead to new therapeutics.Therefore,the development of efficient protocols to induce neural differentiation in ESCs and iPSCs is currently a major effort in the field(Mertens et al.,2016).展开更多
基金This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the HUB-Hospital Erasme.
文摘BACKGROUND Dislocation rates after hemiarthroplasty reportedly vary from 1%to 17%.This serious complication is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates.Approaches to this surgery are still debated,with no consensus regarding the superiority of any single approach.AIM To compare early postoperative complications after implementing the direct anterior and posterior approaches(PL)for hip hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fractures.METHODS This is a comparative,retrospective,single-center cohort study conducted at a university hospital.Between March 2008 and December 2018,273 patients(a total of 280 hips)underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasties(n=280)for displaced femoral neck fractures using either the PL(n=171)or the minimally invasive direct anterior approach(DAA)(n=109).The choice of approach was related to the surgeons’practices;the implant types were similar and unrelated to the approach.Dislocation rates and other complications were reviewed after a minimum followup of 6 mo.RESULTS Both treatment groups had similarly aged patients(mean age:82 years),sex ratios,patient body mass indexes,and patient comorbidities.Surgical data(surgery delay time,operative time,and blood loss volume)did not differ significantly between the groups.The 30 d mortality rate was higher in the PL group(9.9%)than in the DAA group(3.7%),but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.052).Among the one-month survivors,a significantly higher rate of dislocation was observed in the PL group(14/154;9.1%)than in the DAA group(0/105;0%)(P=0.002).Of the 14 patients with dislocation,8 underwent revision surgery for recurrent instability(posterior group),and one of them had 2 additional procedures due to a deep infection.The rate of other complications(e.g.,perioperative and early postoperative periprosthetic fractures and infection-related complications)did not differ significantly between the groups.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the DAA to bipolar hemiarthroplasty for patients with femoral neck fractures is associated with a lower dislocation rate(<1%)than the PL.
文摘In this article, a novel scalarization technique, called the improved objective-constraint approach, is introduced to find efficient solutions of a given multiobjective programming problem. The presented scalarized problem extends the objective-constraint problem. It is demonstrated that how adding variables to the scalarized problem, can lead to find conditions for (weakly, properly) Pareto optimal solutions. Applying the obtained necessary and sufficient conditions, two algorithms for generating the Pareto front approximation of bi-objective and three-objective programming problems are designed. These algorithms are easy to implement and can achieve an even approximation of (weakly, properly) Pareto optimal solutions. These algorithms can be generalized for optimization problems with more than three criterion functions, too. The effectiveness and capability of the algorithms are demonstrated in test problems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173255, 62188101)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Control Theory and Intelligent Systems,(ZDSYS20220330161800001)。
文摘DC-DC converter-based multi-bus DC microgrids(MGs) in series have received much attention, where the conflict between voltage recovery and current balancing has been a hot topic. The lack of models that accurately portray the electrical characteristics of actual MGs while is controller design-friendly has kept the issue active. To this end, this paper establishes a large-signal model containing the comprehensive dynamical behavior of the DC MGs based on the theory of high-order fully actuated systems, and proposes distributed optimal control based on this. The proposed secondary control method can achieve the two goals of voltage recovery and current sharing for multi-bus DC MGs. Additionally, the simple structure of the proposed approach is similar to one based on droop control, which allows this control technique to be easily implemented in a variety of modern microgrids with different configurations. In contrast to existing studies, the process of controller design in this paper is closely tied to the actual dynamics of the MGs. It is a prominent feature that enables engineers to customize the performance metrics of the system. In addition, the analysis of the stability of the closed-loop DC microgrid system, as well as the optimality and consensus of current sharing are given. Finally, a scaled-down solar and battery-based microgrid prototype with maximum power point tracking controller is developed in the laboratory to experimentally test the efficacy of the proposed control method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273058,U22A2045)the Key Science and Technology Projects of Jilin Province(20200401075GX)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Outstanding Talents Project of Jilin Province(20230508043RC)。
文摘This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By introducing two adjustable parameters and two free variables,a novel convex function greater than or equal to the quadratic function is constructed,regardless of the sign of the coefficient in the quadratic term.The developed lemma can also be degenerated into the existing quadratic function negative-determination(QFND)lemma and relaxed QFND lemma respectively,by setting two adjustable parameters and two free variables as some particular values.Moreover,for a linear system with time-varying delays,a relaxed stability criterion is established via our developed lemma,together with the quivalent reciprocal combination technique and the Bessel-Legendre inequality.As a result,the conservatism can be reduced via the proposed approach in the context of constructing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for the stability analysis of linear time-varying delay systems.Finally,the superiority of our results is illustrated through three numerical examples.
文摘BACKGROUND Hip fractures account for 23.8%of all fractures in patients over the age of 75 years.More than half of these patients are older than 80 years.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty(BHA)was established as an effective management option for these patients.Various approaches can be used for the BHA procedure.However,there is a high risk of postoperative dislocation.The conjoined tendon-preserving posterior(CPP)lateral approach was introduced to reduce postoperative dislocation rates.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the CPP lateral approach for BHA in elderly patients.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed medical data from 80 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures who underwent BHA.The patients were followed up for at least 1 year.Among the 80 patients,57(71.3%)were female.The time to operation averaged 2.3 d(range:1-5 d).The mean age was 80.5 years(range:67-90 years),and the mean body mass index was 24.9 kg/m^(2)(range:17-36 kg/m^(2)).According to the Garden classification,42.5%of patients were typeⅢand 57.5%of patients were typeⅣ.Uncemented bipolar hip prostheses were used for all patients.Torn conjoined tendons,dislocations,and adverse complications during and after surgery were recorded.RESULTS The mean postoperative follow-up time was 15.3 months(range:12-18 months).The average surgery time was 52 min(range:40-70 min)with an average blood loss of 120 mL(range:80-320 mL).The transfusion rate was 10%(8 of 80 patients).The gemellus inferior was torn in 4 patients(5%),while it was difficult to identify in 2 patients(2.5%)during surgery.The posterior capsule was punctured by the fractured femoral neck in 3 patients,but the conjoined tendon and the piriformis tendon remained intact.No patients had stem varus greater than 3 degrees or femoral fracture.There were no patients with stem subsidence more than 5 mm at the last follow-up.No postoperative dislocations were observed throughout the follow-up period.No significance was found between preoperative and postoperative mean Health Service System scores(87.30±2.98 vs 86.10±6.10,t=1.89,P=0.063).CONCLUSION The CPP lateral approach can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative dislocation without increasing perioperative complications.For surgeons familiar with the posterior lateral approach,there is no need for additional surgical instruments,and it does not increase surgical difficulty.
文摘It is important for surgeons performing sarcoma surgery to know that bone resection and tumor prosthesis applications in soft tissue sarcomas(STS)have unique features in terms of indication,surgical approach and follow-up,in terms of the management of these cases.Some STS are associated with bone and major neurovascular structures.Bone-associated STS are generally relatively large and relatively deep-seated.Additionally,the tendency for metastasis is high.In some cases,the decision about which structures to resect is difficult.These cases are often accompanied by poor oncological and surgical outcomes.Management of cases should be done by a multidisciplinary team in advanced centers specialized in this field.The surgical team must have sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of limb-sparing surgery.Preoperative evaluation and especially good planning of bone and soft tissue reconstruction are vital.
基金Supported by The High-level Talent Training Support Project of Yunnan Province,No.YNWR-MY-2020-053and the Key Project of the Second People's Hospital of Qujing in 2022,No.2022ynkt04。
文摘BACKGROUND Advancements in laparoscopic technology and a deeper understanding of intra-hepatic anatomy have led to the establishment of more precise laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH)techniques.The indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence navi-gation technique has emerged as the most effective method for identifying hepatic regions,potentially overcoming the limitations of LH.While laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy(LLH)is a standardized procedure,there is a need for innova-tive strategies to enhance its outcomes.important anatomical markers,surgical skills,and ICG staining methods.METHODS Thirty-seven patients who underwent ICG fluorescence-guided LLH at Qujing Second People's Hospital between January 2019 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The cranial-dorsal approach was performed which involves dissecting the left hepatic vein cephalad,isolating the Arantius ligament,exposing the middle hepatic vein,and dissecting the parenchyma from the dorsal to the foot in order to complete the anatomical LLH.The surgical methods,as well as intra-and post-surgical data,were recorded and analyzed.Our hospital’s Medical Ethics Committee approved this study(Ethical review:2022-019-01).RESULTS Intraoperative blood loss during LLH was 335.68±99.869 mL and the rates of transfusion and conversion to laparotomy were 13.5%and 0%,respectively.The overall incidence of complications throughout the follow-up(median of 18 months;range 1-36 months)was 21.6%.No mortality or severe complications(level IV)were reported.CONCLUSION LLH has the potential to become a novel,standardized approach that can effectively,safely,and simply expose the middle hepatic vein and meet the requirements of precision surgery.
基金Supported by The Ministry of Health,Czech RepublicConceptual Development of Research Organization,FNBr,No.65269705。
文摘In the evolving landscape of cardiac rehabilitation(CR),adopting digital technologies,including synchronous/real-time digital interventions and smart applications,has emerged as a transformative approach.These technologies offer realtime health data access,continuous vital sign monitoring,and personalized educational enhanced patient self-management and engagement.Despite their potential benefits,challenges and limitations exist,necessitating careful consideration.Synchronous/real-time digital CR involves remote,two-way audiovisual communication,addressing issues of accessibility and promoting home-based interventions.Smart applications extend beyond traditional healthcare,providing real-time health data and fostering patient empowerment.Wearable devices and mobile apps enable continuous monitoring,tracking of rehabilitation outcomes,and facilitate lifestyle modifications crucial for cardiac health maintenance.As digital CR progresses,ensuring patient access,equitable implementation,and addressing the digital divide becomes paramount.Artificial intelligence holds promise in the early detection of cardiac events and tailoring patient-specific CR programs.However,challenges such as digital literacy,data privacy,and security must be addressed to ensure inclusive implementation.Moreover,the shift toward digital CR raises concerns about cost,safety,and potential depersonalization of therapeutic relationships.A transformative shift towards technologically enabled CR necessitates further research,focusing not only on technological advancements but also on customization to meet diverse patient needs.Overcoming challenges related to cost,safety,data security,and potential depersonalization is crucial for the widespread adoption of digital CR.Future studies should explore integrating moral values into digital therapeutic relationships and ensure that digital CR is accessible,equitable,and seamlessly integrated into routine cardiac care.Theoretical frameworks that accommodate the dynamic quality of real-time monitoring and feedback feature of digital CR interventions should be considered to guide intervention development.
文摘BACKGROUND Total hip arthroplasty is as an effective intervention to relieve pain and improve hip function.Approaches of the hip have been exhaustively explored about pros and cons.The efficacy and the complications of hip approaches remains inconclusive.This study conducted an umbrella review to systematically appraise previous meta-analysis(MAs)including conventional posterior approach(PA),and minimally invasive surgeries as the lateral approach(LA),direct anterior approach(DAA),2-incisions method,mini-lateral approach and the newest technique direct superior approach(DSA)or supercapsular percutaneouslyassisted total hip(SuperPath).AIM To compare the efficacy and complications of hip approaches that have been published in all MAs and randomized controlled trials(RCTs).METHODS MAs were identified from MEDLINE and Scopus from inception until 2023.RCTs were then updated from the latest MA to September 2023.This study included studies which compared hip approaches and reported at least one outcome such as Harris Hip Score(HHS),dislocation,intra-operative fracture,wound compliData were independently selected,extracted and assessed by two reviewers.Network MA and cluster rank and surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA)were estimated for treatment efficacy and safety.RESULTS Finally,twenty-eight MAs(40 RCTs),and 13 RCTs were retrieved.In total 47 RCTs were included for reanalysis.The results of corrected covered area showed high degree(13.80%).Among 47 RCTs,most of the studies were low risk of bias in part of random process and outcome reporting,while other domains were medium to high risk of bias.DAA significantly provided higher HHS at three months than PA[pooled unstandardized mean difference(USMD):3.49,95%confidence interval(CI):0.98,6.00 with SUCRA:85.9],followed by DSA/SuperPath(USMD:1.57,95%CI:-1.55,4.69 with SUCRA:57.6).All approaches had indifferent dislocation and intraoperative fracture rates.SUCRA comparing early functional outcome and composite complications(dislocation,intra-operative fracture,wound complication,and nerve injury)found DAA was the best approach followed by DSA/SuperPath.CONCLUSION DSA/SuperPath had better earlier functional outcome than PA,but still could not overcome the result of DAA.This technique might be the other preferred option with acceptable complications.
文摘The number of students demanding computer science(CS)education is rapidly rising,and while faculty sizes are also growing,the traditional pipeline consisting of a CS major,a CS master’s,and then a move to industry or a Ph.D.program is simply not scalable.To address this problem,the Department of Computing at the University of Illinois has introduced a multidisciplinary approach to computing,which is a scalable and collaborative approach to capitalize on the tremendous demand for computer science education.The key component of the approach is the blended major,also referred to as“CS+X”,where CS denotes computer science and X denotes a non-computing field.These CS+X blended degrees enable win-win partnerships among multiple subject areas,distributing the educational responsibilities while growing the entire university.To meet the demand from non-CS majors,another pathway that is offered is a graduate certificate program in addition to the traditional minor program.To accommodate the large number of students,scalable teaching tools,such as automatic graders,have also been developed.
文摘Introduction: Standard procedures for surgical fixation of proximal femoral fractures (PFF) require an image intensifier which in developing countries remains a luxury. We hypothesized that, with a well-codified technique, the Watson Jones approach (WJA) without image intensifier nor traction table, can allow open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of PFF using Dynamic hip screw (DHS), with satisfactory outcome. Patients and methods: Forty one consecutive patients (mean age 59.5 ± 21.6 years, 61% males) who were followed in a Teaching Hospital for PFF treated by ORIF using the WJA and DHS from January 2016 to December 2020 were reassessed. The outcome measures were the quality of the reduction, the positioning of the implants, the tip-apex distance (TAD), the rate and delay of consolidation, the functional results using Postel Merle d’Aubigné (PMA) score, the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) and the overall mortality. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with mechanical failure. Results: The mean follow-up period was 33.8 ± 15.0 months. Fracture reduction was good in 31 (75.6%) cases and acceptable in 8(19.5%) cases. Implant position was fair to good in 37 (90.2%) patients. The mean TAD was 26.1 ± 3.9 mm. Three patients developed SSI. Consolidation was achieved in 38 (92.6%) patients. The functional results were good to excellent in 80.5% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 7.3%. There were an association between mechanical failure and osteoporosis (p = 0.04), fracture reduction (p = 0.003), and TAD (p = 0.025). In multivariate logistic regression, no independent factors were predictive of mechanical failure. Conclusion: This study shows that ORIF using DHS for PFF via the Watson-Jones approach without an image intensifier can give satisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes in low-resource settings. It provides and validates a reliable and reproducible technique that deserves to be diffused to surgeons in austere areas over the world.
文摘The large-scale optimization problem requires some optimization techniques, and the Metaheuristics approach is highly useful for solving difficult optimization problems in practice. The purpose of the research is to optimize the transportation system with the help of this approach. We selected forest vehicle routing data as the case study to minimize the total cost and the distance of the forest transportation system. Matlab software helps us find the best solution for this case by applying three algorithms of Metaheuristics: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Extended Great Deluge (EGD). The results show that GA, compared to ACO and EGD, provides the best solution for the cost and the length of our case study. EGD is the second preferred approach, and ACO offers the last solution.
文摘We provide a kernel-regularized method to give theory solutions for Neumann boundary value problem on the unit ball. We define the reproducing kernel Hilbert space with the spherical harmonics associated with an inner product defined on both the unit ball and the unit sphere, construct the kernel-regularized learning algorithm from the view of semi-supervised learning and bound the upper bounds for the learning rates. The theory analysis shows that the learning algorithm has better uniform convergence according to the number of samples. The research can be regarded as an application of kernel-regularized semi-supervised learning.
文摘Objective: Multiple alternative approaches of cochlear implant surgery have been described, such as the suprameatal approach, transcanal approach, transmeatal approach and middle cranial fossa approach.Transmeatal(open trnascanal) approach has not been adapted since first described in the clinical field.we aimed to assess the long-term complications of the transmeatal approach in a series of 131 patients at our center between 2004 and 2008.Methods: This study was a retrospective case series of all patients who underwent cochlear implants with the transmeatal(open transcanal) approach from May 2004 to December 2008 at King Faisal Specialist and Research Hospital(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), which were conducted by the same surgeon.Results: Complications were observed often with various combinations-recurrent otitis externa, posterior tympanic membrane perforation, electrode extrusion, cholesteatoma, and chronic mastoiditis. The overall long-term complication rate was 16%(21/131). The gap between the implantation and the diagnosis of a complication ranged from <1 year to 11 years. Major complications were as follows:cholesteatoma in 5(3.8%) patients, extrusion of the electrode in 5(3.8%) patients, and tympanic membrane perforation or deep retractions in 5(3.8%) patients. Minor complications were as follows: recurrent mastoiditis with/without concomitant temporary facial nerve palsy in 4(3%) patients, recurrent otitis externa infections in 7(5%) patients, and weakness of the posterior canal wall in 1 patient.Conclusion: The transmeatal approach posed an high rate of complications on long-term follow-up such as cholestetoma formation, extrusion of electrode or perielectrode reaction formation to tympanic membrane and external auditory canal.
文摘Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desirable parents.The present study was carried out with six parents crossed in full diallel fashion and generated 30 F1 hybrids.These hybrids were evaluated in two replications in Randomized Block Design at Department of Cotton,TNAU for combining ability and gene action.Diallel analysis was carried out according to Griffing’s method-I(parents + F_(1) + reciprocals) and model-I and Hayman’s graphical approach by using INDOSTAT software.Results Analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that mean square values of GCA,SCA and reciprocals were highly significant for all the traits except for the uniformity index.RG763 and K12 showed highly positively significant GCA effects for most of the yield traits while PA838 and K12 for fibre quality traits,so they were found as best general combiners.PAIG379 × K12 and PDB29 × K12 for yield traits,and PDB29 × PA838,RG763 × PA838,and CNA1007 × RG763 cross combinations for fibre quality traits could be recommended for future breeding programms.Conclusion The results of both Griffing’s and Hayman’s approaches showed that non-additive gene action predominates as SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance,so heterosis breeding is thought to be a more fruitful option for enhancing GCA of many traits.
文摘BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction has a center of origin within 5 cm of the esophagogastric junction.Surgical resection remains the main treatment.A transthoracic approach is recommended for Siewert I adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction and a transabdominal approach is recommended for Siewert III adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction.However,there is a need to determine the optimal surgical approach for Siewert II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction to improve lung function and the prognosis of patients.AIM To investigate and compare the surgical effects,postoperative changes in pulmonary function,and prognoses of two approaches to treating combined esophagogastric cancer.METHODS One hundred and thirty-eight patients with combined esophagogastric cancer treated by general and thoracic surgeries in our hospital were selected.They were divided into group A comprising 70 patients(transabdominal approach)and group B comprising 68 patients(transthoracic approach)based on the surgical approach.The indexes related to surgical trauma,number of removed lymph nodes,indexes of lung function before and after surgery,survival rate,and survival duration of the two groups were compared 3 years after surgery.RESULTS The duration of surgery,length of hospital stay,and postoperative drainage duration of the patients in group A were shorter than those of the patients in group B,and the volume of blood loss caused by surgery was lower for group A than for group B(P<0.05).At the one-month postoperative review,the first second,maximum ventilation volume,forceful lung volume,and lung volume values were higher for group A than for group B(P<0.05).Preoperatively,the QLQ-OES18 scale scores of the patients in group A were higher than those in group B on re-evaluation at 3 mo postoperatively(P<0.05).The surgical complication rate of the patients in group A was 10.00%,which was lower than that of patients in group B,which was 23.53%(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Transabdominal and transthoracic surgical approaches are comparable in treating combined esophagogastric cancer;however,the former results in lesser surgical trauma,milder changes in pulmonary function,and fewer complications.
文摘This study had the purpose of testingtwo methods for teaching grammar in Englishasa Foreign Language(EFL)class:the deductive and inductive approaches in terms of effectiveness and rapport.This research was conducted in a public high school in Ecuador.Seventy students enrolled in the second year of senior high school participated.One in-service teacher taught the EFL classes during the process of intervention(10 weeks),and two EFL teachers observed all of these classes and recorded the information by filling in observation sheets.The students were administered grammar pretests and post-tests in order to assess their grammar knowledge.The results of the tests showed a significant difference in the scores in favor of the inductive approach.After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the tests and observation sheets,we concluded that the inductive approach is more effective for teaching grammar in the EFL classroom in terms of instruction and rapport.
基金supported by Nanjing Normal University’s New Liberal Arts Research and Reform Project in 2021.
文摘The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in improving the quality of language teaching and learning.Furthermore,these emotional factors also promote the well-being of language teachers and learners and place them in a suitable mental condition.In view of the favorable impact of emotional factors on the mental health of language teachers and learners,many educational scholars around the world have studied these factors,their background,and their pedagogical consequences.Nonetheless,the majority of previous studies have employed traditional research methods in assessing these variables and their influences on language teachers’and learners’mental health.Because of the complex and dynamic quality of emotional factors,traditional research approaches often fail to evaluate these factors and their dynamic,non-linear connections with teachers’and learners’mental health and well-being.Accordingly,some novel research approaches are required to measure the dynamicity and complexity of emotional factors in language education settings.To address this call,the current state-of-the-art conceptual article seeks to provide new insights for investigating emotional factors and their potential impact on language teachers’and learners’mental states.This study also intends to offer a comprehensive list of emerging methods that take into account the complex and dynamic nature of emotional variables.Finally,the study outlines the potential implications of this review for educational researchers.
基金supported by an unrestricted grant to the University of Rochester’s Department of Ophthalmology from the Research to Prevent Blindness Foundation
文摘Pluripotent stem cells in neural differentiation:characterization and potential:The establishment and use of pluripotent stem cells(PSCs),including embryonic(ESCs)and induced(iPSCs),constitutes a major scientific breakthrough of the last decades.Human PSCs hold the potential to deliver regenerative therapies in many diseases,including neurological ones.The general approach is to produce functioning human neurons and glial cells in vitro,to be later implanted in the diseased nervous system,replacing dysfunctional or dead cells.In addition,human and other animal-sourced PSCs make useful and dynamic in vitro models for neurodevelopmental,neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders,enabling researchers to continuously produce normal and diseased neurons to investigate basic mechanistic questions,which can eventually lead to new therapeutics.Therefore,the development of efficient protocols to induce neural differentiation in ESCs and iPSCs is currently a major effort in the field(Mertens et al.,2016).
