Using molecular approach, we aimed to identify fungal phylotypes that exist in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red sea. Several samples were taken from sediments and seawater of three locations along 26 kilometers at 5 m depth. 18...Using molecular approach, we aimed to identify fungal phylotypes that exist in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red sea. Several samples were taken from sediments and seawater of three locations along 26 kilometers at 5 m depth. 18S small subunit rRNA gene was targeted for PCR amplification and sequencing. Partial sequences introduced as query in BLASTN phylogenetic analysis revealed 100% identity with Ascomycota, namely, Aspergillus sp. Penicillium sp. and its closely related Eupenicillium sp. The top scorer species in this analysis were Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus wentii, Aspergillus flocculosus, Penicillium expansum and Eupenicillium javanicum with 98% - 100% identity. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrates close relatedness among isolated fungi and potential association with Ascomycetes. This study reports a new geographical location in which facultative marine Ascomycetes exist in, and sheds some light on fungal diversity in Gulf of Aqaba.展开更多
One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel...One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel). Locality Smilica, Kavadarci, Republic of North Macedonia, was the place where experimental fields with white varieties Smedervka and Zilavka were continuously observed. Working hypothesis was to follow development of the disease after increasing glucose over 11% until the time of the grape harvest, and microclimate was monitored at the same time. In both white varieties Smederevka and Zilavka on the control variants weren’t used botricide treatments to distinguish between the variants that were conventionally treated against <em>B. cinerea</em>. The aim of the research was to determine how microclimatic conditions affect the development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently to create forecasting model for gray mold. The forecasting model for <em>B. cinerea</em> is based on relationship between temperature and humidity in the vines’ canopies. The aim of the research is to prevent development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently reduce the number of chemical treatments.展开更多
A revisit of 13 publications published since 1813 to 1931 is presented and the 340 taxa reported are taxonomically re-evaluated.The Egyptian taxa treated belong to two kingdoms and three major groups:zygomycetes(1 spp...A revisit of 13 publications published since 1813 to 1931 is presented and the 340 taxa reported are taxonomically re-evaluated.The Egyptian taxa treated belong to two kingdoms and three major groups:zygomycetes(1 spp.),ascomycetes(124 spp.),basidiomycetes(197 spp.)and chromistian fungal analogues(18 species).Taxa of true fungi are distributed among three phyla,ten classes,38 orders,and 67 families,while Chromistean fungal analogues distributed in only one phylum,two orders and three families.About 35%of the original names of taxa have undergone changes,although for a few new designations are still debatable.The binomials of the remaining taxa are unchanged.Thus despite it being over 200 years since publication of Delile on Egyptian fungi and the present analysis,the taxonomic status of many Egyptian taxa,awaits re-assessment in modern terms.展开更多
The need for conservation of fungal diversity has garnered more interest during recent times.Nagaland is a hilly state of north-eastern region in India with varied altitude and agro-climatic conditions.The state is ho...The need for conservation of fungal diversity has garnered more interest during recent times.Nagaland is a hilly state of north-eastern region in India with varied altitude and agro-climatic conditions.The state is home to a large number of wild fungi including popular edible varieties and has the potential role to improve the rural economy.The present study,concerns with a total number of 141 mushroom species belonging to 80 genera under 44 families of which 52 species are identified to be edible,10 species as poisonous and the remaining 79 mushrooms are found to be inedible.The rich mushroom wealth of the state is yet untapped so it is high time to study and explore this rich bioresource.This will create avenues for the local people to earn their livelihoods,and also create awareness for conservation and management of this bioresource.The database of wild mushrooms created in this study will help future researchers to make further in-depth study of the potential mushrooms available.Mushrooms are a boon to mankind and should be judiciously exploited for societal benefits across the globe.展开更多
A new record of Lopadostoma fagi is described in Italy from Fagus sylvatica based on morphological and molecular data.It has effused-pulvinate stromata immersed in the host tissue,with a narrow,black,carbonized encase...A new record of Lopadostoma fagi is described in Italy from Fagus sylvatica based on morphological and molecular data.It has effused-pulvinate stromata immersed in the host tissue,with a narrow,black,carbonized encasement.The ectostromatic disc is visible as a clypeus and surrounded by the reddish brown bark surface.In the combined phylogenetic analysis of ITS,LSU and RPB2 sequence data,the strain derived from the specimen clustered with other L.fagi strains with high bootstrap support.A morphological description with detailed photographs for L.fagi is provided in this study.展开更多
Ascobolus is a very large genus among coprophilous fungi colonizing dung.There are very few workers who have explored dung fungi from India.During a recent trip to Andaman Islands,examination of cow dung samples revea...Ascobolus is a very large genus among coprophilous fungi colonizing dung.There are very few workers who have explored dung fungi from India.During a recent trip to Andaman Islands,examination of cow dung samples revealed a new coprophilous fungus in the genus Ascobolus and the same has been reported in this paper.The present new species A.gomayapriya colonizes and grows on cow dung.A.gomayapriya is characterized by stalked,light-greenish-yellow apothecial ascomata,long cylindrical,short pedicellate asci with rounded apical caps,positive bluing reaction to Lougal’s reagent,ascospores that are hyaline to pale yellow red,smooth,cylindrical,thick-walled with two layers,sparsely dotted verruculose surface,very thin crevices.展开更多
Fungi play vital roles in the decomposition of deadwood due to their secretion of various enzymes that break down plant cell-wall complexes.The compositions of woodinhabiting fungal(WIF)communities change over the c...Fungi play vital roles in the decomposition of deadwood due to their secretion of various enzymes that break down plant cell-wall complexes.The compositions of woodinhabiting fungal(WIF)communities change over the course of the decomposition process as the remaining mass of wood decreases and both abiotic and biotic conditions of the wood significantly change.It is currently not resolved which substrate-related factors govern these changes in WIF communities and whether such changes influence the deadwood decomposition rate.Here we report a study on fungal richness and community structure in deadwood of Norway spruce and European beech in temperate forest ecosystems using 454 pyrosequencing.Our aims were to disentangle the factors that correspond to WIF community composition and to investigate the links between fungal richness,taxonomically-resolved fungal identity,and microbial-mediated ecosystem functions and processes by analyzing physico-chemical wood properties,lignin-modifying enzyme activities and wood decomposition rates.Unlike fungal richness,we found significant differences in community structure between deadwood of different tree species.The composition of WIF communities was related to the physico-chemical properties of the deadwood substrates.Decomposition rates and the activities of ligninmodifying enzymes were controlled by the succession of the fungal communities and competition scenarios rather than fungal OTU richness.Our results provide further insights into links between fungal community structure and microbialmediated ecosystem functions and processes.展开更多
The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription...The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription of the families and genericlevel delimitation in Pezizomycetes is still controversial, although several molecular phylogenetic studies have beenpublished on this group. This paper reviews 21 families of Pezizomycetes including five new families, which are introduced here, viz. Kallistoskyphaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Moreover, this study provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of five combined loci. Descriptions andillustrations of representative taxa for the families are provided from collections made in China, Thailand and the UK,herbarium material from international herbaria (FH, FLAS, H, HKAS and MA) and the literature. Pezizales separates intosix major clades. Clade 1 of Pezizales includes the families Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae. Clade 2 is the new familyKallistoskyphaceae. Clade 3 comprises the families Caloscyphaceae, Karstenellaceae and Rhizinaceae. Clade 4 representsthe families Discinaceae, Helvellaceae, Morchellaceae, Tuberaceae and Underwoodia columnaris lineage. Clade 5includes Chorioactidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae and Clade 6 comprises Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Otideaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Pyronemataceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Newsequence data belonging to ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB2 gene regions from 40 pezizalian species are provided here. Thepaper provides a working document for apothecial Pezizomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It ishoped that by illustrating taxa we provide stimulation and interest in the operculate discomycetes, so that further research iscarried out on this remarkable, but poorly studied group of fungi.展开更多
The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylo...The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of the coprophilous genera,Anopodium,Apodospora,Arnium,Fimetariella and Zygospermella.They are traditionally circumscribed based on ascospore characters,which have proven homoplasious in other genera within the family.Our results based on LSU nrDNA andß–tubulin sequences distinguish four lineages of Lasiosphaeriaceae taxa.Anopodium joins the clade of mor-phologically similar,yellow-pigmented species of Cercophora and Lasiosphaeria.Apodospora is monophyletic and joins a larger group of taxa with unclear affinities to each other,while Arnium is polyphyletic being scattered throughout three of the four major clades of Lasiosphaeriaceae.Fimitariella is represented by a single collection and joins the clade containing Cercophora scortea and Podospora appendiculata.Zygospermella shows affinities to the Lasiosphaeris clade.Based on a combination of morphological and molecular data,Echria stat.nov.is recognized at the genus level for the former Arnium section and two new combinations are proposed:E.gigantospora and E.macrotheca.展开更多
This study focuses on the genus Encoelia and the subfamily Encoelioideae in the morphologically and ecologically diverse Helotiales.The 28S and 18S rDNA as well as tef1,rpb1 and rpb2 were sequenced for 70 species.Phyl...This study focuses on the genus Encoelia and the subfamily Encoelioideae in the morphologically and ecologically diverse Helotiales.The 28S and 18S rDNA as well as tef1,rpb1 and rpb2 were sequenced for 70 species.Phylogenetic analyses revealed Encoelia and Encoelioideae to be highly polyphyletic,with species distributed among eight major lineages.Encoelia fascicularis and E.pruinosa belonged to Sclerotiniaceae and were combined in a new genus,Sclerencoelia.Rutstroemiaceae comprised E.tiliacea and Dencoeliopsis johnstonii,both accepted in Rutstroemia.The type of Encoelia,E.furfuracea,was closely related to species of Velutarina,Cenangiopsis and Crumenulopsis.These species together with members of Hemiphacidiaceae formed a clade conforming to the emended concept of Cenangiaceae,introduced here.Another resurrected family,Cordieritidaceae,comprised E.fimbriata,E.heteromera and species of Ameghiniella,Cordierites,Diplocarpa and Ionomidotis,characterised by inamyloid asci and a positive ionomidotic reaction.Encoelia glauca showed closest affinities with Chlorociboria species in Chlorociboriaceae.A new genus,Xeropilidium,with sporodochial and pycnidial synanamorphs,was described for the distinct encoelioid member of the Chaetomellaceae,previously known as E.fuckelii.Morphological and ecological synapomorphies were distinguished from convergent characters to delimit monophyletic taxa including encoelioid fungi.Incorporation of public sequences from various biological samples in ITS rDNA analyses allowed identification of sequenced organisms at species,genus,or family level and added information on the ecology of seversal taxa.Members of Cenangiaceae appeared to be widespread as endophytes.Inclusion of encoelioid genera in Chaetomellaceae and Sclerotiniaceae added xylicolous saprotrophs to these families.展开更多
Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate.The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to t...Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate.The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to the taxonomist.Therefore,more than in any other era,effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed.This paper reviews the historically fore-most approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota,the most speciose phylum of Fungi.These include morphological,biological,and phylogenetic species concepts.We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages.Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches.However,traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution,and do not allow unambiguous conclusions.We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity,which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies.So far,limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species.In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species,we present a case study.We applied differ-ent species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus Phyllosticta(Dothideomycetes,Botryosphaeriales).Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species.These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods.Further,we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.展开更多
文摘Using molecular approach, we aimed to identify fungal phylotypes that exist in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red sea. Several samples were taken from sediments and seawater of three locations along 26 kilometers at 5 m depth. 18S small subunit rRNA gene was targeted for PCR amplification and sequencing. Partial sequences introduced as query in BLASTN phylogenetic analysis revealed 100% identity with Ascomycota, namely, Aspergillus sp. Penicillium sp. and its closely related Eupenicillium sp. The top scorer species in this analysis were Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus wentii, Aspergillus flocculosus, Penicillium expansum and Eupenicillium javanicum with 98% - 100% identity. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrates close relatedness among isolated fungi and potential association with Ascomycetes. This study reports a new geographical location in which facultative marine Ascomycetes exist in, and sheds some light on fungal diversity in Gulf of Aqaba.
文摘One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel). Locality Smilica, Kavadarci, Republic of North Macedonia, was the place where experimental fields with white varieties Smedervka and Zilavka were continuously observed. Working hypothesis was to follow development of the disease after increasing glucose over 11% until the time of the grape harvest, and microclimate was monitored at the same time. In both white varieties Smederevka and Zilavka on the control variants weren’t used botricide treatments to distinguish between the variants that were conventionally treated against <em>B. cinerea</em>. The aim of the research was to determine how microclimatic conditions affect the development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently to create forecasting model for gray mold. The forecasting model for <em>B. cinerea</em> is based on relationship between temperature and humidity in the vines’ canopies. The aim of the research is to prevent development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently reduce the number of chemical treatments.
文摘A revisit of 13 publications published since 1813 to 1931 is presented and the 340 taxa reported are taxonomically re-evaluated.The Egyptian taxa treated belong to two kingdoms and three major groups:zygomycetes(1 spp.),ascomycetes(124 spp.),basidiomycetes(197 spp.)and chromistian fungal analogues(18 species).Taxa of true fungi are distributed among three phyla,ten classes,38 orders,and 67 families,while Chromistean fungal analogues distributed in only one phylum,two orders and three families.About 35%of the original names of taxa have undergone changes,although for a few new designations are still debatable.The binomials of the remaining taxa are unchanged.Thus despite it being over 200 years since publication of Delile on Egyptian fungi and the present analysis,the taxonomic status of many Egyptian taxa,awaits re-assessment in modern terms.
文摘The need for conservation of fungal diversity has garnered more interest during recent times.Nagaland is a hilly state of north-eastern region in India with varied altitude and agro-climatic conditions.The state is home to a large number of wild fungi including popular edible varieties and has the potential role to improve the rural economy.The present study,concerns with a total number of 141 mushroom species belonging to 80 genera under 44 families of which 52 species are identified to be edible,10 species as poisonous and the remaining 79 mushrooms are found to be inedible.The rich mushroom wealth of the state is yet untapped so it is high time to study and explore this rich bioresource.This will create avenues for the local people to earn their livelihoods,and also create awareness for conservation and management of this bioresource.The database of wild mushrooms created in this study will help future researchers to make further in-depth study of the potential mushrooms available.Mushrooms are a boon to mankind and should be judiciously exploited for societal benefits across the globe.
文摘A new record of Lopadostoma fagi is described in Italy from Fagus sylvatica based on morphological and molecular data.It has effused-pulvinate stromata immersed in the host tissue,with a narrow,black,carbonized encasement.The ectostromatic disc is visible as a clypeus and surrounded by the reddish brown bark surface.In the combined phylogenetic analysis of ITS,LSU and RPB2 sequence data,the strain derived from the specimen clustered with other L.fagi strains with high bootstrap support.A morphological description with detailed photographs for L.fagi is provided in this study.
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Ministry of Science and Technology,Govt.of India for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015).
文摘Ascobolus is a very large genus among coprophilous fungi colonizing dung.There are very few workers who have explored dung fungi from India.During a recent trip to Andaman Islands,examination of cow dung samples revealed a new coprophilous fungus in the genus Ascobolus and the same has been reported in this paper.The present new species A.gomayapriya colonizes and grows on cow dung.A.gomayapriya is characterized by stalked,light-greenish-yellow apothecial ascomata,long cylindrical,short pedicellate asci with rounded apical caps,positive bluing reaction to Lougal’s reagent,ascospores that are hyaline to pale yellow red,smooth,cylindrical,thick-walled with two layers,sparsely dotted verruculose surface,very thin crevices.
基金the DFG Priority Program 1374 on BInfrastructure-BiodiversityExploratories(KR 3587/1-1,KR 3587/3-2,BA 2821/9-2,BU 941/17-1,HO 1961/5-1,HO 1961/5-2)。
文摘Fungi play vital roles in the decomposition of deadwood due to their secretion of various enzymes that break down plant cell-wall complexes.The compositions of woodinhabiting fungal(WIF)communities change over the course of the decomposition process as the remaining mass of wood decreases and both abiotic and biotic conditions of the wood significantly change.It is currently not resolved which substrate-related factors govern these changes in WIF communities and whether such changes influence the deadwood decomposition rate.Here we report a study on fungal richness and community structure in deadwood of Norway spruce and European beech in temperate forest ecosystems using 454 pyrosequencing.Our aims were to disentangle the factors that correspond to WIF community composition and to investigate the links between fungal richness,taxonomically-resolved fungal identity,and microbial-mediated ecosystem functions and processes by analyzing physico-chemical wood properties,lignin-modifying enzyme activities and wood decomposition rates.Unlike fungal richness,we found significant differences in community structure between deadwood of different tree species.The composition of WIF communities was related to the physico-chemical properties of the deadwood substrates.Decomposition rates and the activities of ligninmodifying enzymes were controlled by the succession of the fungal communities and competition scenarios rather than fungal OTU richness.Our results provide further insights into links between fungal community structure and microbialmediated ecosystem functions and processes.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360015)the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams,and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9 KIB2016002)Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Funds entitled Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(grant no:RDG6130001).
文摘The class Pezizomycetes is monophyletic within the subdivision Pezizomycotina. The main distinguishing character of thisclass is operculate asci, although in some taxa this character has been lost. The circumscription of the families and genericlevel delimitation in Pezizomycetes is still controversial, although several molecular phylogenetic studies have beenpublished on this group. This paper reviews 21 families of Pezizomycetes including five new families, which are introduced here, viz. Kallistoskyphaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Moreover, this study provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of five combined loci. Descriptions andillustrations of representative taxa for the families are provided from collections made in China, Thailand and the UK,herbarium material from international herbaria (FH, FLAS, H, HKAS and MA) and the literature. Pezizales separates intosix major clades. Clade 1 of Pezizales includes the families Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae. Clade 2 is the new familyKallistoskyphaceae. Clade 3 comprises the families Caloscyphaceae, Karstenellaceae and Rhizinaceae. Clade 4 representsthe families Discinaceae, Helvellaceae, Morchellaceae, Tuberaceae and Underwoodia columnaris lineage. Clade 5includes Chorioactidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae and Clade 6 comprises Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Otideaceae, Pseudombrophilaceae, Pulvinulaceae, Pyronemataceae, Strobiloscyphaceae and Tarzettaceae. Newsequence data belonging to ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB2 gene regions from 40 pezizalian species are provided here. Thepaper provides a working document for apothecial Pezizomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It ishoped that by illustrating taxa we provide stimulation and interest in the operculate discomycetes, so that further research iscarried out on this remarkable, but poorly studied group of fungi.
基金financed by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative(dha 34/071.4)and the Helge Ax:son Johnson foundationsupported in part by a NSF PEET Grant(DEB–9,521,926)to SMH and some sequences were generated in the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution at The Field Museum of Natural History.
文摘The phylogenetic relationships of Lasiosphaeriaceae are complicated in that the family is paraphyletic and includes Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae,as well as several polyphyletic genera.This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of the coprophilous genera,Anopodium,Apodospora,Arnium,Fimetariella and Zygospermella.They are traditionally circumscribed based on ascospore characters,which have proven homoplasious in other genera within the family.Our results based on LSU nrDNA andß–tubulin sequences distinguish four lineages of Lasiosphaeriaceae taxa.Anopodium joins the clade of mor-phologically similar,yellow-pigmented species of Cercophora and Lasiosphaeria.Apodospora is monophyletic and joins a larger group of taxa with unclear affinities to each other,while Arnium is polyphyletic being scattered throughout three of the four major clades of Lasiosphaeriaceae.Fimitariella is represented by a single collection and joins the clade containing Cercophora scortea and Podospora appendiculata.Zygospermella shows affinities to the Lasiosphaeris clade.Based on a combination of morphological and molecular data,Echria stat.nov.is recognized at the genus level for the former Arnium section and two new combinations are proposed:E.gigantospora and E.macrotheca.
基金supported by the Estonian Science Agency(project IUT20-30)the European Regional Development Fund(Centre of Excellence EcolChange).
文摘This study focuses on the genus Encoelia and the subfamily Encoelioideae in the morphologically and ecologically diverse Helotiales.The 28S and 18S rDNA as well as tef1,rpb1 and rpb2 were sequenced for 70 species.Phylogenetic analyses revealed Encoelia and Encoelioideae to be highly polyphyletic,with species distributed among eight major lineages.Encoelia fascicularis and E.pruinosa belonged to Sclerotiniaceae and were combined in a new genus,Sclerencoelia.Rutstroemiaceae comprised E.tiliacea and Dencoeliopsis johnstonii,both accepted in Rutstroemia.The type of Encoelia,E.furfuracea,was closely related to species of Velutarina,Cenangiopsis and Crumenulopsis.These species together with members of Hemiphacidiaceae formed a clade conforming to the emended concept of Cenangiaceae,introduced here.Another resurrected family,Cordieritidaceae,comprised E.fimbriata,E.heteromera and species of Ameghiniella,Cordierites,Diplocarpa and Ionomidotis,characterised by inamyloid asci and a positive ionomidotic reaction.Encoelia glauca showed closest affinities with Chlorociboria species in Chlorociboriaceae.A new genus,Xeropilidium,with sporodochial and pycnidial synanamorphs,was described for the distinct encoelioid member of the Chaetomellaceae,previously known as E.fuckelii.Morphological and ecological synapomorphies were distinguished from convergent characters to delimit monophyletic taxa including encoelioid fungi.Incorporation of public sequences from various biological samples in ITS rDNA analyses allowed identification of sequenced organisms at species,genus,or family level and added information on the ecology of seversal taxa.Members of Cenangiaceae appeared to be widespread as endophytes.Inclusion of encoelioid genera in Chaetomellaceae and Sclerotiniaceae added xylicolous saprotrophs to these families.
基金Danny Haelewaters is supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders(junior postdoctoral fellowship 1206620N)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.
文摘Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate.The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to the taxonomist.Therefore,more than in any other era,effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed.This paper reviews the historically fore-most approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota,the most speciose phylum of Fungi.These include morphological,biological,and phylogenetic species concepts.We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages.Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches.However,traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution,and do not allow unambiguous conclusions.We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity,which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies.So far,limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species.In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species,we present a case study.We applied differ-ent species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus Phyllosticta(Dothideomycetes,Botryosphaeriales).Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species.These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods.Further,we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.
