Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a to...Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China,and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species.The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances:Culicoides arakawae(5.43%,22/405),Culicoides homotomus(1.23%,5/405),Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%,80/405),Culicoides orientalis(17.28%,70/405),Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%,119/405),Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%,23/405),and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%,86/405).Among the seven species,C.oxystoma and C.nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87%and 10.00–46.83%,respectively,suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas.PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens,including bluetongue virus(BTV),Japanese encephalitis virus,Dengue virus,Zika virus,African swine fever virus,and African horse sickness virus.Among the tested viruses,only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C.oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm.Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas,but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China.The current results thus suggest that C.oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas,which,however,needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments.Overall,the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China,Vietnam,and Myanmar border areas,establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species,and suggests the vector potential of C.oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.展开更多
The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus tran...The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus transmitted byAedes spp.,is a well-known global health threat.It has been recognized in more than 60 countries in Asia,Africa,Europe,and the Americas.Pakistan,the eastern neighborhood of Iran,is one of the endemic foci of this disease.As the largest province of Iran,Sistan-Baluchestan has always been threatened by infectious diseases from abroad due to its geographical location and neighborhood with Afghanistan and Pakistan.Contagious diseases are more likely to occur in the eastern borders of Iran arising from(1)lack or limited jobs due to deprivation of the area,the harsh weather conditions,unbearable conditions,traditional society,and lack of industry development;(2)Lack or limited facilities due to the distance from the center of the country and high percentage of illiteracy or low literacy,and traffic to neighboring countries to trade goods and get a job.Therefore,health authorities should pay more attention to trafficking of illegal aliens,traveling of people to high-risk countries,smuggling of livestock,and strengthening of quarantine posts across borders,especially in the eastern borders of Iran.The first case of chikungunya disease was confirmed in Sistan-Baluchestan province in 2019,where most of the cases have been reported.The findings of the present study provide evidence of chikungunya virus in Iran and emphasize the urgency to increase the preventive standards and surveillance system.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have imp...<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have impacts on the population residing in the cities where the route will be built. Among them, Porto Murtinho, southern Mato Grosso on the border with Paraguay, stands out, where a bridge will be built over the Paraguay River that will link these two countries. <strong>Methods:</strong> a retrospective, quantitative and cross-sectional study of a descriptive type of documentary approach that sought to analyze the prevalence of arboviruses, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) notified and stored in the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The sample consisted of new cases of these pathologies in the municipality of Porto Murtinho registered between January 2017 and December 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> there was an increase of 10% in the total number of diseases within this period. The number of dengue cases increased 36 times;the incidence of Syphilis, HIV and HPV decreased;and, finally, maintenance of cases of Gonorrhea, Leptospirosis, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Hepatitis A and B. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> actions are needed to prevent the increase of these pathologies together with the construction of the Bioceanic Route, thus avoiding damage population health and increased consumption of government resources.展开更多
Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,...Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,reaching from an acute febrile illness to the more severe,sometimes fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.展开更多
Rationale: Malaria and dengue are the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in tropical countries. Plasmodium parasite and dengue virus(DENV) concurrent infection is possible and often under-recognized in geographical ...Rationale: Malaria and dengue are the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in tropical countries. Plasmodium parasite and dengue virus(DENV) concurrent infection is possible and often under-recognized in geographical areas where these infections are both endemic.Patients concern and diagnosis: We describe the first two cases of Plasmodium falciparum and DENV-3 co-infection in travelers returning to northeastern Italy from Burkina Faso during 2013-2014.Interventions: Malaria infection in both patients was treated with mefloquine. Due to the persistence of symptoms despite of the antimalaria treatment, dengue was also investigated;the treatment of dengue was symptomatic.Outcomes: The patients were discharged in good general condition.Lessons: The need for surveillance of potential malaria and dengue co-infection in travelers returning to Europe from endemic areas is highlighted, as infection with Plasmodium does not exclude arboviral co-infection.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the focus of authorities and health organizations with respect to other infectious diseases. This review aims to examine the changes in global epidemiological parameters related to Zi...The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the focus of authorities and health organizations with respect to other infectious diseases. This review aims to examine the changes in global epidemiological parameters related to Zika virus during the COVID-19 pandemic and the progress made since 2020 in various aspects of infection. A narrative review was conducted, focusing on articles published between January 2020 and June 2023, covering epidemiology, pathogenicity, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Zika virus. The findings of this survey reveal that there has been a significant decrease in reported cases of Zika virus infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, advancements have been made in understanding the pathogenicity of the virus and the development of new diagnostic methods, vaccines, and treatments. The lessons learned from the response to COVID-19 have played a pivotal role in guiding efforts that have resulted in progress regarding various aspects related to Zika virus infection.展开更多
Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses lik...Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus,chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensifcation of research and monitoring in Europe.The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization,human mobility,transport geography,and climate warming.Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology,biology,and efective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.Main body Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe:Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus),Japanese bush mosquito(Ae.japonicus),and Korean bush mosquito(Aedes koreicus).Ae.albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990.Over the past two decades,there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus,dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae.albopictus.At the same time,climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses,in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species.Efective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation,going along with comprehensive information campaigns,to ensure source reduction and successful control.Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae.albopictus or Culex species involve community participation,door-to-door control activities in private areas.Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques,applying indigenous copepods,Wolbachia sp.bacteria,or genetically modifed mosquitoes,which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.Conclusions Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae.albopictus in Europe within the last 30 years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensifcation of research and monitoring.Further,efective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation,applying physical,chemical,biological,and genetical control activities.展开更多
Prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases is a key challenge of huge public health importance.Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has recently gained attention as a cheap,rapid and eco-friendly method to...Prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases is a key challenge of huge public health importance.Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has recently gained attention as a cheap,rapid and eco-friendly method to control mosquito vector populations,with special reference to young instars.Furthermore,plant-fabricated nanoparticles have been successfully employed as dengue virus growth inhibitors.In this Editorial,parasitologists,entomologists and researchers in drug nanosynthesis are encouraged to deal with a number of crucial challenges of public health importance.展开更多
A number of re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases including chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and others have increased in recent years, which threaten the public health...A number of re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases including chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and others have increased in recent years, which threaten the public health across the globe. Chikungunya is a neglected re-emerging arboviral infection caused by chikungunya virus. Arboviral infections such as chikungunya, Zika and dengue have similar epidemiology, transmission cycles and clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose these three infections. Moreover, there is no commercial vaccine or licensed therapy available for chikungunya infection, thus causing severe burden worldwide. Vector control may reduce the disease risk; however, this remains a challenge due to many factors including, but not limited to, evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, gaps in vector control tools, urbanization, environmental and demographic changes. Effective integrated vector control strategies and surveillance measures along with affordable vaccine development or anti-viral therapy are essential to control the infection. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of mosquito-borne infection chikungunya which has re-emerged as an international concern in recent decades.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fracti...Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fractions' total methanol extract(NTMeOH), total ethyl acetate extract(NTAc OEt), ethyl acetate fraction after repartition with NTMe OH(NRAc OEt),butanol fraction after repartition with NTMeOH(NRBuOH), and aqueous fraction after repartition of NTMeOH(NRH2O) were tested against An. culicifacies eggs, fourth instar larvae and adults.Results: In larvicidal experiments, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt, NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 1.32, 1.50, 1.81, 1.95 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively. All fractions tested at 150 mg/L were able to reduce egg hatchability of more than 50%, with the exception of NTAc OEt and NRAc OEt. In adulticidal assays, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt,NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 3.01, 2.95, 3.23, 3.63 and3.00 mg/L, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the methanolic fractions of neem cake may be considered as a new and cheap source of highly effective compounds against the rural malaria vector An. culicifacies.展开更多
Objective:To develop a rapid,cost effective RT-PCR method for the mass scale diagnosis of such diseases at the vireraia stage to find out the actual disease burden in that area.Methods:For this purpose,cases with the ...Objective:To develop a rapid,cost effective RT-PCR method for the mass scale diagnosis of such diseases at the vireraia stage to find out the actual disease burden in that area.Methods:For this purpose,cases with the history of only short febrile illness were considered.Thus 157 samples with the history of dengue/chikungunya like illness and only 58 samples with a history of acute encephalitis syndrome(AES)were selected.Results:Out of 157 samples,42 and 74 were detected as dengue and chikungunya,respectively and out of 58 AES cases only 23 could be detected as Japanese encephalitis by this RT-PCR method.Conclusions:This cost effective RT-PCR method can detect the total positive cases that remain undetected by EL1SA method.Moreover,this method is capable to detect the viral RNA from patients'sera even after the appearance of IgM antibody at one fifth costs as compared with the other commercially available kits.展开更多
The Aedes aegypti mosquito which transmits Zika virus(as well as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever) represents a high risk for global transmission. This virus comes from Africa, the Zika forest in Uganda, where it ...The Aedes aegypti mosquito which transmits Zika virus(as well as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever) represents a high risk for global transmission. This virus comes from Africa, the Zika forest in Uganda, where it was discovered in 1947 in a rhesus monkey. In May 2015, the first local cases were recorded in Brazil, surpassing 1.5 million cases in December of the same year. By March 2016, local transmission of Zika was recognized in 34 countries. Its clinical condition is similar to dengue febrile illness, although milder.The final geographical distribution area is constantly expanding. Recently, it has been associated with cases of Guillain-Barre′ syndrome in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador,Venezuela and Suriname. Microcephaly was documented in Brazil. This article discusses some factors that contributed to the spread of Zika virus in South America. Climate change associated with the events of the phenomenon of "El Ni?o" is also analyzed. The biggest concern is how quickly Zika is spreading around the world and that it could be far more dangerous than previously thought. Zika virus infection, by its explosive potential,has every chance of becoming a global pandemic.展开更多
本文对虫媒病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的作用进行了血清流行病学研究。1988～1990年在我国15个地区搜集了614例疑似病毒性脑炎病例的急性期和恢复期血清;对3种主要虫媒病毒群(黄病毒群、甲群、加里福尼亚(CAL)血清群病毒)抗原的血凝抑...本文对虫媒病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的作用进行了血清流行病学研究。1988～1990年在我国15个地区搜集了614例疑似病毒性脑炎病例的急性期和恢复期血清;对3种主要虫媒病毒群(黄病毒群、甲群、加里福尼亚(CAL)血清群病毒)抗原的血凝抑制(HI)抗体进行了测定,结果大部分地区的病例双份血清对黄病毒群和甲群虫媒病毒 HI 的滴度呈4倍升高。未发现对 CAL 病毒群中的 SSH 病毒HI 滴度呈4倍升高的病例。甲群虫媒病毒感染病例的年龄为50天～32岁。黄病毒感染的病例年龄为6个月～50岁。严重的中枢神经系统症状在黄病毒感染病例中较多。本研究肯定了黄病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的重要性。并提供了在我国可能存在1种或1种以上可引起神经症状的甲群虫媒病毒感染的证据,并阐述了甲群虫媒病毒症状性感染在我国地理分布的概貌。展开更多
Objective: To determine the relationship between C-reactive protein(CRP) level and the severity of dengue and the potential use of CRP in predicting acute dengue infection.Methods: A prospective observational study wa...Objective: To determine the relationship between C-reactive protein(CRP) level and the severity of dengue and the potential use of CRP in predicting acute dengue infection.Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on dengue patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southern India. All patients of age above 18 years, diagnosed with dengue were included in the study. The detailed laboratory parameters pertaining to dengue were recorded. CRP levels were estimated and compared between groups i.e. severe and non-severe dengue. CRP cut-off value was detected using the receiver-operator curve.Results: Totally 98 patients with a mean age of 40 years were included. Among them, 11.2% of the patients suffered from severe dengue, 54.1% of the cases had non-severe dengue without warning signs, and 34.7% had non-severe dengue with warning signs. The median CRP was significantly higher in patients with severe dengue compared to patients with non-severe dengue(96.2 mg/d L vs. 5.3 mg/d L). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odd’s ratio(OR) of CRP was 1.053(P≤0.001, 95% CI=1.029-1.078). CRP at a cutoff value of 21.6 mg/L(0.929 AUC) had excellent sensitivity(100%) and specificity(81.6%) in predicting severe dengue infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CRP(OR=1.089, P=0.013) and ALT(OR=1.010, P=0.034) were statistically significant independent predictors of dengue severity.Conclusions: CRP level could be used as a potential biomarker to predict severity of dengue in adults.展开更多
In recent decades, the issue of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, especially those related to viruses, has become an increasingly important area of concern in public health. It is of significance to anticip...In recent decades, the issue of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, especially those related to viruses, has become an increasingly important area of concern in public health. It is of significance to anticipate future epidemics by accumulating knowledge through appropriate research and by monitoring their emergence using indicators from different sources. The objective is to alert and respond effectively in order to reduce the adverse impact on the general populations. Most of the emerging pathogens in humans originate from known zoonosis. These pathogens have been engaged in long-standing and highly successful interactions with their hosts since their origins are exquisitely adapted to host parasitism. They developed strategies aimed at:(1) maximizing invasion rate;(2) selecting host traits that can reduce their impact on host life span and fertility;(3) ensuring timely replication and survival both within host and between hosts; and(4) facilitating reliable transmission to progeny. In this context, Arboviruses(or ARthropod-BOrne viruses), will represent with certainty a threat for the coming century. The unprecedented epidemic of Chikungunya virus which occurred between 2005 and 2006 in the FrenchReunion Island in the Indian Ocean, followed by several outbreaks in other parts of the world, such as India and Southern Europe, has attracted the attention of medical and state authorities about the risks linked to this re-emerging mosquito-borne virus. This is an excellent model to illustrate the issues we are facing today and to improve how to respond tomorrow.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0501805)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(19ZR1469000)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(17391901600)the Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation,China(2014DFE30140)。
文摘Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera,family Ceratopogonidae)are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans,livestock,and wild animals.This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China,and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species.The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances:Culicoides arakawae(5.43%,22/405),Culicoides homotomus(1.23%,5/405),Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%,80/405),Culicoides orientalis(17.28%,70/405),Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%,119/405),Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%,23/405),and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%,86/405).Among the seven species,C.oxystoma and C.nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87%and 10.00–46.83%,respectively,suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas.PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens,including bluetongue virus(BTV),Japanese encephalitis virus,Dengue virus,Zika virus,African swine fever virus,and African horse sickness virus.Among the tested viruses,only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C.oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm.Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas,but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China.The current results thus suggest that C.oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas,which,however,needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments.Overall,the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China,Vietnam,and Myanmar border areas,establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species,and suggests the vector potential of C.oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.
文摘The five main arbovirus families that cause diseases in humans and other animals are Bunya viridae,Togaviridae,Flaviviridae,Reoviridae,and Rhab doviridae.Chikungunya arbovirus(Togaviridae:Alphavirus),an arbovirus transmitted byAedes spp.,is a well-known global health threat.It has been recognized in more than 60 countries in Asia,Africa,Europe,and the Americas.Pakistan,the eastern neighborhood of Iran,is one of the endemic foci of this disease.As the largest province of Iran,Sistan-Baluchestan has always been threatened by infectious diseases from abroad due to its geographical location and neighborhood with Afghanistan and Pakistan.Contagious diseases are more likely to occur in the eastern borders of Iran arising from(1)lack or limited jobs due to deprivation of the area,the harsh weather conditions,unbearable conditions,traditional society,and lack of industry development;(2)Lack or limited facilities due to the distance from the center of the country and high percentage of illiteracy or low literacy,and traffic to neighboring countries to trade goods and get a job.Therefore,health authorities should pay more attention to trafficking of illegal aliens,traveling of people to high-risk countries,smuggling of livestock,and strengthening of quarantine posts across borders,especially in the eastern borders of Iran.The first case of chikungunya disease was confirmed in Sistan-Baluchestan province in 2019,where most of the cases have been reported.The findings of the present study provide evidence of chikungunya virus in Iran and emphasize the urgency to increase the preventive standards and surveillance system.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> the physical integration of South America through a Bioceanic Corridor has been idealized for a long time by the countries that make up Mercosur. This integration will have impacts on the population residing in the cities where the route will be built. Among them, Porto Murtinho, southern Mato Grosso on the border with Paraguay, stands out, where a bridge will be built over the Paraguay River that will link these two countries. <strong>Methods:</strong> a retrospective, quantitative and cross-sectional study of a descriptive type of documentary approach that sought to analyze the prevalence of arboviruses, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) notified and stored in the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The sample consisted of new cases of these pathologies in the municipality of Porto Murtinho registered between January 2017 and December 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> there was an increase of 10% in the total number of diseases within this period. The number of dengue cases increased 36 times;the incidence of Syphilis, HIV and HPV decreased;and, finally, maintenance of cases of Gonorrhea, Leptospirosis, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Hepatitis A and B. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> actions are needed to prevent the increase of these pathologies together with the construction of the Bioceanic Route, thus avoiding damage population health and increased consumption of government resources.
基金Supported by the German Research Foundation (JO 1276/5-1)the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) under the project NEED (01Kl2022).
文摘Dear Editor,Dengue virus(DENV,family Flaviviridae,genus Flavivirus)serotypes 1 to 4(DENV-1,-2,-3,and-4)are responsible for more than 100 million infections per year worldwide.Symptoms of DENV infection can be diverse,reaching from an acute febrile illness to the more severe,sometimes fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome.
文摘Rationale: Malaria and dengue are the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in tropical countries. Plasmodium parasite and dengue virus(DENV) concurrent infection is possible and often under-recognized in geographical areas where these infections are both endemic.Patients concern and diagnosis: We describe the first two cases of Plasmodium falciparum and DENV-3 co-infection in travelers returning to northeastern Italy from Burkina Faso during 2013-2014.Interventions: Malaria infection in both patients was treated with mefloquine. Due to the persistence of symptoms despite of the antimalaria treatment, dengue was also investigated;the treatment of dengue was symptomatic.Outcomes: The patients were discharged in good general condition.Lessons: The need for surveillance of potential malaria and dengue co-infection in travelers returning to Europe from endemic areas is highlighted, as infection with Plasmodium does not exclude arboviral co-infection.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the focus of authorities and health organizations with respect to other infectious diseases. This review aims to examine the changes in global epidemiological parameters related to Zika virus during the COVID-19 pandemic and the progress made since 2020 in various aspects of infection. A narrative review was conducted, focusing on articles published between January 2020 and June 2023, covering epidemiology, pathogenicity, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Zika virus. The findings of this survey reveal that there has been a significant decrease in reported cases of Zika virus infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, advancements have been made in understanding the pathogenicity of the virus and the development of new diagnostic methods, vaccines, and treatments. The lessons learned from the response to COVID-19 have played a pivotal role in guiding efforts that have resulted in progress regarding various aspects related to Zika virus infection.
基金funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany(BMBF)under the project NEED(Grant no.01Kl2022).
文摘Background Mosquito research in Europe has a long history,primarily focused on malaria vectors.In recent years,invasive mosquito species like the Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus)and the spread of arboviruses like dengue virus,chikungunya virus or bluetongue virus have led to an intensifcation of research and monitoring in Europe.The risk of further dissemination of exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens is expected to increase with ongoing globalization,human mobility,transport geography,and climate warming.Researchers have conducted various studies to understand the ecology,biology,and efective control strategies of mosquitoes and associated pathogens.Main body Three invasive mosquito species are established in Europe:Asian tiger mosquito(Aedes albopictus),Japanese bush mosquito(Ae.japonicus),and Korean bush mosquito(Aedes koreicus).Ae.albopictus is the most invasive species and has been established in Europe since 1990.Over the past two decades,there has been an increasing number of outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses in particular chikungunya virus,dengue virus or Zika virus in Europe primary driven by Ae.albopictus.At the same time,climate change with rising temperatures results in increasing threat of invasive mosquito-borne viruses,in particular Usutu virus and West Nile virus transmitted by native Culex mosquito species.Efective mosquito control programs require a high level of community participation,going along with comprehensive information campaigns,to ensure source reduction and successful control.Control strategies for container breeding mosquitoes like Ae.albopictus or Culex species involve community participation,door-to-door control activities in private areas.Further measures can involve integration of sterile insect techniques,applying indigenous copepods,Wolbachia sp.bacteria,or genetically modifed mosquitoes,which is very unlike to be practiced as standard method in the near future.Conclusions Climate change and globalization resulting in the increased establishment of invasive mosquitoes in particular of the Asian tiger mosquito Ae.albopictus in Europe within the last 30 years and increasing outbreaks of infections by mosquito-borne viruses warrants intensifcation of research and monitoring.Further,efective future mosquito control programs require increase in intense community and private participation,applying physical,chemical,biological,and genetical control activities.
文摘Prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases is a key challenge of huge public health importance.Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has recently gained attention as a cheap,rapid and eco-friendly method to control mosquito vector populations,with special reference to young instars.Furthermore,plant-fabricated nanoparticles have been successfully employed as dengue virus growth inhibitors.In this Editorial,parasitologists,entomologists and researchers in drug nanosynthesis are encouraged to deal with a number of crucial challenges of public health importance.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu,India through DST-FIST,UGC-SAP and UKIERI
文摘A number of re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases including chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and others have increased in recent years, which threaten the public health across the globe. Chikungunya is a neglected re-emerging arboviral infection caused by chikungunya virus. Arboviral infections such as chikungunya, Zika and dengue have similar epidemiology, transmission cycles and clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose these three infections. Moreover, there is no commercial vaccine or licensed therapy available for chikungunya infection, thus causing severe burden worldwide. Vector control may reduce the disease risk; however, this remains a challenge due to many factors including, but not limited to, evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, gaps in vector control tools, urbanization, environmental and demographic changes. Effective integrated vector control strategies and surveillance measures along with affordable vaccine development or anti-viral therapy are essential to control the infection. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of mosquito-borne infection chikungunya which has re-emerged as an international concern in recent decades.
基金Supported by UGC-MRP,New Delhi,India[No.F.No.36-250/2008(SR)24/03/2009]King Saud University,Saudi Arabia,Vice Deanship of Research Chairs:Research Chairs
文摘Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fractions' total methanol extract(NTMeOH), total ethyl acetate extract(NTAc OEt), ethyl acetate fraction after repartition with NTMe OH(NRAc OEt),butanol fraction after repartition with NTMeOH(NRBuOH), and aqueous fraction after repartition of NTMeOH(NRH2O) were tested against An. culicifacies eggs, fourth instar larvae and adults.Results: In larvicidal experiments, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt, NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 1.32, 1.50, 1.81, 1.95 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively. All fractions tested at 150 mg/L were able to reduce egg hatchability of more than 50%, with the exception of NTAc OEt and NRAc OEt. In adulticidal assays, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt,NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 3.01, 2.95, 3.23, 3.63 and3.00 mg/L, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the methanolic fractions of neem cake may be considered as a new and cheap source of highly effective compounds against the rural malaria vector An. culicifacies.
基金supported by the Department of Science and Technology,Goverment of West Bengal.India[grant No.705(Sanc.)ST/P/S&T/9G-27/2007]
文摘Objective:To develop a rapid,cost effective RT-PCR method for the mass scale diagnosis of such diseases at the vireraia stage to find out the actual disease burden in that area.Methods:For this purpose,cases with the history of only short febrile illness were considered.Thus 157 samples with the history of dengue/chikungunya like illness and only 58 samples with a history of acute encephalitis syndrome(AES)were selected.Results:Out of 157 samples,42 and 74 were detected as dengue and chikungunya,respectively and out of 58 AES cases only 23 could be detected as Japanese encephalitis by this RT-PCR method.Conclusions:This cost effective RT-PCR method can detect the total positive cases that remain undetected by EL1SA method.Moreover,this method is capable to detect the viral RNA from patients'sera even after the appearance of IgM antibody at one fifth costs as compared with the other commercially available kits.
基金Supported in part by a grant from the Louis Albert Foundation,Tolosa,Argentina(Grant No.J87 LT010513)
文摘The Aedes aegypti mosquito which transmits Zika virus(as well as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever) represents a high risk for global transmission. This virus comes from Africa, the Zika forest in Uganda, where it was discovered in 1947 in a rhesus monkey. In May 2015, the first local cases were recorded in Brazil, surpassing 1.5 million cases in December of the same year. By March 2016, local transmission of Zika was recognized in 34 countries. Its clinical condition is similar to dengue febrile illness, although milder.The final geographical distribution area is constantly expanding. Recently, it has been associated with cases of Guillain-Barre′ syndrome in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador,Venezuela and Suriname. Microcephaly was documented in Brazil. This article discusses some factors that contributed to the spread of Zika virus in South America. Climate change associated with the events of the phenomenon of "El Ni?o" is also analyzed. The biggest concern is how quickly Zika is spreading around the world and that it could be far more dangerous than previously thought. Zika virus infection, by its explosive potential,has every chance of becoming a global pandemic.
文摘本文对虫媒病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的作用进行了血清流行病学研究。1988～1990年在我国15个地区搜集了614例疑似病毒性脑炎病例的急性期和恢复期血清;对3种主要虫媒病毒群(黄病毒群、甲群、加里福尼亚(CAL)血清群病毒)抗原的血凝抑制(HI)抗体进行了测定,结果大部分地区的病例双份血清对黄病毒群和甲群虫媒病毒 HI 的滴度呈4倍升高。未发现对 CAL 病毒群中的 SSH 病毒HI 滴度呈4倍升高的病例。甲群虫媒病毒感染病例的年龄为50天～32岁。黄病毒感染的病例年龄为6个月～50岁。严重的中枢神经系统症状在黄病毒感染病例中较多。本研究肯定了黄病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的重要性。并提供了在我国可能存在1种或1种以上可引起神经症状的甲群虫媒病毒感染的证据,并阐述了甲群虫媒病毒症状性感染在我国地理分布的概貌。
文摘Objective: To determine the relationship between C-reactive protein(CRP) level and the severity of dengue and the potential use of CRP in predicting acute dengue infection.Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on dengue patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southern India. All patients of age above 18 years, diagnosed with dengue were included in the study. The detailed laboratory parameters pertaining to dengue were recorded. CRP levels were estimated and compared between groups i.e. severe and non-severe dengue. CRP cut-off value was detected using the receiver-operator curve.Results: Totally 98 patients with a mean age of 40 years were included. Among them, 11.2% of the patients suffered from severe dengue, 54.1% of the cases had non-severe dengue without warning signs, and 34.7% had non-severe dengue with warning signs. The median CRP was significantly higher in patients with severe dengue compared to patients with non-severe dengue(96.2 mg/d L vs. 5.3 mg/d L). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odd’s ratio(OR) of CRP was 1.053(P≤0.001, 95% CI=1.029-1.078). CRP at a cutoff value of 21.6 mg/L(0.929 AUC) had excellent sensitivity(100%) and specificity(81.6%) in predicting severe dengue infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CRP(OR=1.089, P=0.013) and ALT(OR=1.010, P=0.034) were statistically significant independent predictors of dengue severity.Conclusions: CRP level could be used as a potential biomarker to predict severity of dengue in adults.
基金Institutional funds from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
文摘In recent decades, the issue of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, especially those related to viruses, has become an increasingly important area of concern in public health. It is of significance to anticipate future epidemics by accumulating knowledge through appropriate research and by monitoring their emergence using indicators from different sources. The objective is to alert and respond effectively in order to reduce the adverse impact on the general populations. Most of the emerging pathogens in humans originate from known zoonosis. These pathogens have been engaged in long-standing and highly successful interactions with their hosts since their origins are exquisitely adapted to host parasitism. They developed strategies aimed at:(1) maximizing invasion rate;(2) selecting host traits that can reduce their impact on host life span and fertility;(3) ensuring timely replication and survival both within host and between hosts; and(4) facilitating reliable transmission to progeny. In this context, Arboviruses(or ARthropod-BOrne viruses), will represent with certainty a threat for the coming century. The unprecedented epidemic of Chikungunya virus which occurred between 2005 and 2006 in the FrenchReunion Island in the Indian Ocean, followed by several outbreaks in other parts of the world, such as India and Southern Europe, has attracted the attention of medical and state authorities about the risks linked to this re-emerging mosquito-borne virus. This is an excellent model to illustrate the issues we are facing today and to improve how to respond tomorrow.
