Design of a robust catalyst with high activity but the low cost for the hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of biooils is of great importance to bring the biorefinery concept into reality.In this study,density functional theory(D...Design of a robust catalyst with high activity but the low cost for the hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of biooils is of great importance to bring the biorefinery concept into reality.In this study,density functional theory(DFT) calculation was adopted to analyze the optimal location of Ni on MoO_(3-x) containing oxygen vacancy,and the corresponding result demonstrated that metallic Ni cluster located at the neighborhood of oxygen vacancies would significantly evoke HDO activity.Enlightened by DFT results,NiMoO_(4) was first hydrothermally synthesized and then employed to fabricate Ni-MoO_(3-x) catalyst via a low-temperature reduction,where Ni escaped from NiMoO_(4) and was reduced to its metallic state.Such an evolution of Ni species also induced the formation of oxygen vacancies around metallic Ni cluster.In the HDO of p-cresol,Ni-MoO_(3-x) exhibited high activity with a complete conversion and a methylcyclohexane selectivity of 99.4% at 150℃.Moreover,the catalyst showed good versatility in catalyzing HDO of diverse lignin-derived oxygenates and lignin oil.2D HSQC NMR,gas chromatograph and elemental analysis of the lignin oil demonstrated the high deoxygenation efficiency and saturation of the benzene ring over Ni-MoO_(3-x).In the upgrading of crude lignin oil,the deoxygenation degree was up to 99%,and the overall carbon yield of the naphthenes was as high as 69.4%.Importantly,the structures and carbon numbers of the naphthene products are similar to jet fuel-range cycloalka nes,which are expected to have a high density that can be blended into jet fuel to raise the range(or payload) of airplanes.This work demonstrates the feasibility for improving the targeted catalytic reactivity by rational tailoring the catalyst structure under the guidance of theoretical analysis,and provides an energy-efficient route for the upgrading of lignin crude oil into valuable naphthenes.展开更多
Bio-oil recycled asphalt binders in road engineering can help solve the problem of oil shortage and reduce the environmental pollution and sustainability.This paper investigated the road performance of the aged asphal...Bio-oil recycled asphalt binders in road engineering can help solve the problem of oil shortage and reduce the environmental pollution and sustainability.This paper investigated the road performance of the aged asphalt binder by adding bio-oil so that the aged asphalt binder could be reused to reach purpose of reuse.The residual soybean oil was selected as rejuvenator and blended with aged asphalt binder at 0%,2%,4%,and 6%,respectively.The results showed that bio-oil increased the penetration of aged asphalt binder,the penetration of bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a bio-oil content of 6%reached the standard of 70#matrix asphalt binder.The addition of bio-oil reduced the viscosity,mixing and compaction temperature of aged asphalt binder.As a common knowledge,bio-oil helps to increase the lightweight components of the aged asphalt binder,which diminishes the high-temperature rutting resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders.The high-temperature deformation resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders had not decreased linearly with the bio-oil dosage.Meanwhile,the hightemperature performance of the bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a 6%bio-oil was superior to matrix asphalt binder.Bio-oil increased the light components of the aged asphalt binder,thus reducing the high-temperature rheological properties of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders as the bio-oil dosage increases.The above test results showed that the bio-oil could restore the aged asphalt binder to the initial level to reach the reuse target.展开更多
A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a(Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio(from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to...A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a(Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio(from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 ?C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.展开更多
A model is proposed to describe soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification.It is based on the description of bio-oil heating,devolatilization,reforming of gases and conversion of both char and soot solid...A model is proposed to describe soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification.It is based on the description of bio-oil heating,devolatilization,reforming of gases and conversion of both char and soot solids.Detailed chemistry (159 species and 773 reactions) is used in the gas phase.Soot production is described by a single reaction based on C2H2species concentration and three heterogeneous soot oxidation reactions.To support the validation of the model,three sets of experiments were carried out in a lab-scale Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) equipped with soot quantification device.The temperature was varied from 1000 to 1400 C and three gaseous atmospheres were considered:default of steam,large excess of steam(H2O/C=8),and the presence of oxygen in the O/C range of 0.075–0.5.The model is shown to accurately describe the evolution of the concentration of the main gas species and to satisfactorily describe the soot concentration under the three atmospheres using a single set of identified kinetic parameters.Thanks to this model the contribution of different mechanisms involved in soot formation and oxidation in various situations can be assessed.展开更多
The reactive O-containing species in bio-oil could induce the polymerization of bio-oil during its thermal treatment, which affects the relevant utilization of bio-oil significantly. Furans, as the highly reactive Oco...The reactive O-containing species in bio-oil could induce the polymerization of bio-oil during its thermal treatment, which affects the relevant utilization of bio-oil significantly. Furans, as the highly reactive Ocontaining species in bio-oil, play important roles during the thermal treatment of bio-oil. In this study,furfural was chosen as the representative of the furans in bio-oil to investigate its roles during the thermal treatment of bio-oil. The raw bio-oil with and without the addition of extra furfural(10 wt% of bio-oil) and pure furfural were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at 200–500 ℃. The results show that the interactions among furfural and bio-oil components can take place prior to the evaporation of furfural(<140 ℃) to form the intermediates, then these intermediates could be further polymerized to form large molecular compounds, and coke can be formed via the interactions at temperatures ≥ 300 ℃. At temperatures ≤ 300 ℃, furfural mainly interacts with anhydrosugars. As the temperature further increases, the aromatics are involved in the interactions to form coke. The increased percentage of the coke formed via the interactions is in a linear relation with the conversion of furfural during the pyrolysis at 300–500 ℃(no coke formed at 200 ℃). Meanwhile, more non-aromatic light components(≤ C6) and less aromatics in the tars could be formed due to the interactions.展开更多
Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biom...Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03%(coconut shell) and 45%(coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients(UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid(NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.展开更多
Pyrolytic lignin, the water-insoluble fraction in bio-oil, often shows a high content and has strong intermolecular interactions with other compounds in bio-oil. In order to obtain pure pyrolytic lignin and facilitate...Pyrolytic lignin, the water-insoluble fraction in bio-oil, often shows a high content and has strong intermolecular interactions with other compounds in bio-oil. In order to obtain pure pyrolytic lignin and facilitate the utilization of aqueous phase obtained from water extraction of bio-oil, methanol–water extraction method was employed to further separate the bio-oil water-insoluble phase in this paper. Different technologies, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance, were adopted to characterize the structures of pyrolytic lignins with different activities obtained through this method. Both the heating value and the polymerization degree of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin were higher than those of low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin. The molecular weight distribution of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin was relatively wider, among which the contents of dimers to pentamers all accounted for 12% –18%,while the low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin mainly consisted of trimers(75.38%). The pyrolytic lignins had similar basic structures, both of which contained syringyl and guaiacyl units, whereas the low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin had more abundant syringyl units, reactive carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups. Meanwhile,thermogravimetric study revealed that the final char residue yield of low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin was lower than that of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of torrefaction with Mg(OH)2 on the properties of bio-oil formed from the microwave-assisted catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of straw stalk and soapstock.The effects of torrefaction tem...This study investigated the effects of torrefaction with Mg(OH)2 on the properties of bio-oil formed from the microwave-assisted catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of straw stalk and soapstock.The effects of torrefaction temperature and residence time on the yield and composition of bio-oil were discussed.Results showed that the torrefaction temperature and residence time remarkably influenced the yield and composition of bio-oil.With the increase in temperature and time,the bio-oil yield and the proportion of oxygen-containing compounds decreased,while the proportion of aromatic compounds increased.When the feedstocks were subject to torrefaction reaction for 20 min at 260°C,the proportion of oxygen-containing compounds decreased from 29.89%to 16.49%.Meanwhile,Mg(OH)2 could render the deoxidization function of torrefaction process increasingly noticeable.The proportion of the oxygen-containing compounds reached a minimum(14.41%),when the biomass-to-Mg(OH)2 ratio was 1:1.展开更多
Two series of bimetallic Ni-Co catalysts and corresponding monometallic catalysts with ca. 20 wt% metal loading were evaluated in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol as a model compound for bio-oil. The bimetallic cata...Two series of bimetallic Ni-Co catalysts and corresponding monometallic catalysts with ca. 20 wt% metal loading were evaluated in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol as a model compound for bio-oil. The bimetallic catalysts outperformed the corresponding monometallic catalyst in terms of conversion and cyclohexane selectivity. This could be attributed to the formation of Ni-Co alloy, which caused a decrease in metal particle size and stabilized Ni active sites in the near surface region. The balanced combination of formed Ni-Co alloy with acidity from supports allowed performing all individual steps in the reaction network toward desired products at high rate. Consequently, the two best-performing catalysts were tested in HDO of wood based bio-oil, showing that the bimetallic catalyst 10Ni10Co/HZSM-5 was more effective than 20Ni/HZSM-5 in terms of degree of deoxygenation and upgraded bio-oil yield. These findings might open an opportunity for development of a novel cheap but effective catalyst for a key step in the process chain from biomass to renewable liquid fuels.展开更多
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processing of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil produces aqueous co-product (AP) which contains significant (~40 wt%) carbon from the original feedstock. This study evaluates macro and...Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processing of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil produces aqueous co-product (AP) which contains significant (~40 wt%) carbon from the original feedstock. This study evaluates macro and micronutrient composition of AP from Ca(NO3)2 catalyzed HTL of cardboard (CbAP) to cultivate bacteria. HPLC, GC-MS and ICP-MS analysis of CbAP revealed presence of C1-C3 carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenolics, sub-optimal phosphorous and bio-incompatible levels of calcium. Dilutions (5 - 80 vol%) of detoxified CbAP (DTP-CbAP) in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were supplemented with 50 mg·mL-1 of yeast extract and inoculated with metabolically versatile Enterobacter species. The cultures were incubated at 25°C under aerobic conditions. A maximum 9.4 fold increase in the dry cell weight was observed in DTP-CbAP-15 vol%. Co-liquefaction of the bacteria with cardboard in 1:1 and 1:3 weight ratios each produced ~33% more total bio-oil. These had higher HHVs of 34.11 and 31.05 MJ·kg-1, respectively compared with bio-oil from cardboard feedstock alone which had HHV of 30.61 MJ·kg-1. The study highlights the challenges in cultivating microbes in AP from HTL of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) and the possibility to integrate microbial capture and recycle of the AP carbon for enhanced bio-oil production and quality.展开更多
Sewage sludge is an unavoidable secondary pollution produced in the process of sewage treatment. At present traditional methods of treating sludge (e.g. landfill, incineration or land application) have some disadvanta...Sewage sludge is an unavoidable secondary pollution produced in the process of sewage treatment. At present traditional methods of treating sludge (e.g. landfill, incineration or land application) have some disadvantages and shortages. Direct thermochemical liquefaction of sludge is a new treatment method, which has the advantage of both treatment and energy recovery. Research progress and application prospect of sludge liquefaction technology are widely reported, typical liquefaction process with bio-oil production and its main influencing factors are introduced. Besides, the devel- opment of this process is illustrated, and resource and energy recovery of this technology are pointed out to be the ten- dency of sludge treatment in the future.展开更多
Bio-oil production via pyrolysis is one of promising technologies for renewable energy production from bio-wastes.However,the complicated biooil is still a challenge for high-valued application and during biomass pyro...Bio-oil production via pyrolysis is one of promising technologies for renewable energy production from bio-wastes.However,the complicated biooil is still a challenge for high-valued application and during biomass pyrolysis,the emission of non-cleaned aerosol,the potential emission,namely carbonaceous aerosol(CA)increased the difficulty of the commercial promotion.In this study,Rice husk pyrolysis was performed in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor coupled with fractional condensers.The effects of pyrolysis and condensation temperature on the properties of bio-oil and emission of CAwere investigated systemically.Results indicated that the in-situ separation of vapors was accomplished via condensers of different temperatures(85℃and−10℃).The bio-oil with different physiochemical properties were obtained in the high content of phenols and lower acids of BO1 and high content of acids and better liquidity.The size distribution of CA was found primarily classified as sub-micrometer grade particles,which have a diameter of less than 1.1μm.In particular,CA existed in three representative forms:bead,granular aggregate,and liquidoid.The results of light absorption of total organic carbon(TOC)and non-volatile organic carbon(NVOC)indicated that the absorption per mass increased in the single temperature with the decrement of wavelength and it improved as the pyrolysis temperature increased at the specified wavelength.The absorption per mass was to maximum value(3.7 m^(2)/g)at 360 nm wavelength and 600℃.TOC demonstrated a strong light absorption and a wide spectral range dependence(AAE:5.08-10.05)which enhanced the light absorption in the ultra-violet and low-visible regions.展开更多
Solid superacid SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)as heterogeneous catalyst was prepared to upgrade the bio-oil in the progress of hydrother-mal liquefaction(HTL)for the represented algae of Chlorella vulgaris and Enteromorpha proli...Solid superacid SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)as heterogeneous catalyst was prepared to upgrade the bio-oil in the progress of hydrother-mal liquefaction(HTL)for the represented algae of Chlorella vulgaris and Enteromorpha prolifera.The solid superacid catalyst could obviously adjust the composition of the bio-oil and improve the higher heating values(HHVs).The catalytic performance could be regulated by adjusting the acid amount and acid strength of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2).Furthermore,it was explored the catalytic effects of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)by the HTL for algae major model components,including polysaccharides,proteins,lipids,binary mixture and ternary mixture.The results showed that the introducing of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)catalyst could increase the yields of bio-oil from proteins and lipids,and avoid the Maillard reaction between polysaccharides and proteins.Moreover,a possible reaction pathway and mechanisms has proposed for the formation of bio-oils from HTL of algae catalyzed by SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)based on the systematic research of the producing bio-oil from major model components.展开更多
The co-liquefaction behaviors of cotton seed(CS)and flos populi(FP)were investigated in the sub-critical water/ethanol mixed solvent using the medical stone(MS)based additives.Oil products were characterized using FTI...The co-liquefaction behaviors of cotton seed(CS)and flos populi(FP)were investigated in the sub-critical water/ethanol mixed solvent using the medical stone(MS)based additives.Oil products were characterized using FTIR,GC-MS,1HNMR,and 13CNMR techniques.The test results showed that the synergistic effect of co-liquefaction was obvious when the ratio of cotton seed and flospopuli was 1:1 without additives.The additives,such as 12-phosphotungstic acid(PW12),HZSM-5,PW12/HZSM-5 and modified medical stone(MS),PW12/MS,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the bio-oil yield;and the modified MS resulted in higher liquefied oil yield than that achieved by MS.Furthermore,additives such as Ni/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS also could increase the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons in liquefied oil.The addition of Co-Mo/MS could lead to a highest liquefied oil yield of 28.8%,while the additive of PW12/HZSM-5 could result in a highest total conversion of 81.6%.Results also revealed that additives,such as PW12/MS,PW12,PW12/HZSM-5,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the H2 production and decrease the CO2 production in gas products.展开更多
A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silic...A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silica sand from an internal pyrolysis reactor to a second external annular reactor for char burning, which generates most of the heat required by the pyrolysis reactor, and a third sand-preheating reactor that burns non-condensable pyrolysis gas. The hot vapours, after high temperature cleaning, are quenched in a flash cooling system. The process generates up to 62% of bio-oil, 25% of char and 13% of non-condensable gas. The heat requirements for the total system are provided by burning part of the char and non-condensable gases generated in the pyrolysis step and by preheating the fluidizing gas for the pyrolysis reactor.展开更多
Renewable hydrocarbons refer to fuels consisting of hydrocarbons of 10 to 20 carbon atoms, produced from biomass, and free of oxygen. Hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreatment processes for the production o...Renewable hydrocarbons refer to fuels consisting of hydrocarbons of 10 to 20 carbon atoms, produced from biomass, and free of oxygen. Hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreatment processes for the production of renewable hydrocarbons are described in the literature. Microalgae have been targeted in recent years to synthesize biomass that can be used in the production of biofuels, such as renewable hydrocarbons, biodiesel or ethanol second generation. In this context the lineage Monoraphidium sp. was selected from previous ecophysiological studies and its potential to produce lipids to develop this research related with the extraction of the bio-oil of the wet biomass of Monoraphidium sp. through heat treatment. Consecutively the bio-oil was used as raw material for the production of hydrocarbons through hydrocracking and hydrodeoxygenation processes (HDO) as: decarbonylation, decarboxylation, dehydratation, with in situ production of hydrogen from liquid-phase reforming of glycerol. The reactions were carried out under two different temperature conditions, 350°C and 300°C, respectively, for 1 h and using ruthenium alumina catalyst (Ru/Al2O3). The results showed the bio-oil processing route at a temperature of 350°C promising for the production of hydrocarbons achieving a conversion of 81.54%.展开更多
Under the renewable energy context, sugarcane biomass pyrolysis has been growing as a convenient route to produce bio-oil, which can be set into the chemical industry and refineries as building blocks or combustion fu...Under the renewable energy context, sugarcane biomass pyrolysis has been growing as a convenient route to produce bio-oil, which can be set into the chemical industry and refineries as building blocks or combustion fuel. In this work sugarcane straw was submitted to direct pyrolysis in a fluidized bed pilot plant at 500°C, in presence of air. Sugarcane in natura was also pyrolysed as a model for comparison, in order to determine the viability of processing different sources of raw biomass. The physicochemical characterization of the biomass precursors as well as of the bio-oils was also carried out, which points both biomass feedstocks as suitable for bio-oil production in terms of viscosity, surface tension, density and acidity. The bio-oil obtained from sugarcane in natura presented higher carbon and hydrogen content as well as lower oxygen content. On the other hand, the metal content is higher in the bio-oil obtained from sugarcane straw, in special the iron and potassium contents were 807 ppm and 123 ppm against 27 ppm and 1 ppm in the bio-oil from sugarcane in natura. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds as well as carbohydrates scaffolds were identified as the main components of the bio-oil. GC-MS analyses showed aromatic products from lignine fragmentation and free sugars and sugar derivatives.展开更多
Louisiana is endowed with forest resources. Forest wastes generated after thinning, land clearing, and logging operations, such as wood debris, tree trimmings, barks, sawdust, wood chips, and black liquor, among other...Louisiana is endowed with forest resources. Forest wastes generated after thinning, land clearing, and logging operations, such as wood debris, tree trimmings, barks, sawdust, wood chips, and black liquor, among others, can serve as potential fuels for energy production in Louisiana. This paper aims to evaluate the potential annual volumes of forest wastes established on detailed and existing data on the forest structure in the rural-urban interface of Louisiana. It also demonstrates the state’s prospects of utilizing forest wastes to produce bio-oils. The data specific to the study was deduced from secondary data sources to obtain the annual average total residue production in Louisiana and estimate the number of logging residues available for procurement for bioenergy production. The total biomass production per year was modeled versus years by polynomial regression curve fitting using Microsoft Excel. Results of the model show that the cumulative annual total biomass production for 2025 and 2030 in Louisiana is projected to be 80000000 Bone Dry Ton (BDT) and 16000000 (BDT) respectively. The findings of the study depict that Louisiana has a massive biomass supply from forest wastes for bioenergy production. Thus, the potential for Louisiana to become an influential player in the production of bio-based products from forest residues is evident. The author recommends that future research can use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create maps displaying the potential locations and utilization centers of forest wastes for bioenergy production in the state.展开更多
Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst bas...Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst based on SBA-15 mesoporous silica doped with chromium ferrite nanoparticles was prepared by the double solvent technique (DS). The prepared catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Wide and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS, SAXS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FT-IR spectroscopies. Reverse spinel chromium ferrite nanoparticles were located inside the SBA-15 pores as confirmed by SEM images. The obtained catalyst was tested for pyrolysis reactions of OMSW. Several parameters were studied to optimize the conditions of the pyrolysis reaction in order to increase the bio-oil conversion yield. The GC-MS results demonstrated that the quality of the obtained bio-oil was improved by decreasing the quantity of phenolic and oxygenated components as well as the size of the obtained molecules. The produced bio-oil from pyrolysis of OMSW is identical to that obtained from the pyrolysis of commercial cellulose under the same conditions. A 37% conversion yield of bio-oil was obtained for the best conditions.展开更多
In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted ...In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB3805401, 2019YFC1905300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178297)+1 种基金the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2022JJ40425, 2022JJ40432)the Process Intensification and Green Chemical Engineering Innovation Team of Hunan Province。
文摘Design of a robust catalyst with high activity but the low cost for the hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of biooils is of great importance to bring the biorefinery concept into reality.In this study,density functional theory(DFT) calculation was adopted to analyze the optimal location of Ni on MoO_(3-x) containing oxygen vacancy,and the corresponding result demonstrated that metallic Ni cluster located at the neighborhood of oxygen vacancies would significantly evoke HDO activity.Enlightened by DFT results,NiMoO_(4) was first hydrothermally synthesized and then employed to fabricate Ni-MoO_(3-x) catalyst via a low-temperature reduction,where Ni escaped from NiMoO_(4) and was reduced to its metallic state.Such an evolution of Ni species also induced the formation of oxygen vacancies around metallic Ni cluster.In the HDO of p-cresol,Ni-MoO_(3-x) exhibited high activity with a complete conversion and a methylcyclohexane selectivity of 99.4% at 150℃.Moreover,the catalyst showed good versatility in catalyzing HDO of diverse lignin-derived oxygenates and lignin oil.2D HSQC NMR,gas chromatograph and elemental analysis of the lignin oil demonstrated the high deoxygenation efficiency and saturation of the benzene ring over Ni-MoO_(3-x).In the upgrading of crude lignin oil,the deoxygenation degree was up to 99%,and the overall carbon yield of the naphthenes was as high as 69.4%.Importantly,the structures and carbon numbers of the naphthene products are similar to jet fuel-range cycloalka nes,which are expected to have a high density that can be blended into jet fuel to raise the range(or payload) of airplanes.This work demonstrates the feasibility for improving the targeted catalytic reactivity by rational tailoring the catalyst structure under the guidance of theoretical analysis,and provides an energy-efficient route for the upgrading of lignin crude oil into valuable naphthenes.
文摘Bio-oil recycled asphalt binders in road engineering can help solve the problem of oil shortage and reduce the environmental pollution and sustainability.This paper investigated the road performance of the aged asphalt binder by adding bio-oil so that the aged asphalt binder could be reused to reach purpose of reuse.The residual soybean oil was selected as rejuvenator and blended with aged asphalt binder at 0%,2%,4%,and 6%,respectively.The results showed that bio-oil increased the penetration of aged asphalt binder,the penetration of bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a bio-oil content of 6%reached the standard of 70#matrix asphalt binder.The addition of bio-oil reduced the viscosity,mixing and compaction temperature of aged asphalt binder.As a common knowledge,bio-oil helps to increase the lightweight components of the aged asphalt binder,which diminishes the high-temperature rutting resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders.The high-temperature deformation resistance of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders had not decreased linearly with the bio-oil dosage.Meanwhile,the hightemperature performance of the bio-oil recycled asphalt binder with a 6%bio-oil was superior to matrix asphalt binder.Bio-oil increased the light components of the aged asphalt binder,thus reducing the high-temperature rheological properties of bio-oil recycled asphalt binders as the bio-oil dosage increases.The above test results showed that the bio-oil could restore the aged asphalt binder to the initial level to reach the reuse target.
基金supported by the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(2012AA051801)the Fundamenta lResearch Funds for the Central Universities(No.CXZZ13 0112)
文摘A series of Cu-Mg-Al hydrotalcites derived oxides with a(Cu+Mg)/Al mole ratio of 3 and varied Cu/Mg mole ratio(from 0.07 to 0.30) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination methods, then they were introduced to the hydrogenation of furfural in aqueous-phase. Effects of Cu/Mg mole ratio, reaction temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount on the conversion rate of furfural as well as the selectivity toward desired product cyclopentanol were systematically investigated. The conversion of furfural over calcined hydrotalcite catalyst with a Cu/Mg mole ratio of 0.2 was up to 98.5% when the reaction was carried out under 140 ?C and the initial hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa for 10 h, while the selectivity toward cyclopentanol was up to 94.8%. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD diffraction of all the samples showed characteristic pattern of hydrotalcite with varied peak intensity as a result of different Cu content. The catalytic activity was improved gradually with the increase of Cu component in the hydrotalcite.
基金the financial support from EnerBio Program of Fondation Tuck France,and express their gratitude to Mr
文摘A model is proposed to describe soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification.It is based on the description of bio-oil heating,devolatilization,reforming of gases and conversion of both char and soot solids.Detailed chemistry (159 species and 773 reactions) is used in the gas phase.Soot production is described by a single reaction based on C2H2species concentration and three heterogeneous soot oxidation reactions.To support the validation of the model,three sets of experiments were carried out in a lab-scale Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) equipped with soot quantification device.The temperature was varied from 1000 to 1400 C and three gaseous atmospheres were considered:default of steam,large excess of steam(H2O/C=8),and the presence of oxygen in the O/C range of 0.075–0.5.The model is shown to accurately describe the evolution of the concentration of the main gas species and to satisfactorily describe the soot concentration under the three atmospheres using a single set of identified kinetic parameters.Thanks to this model the contribution of different mechanisms involved in soot formation and oxidation in various situations can be assessed.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB1503902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.51976074,51950410757)。
文摘The reactive O-containing species in bio-oil could induce the polymerization of bio-oil during its thermal treatment, which affects the relevant utilization of bio-oil significantly. Furans, as the highly reactive Ocontaining species in bio-oil, play important roles during the thermal treatment of bio-oil. In this study,furfural was chosen as the representative of the furans in bio-oil to investigate its roles during the thermal treatment of bio-oil. The raw bio-oil with and without the addition of extra furfural(10 wt% of bio-oil) and pure furfural were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at 200–500 ℃. The results show that the interactions among furfural and bio-oil components can take place prior to the evaporation of furfural(<140 ℃) to form the intermediates, then these intermediates could be further polymerized to form large molecular compounds, and coke can be formed via the interactions at temperatures ≥ 300 ℃. At temperatures ≤ 300 ℃, furfural mainly interacts with anhydrosugars. As the temperature further increases, the aromatics are involved in the interactions to form coke. The increased percentage of the coke formed via the interactions is in a linear relation with the conversion of furfural during the pyrolysis at 300–500 ℃(no coke formed at 200 ℃). Meanwhile, more non-aromatic light components(≤ C6) and less aromatics in the tars could be formed due to the interactions.
基金the Ministry of Research,Technology and Higher Education,Indonesia,for the financial support of this work through the research grant of "Produk Terapan" Universitas Negeri Semarang,Nomor:084/SP2H/LT/DRPM/IV/2017
文摘Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03%(coconut shell) and 45%(coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients(UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid(NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Plan Through Contract(2015BAD15B06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51276166)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB228101)Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization(2013A061401005)
文摘Pyrolytic lignin, the water-insoluble fraction in bio-oil, often shows a high content and has strong intermolecular interactions with other compounds in bio-oil. In order to obtain pure pyrolytic lignin and facilitate the utilization of aqueous phase obtained from water extraction of bio-oil, methanol–water extraction method was employed to further separate the bio-oil water-insoluble phase in this paper. Different technologies, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance, were adopted to characterize the structures of pyrolytic lignins with different activities obtained through this method. Both the heating value and the polymerization degree of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin were higher than those of low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin. The molecular weight distribution of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin was relatively wider, among which the contents of dimers to pentamers all accounted for 12% –18%,while the low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin mainly consisted of trimers(75.38%). The pyrolytic lignins had similar basic structures, both of which contained syringyl and guaiacyl units, whereas the low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin had more abundant syringyl units, reactive carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups. Meanwhile,thermogravimetric study revealed that the final char residue yield of low-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin was lower than that of high-molecular-weight pyrolytic lignin.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21766019)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province (20171BBF60023)+2 种基金the International Science & Technology Cooperation Project of China (2015DFA60170-4)the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Province Education Department (No. GJJ150213)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Program (No. Y707sb1001)
文摘This study investigated the effects of torrefaction with Mg(OH)2 on the properties of bio-oil formed from the microwave-assisted catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of straw stalk and soapstock.The effects of torrefaction temperature and residence time on the yield and composition of bio-oil were discussed.Results showed that the torrefaction temperature and residence time remarkably influenced the yield and composition of bio-oil.With the increase in temperature and time,the bio-oil yield and the proportion of oxygen-containing compounds decreased,while the proportion of aromatic compounds increased.When the feedstocks were subject to torrefaction reaction for 20 min at 260°C,the proportion of oxygen-containing compounds decreased from 29.89%to 16.49%.Meanwhile,Mg(OH)2 could render the deoxidization function of torrefaction process increasingly noticeable.The proportion of the oxygen-containing compounds reached a minimum(14.41%),when the biomass-to-Mg(OH)2 ratio was 1:1.
文摘Two series of bimetallic Ni-Co catalysts and corresponding monometallic catalysts with ca. 20 wt% metal loading were evaluated in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol as a model compound for bio-oil. The bimetallic catalysts outperformed the corresponding monometallic catalyst in terms of conversion and cyclohexane selectivity. This could be attributed to the formation of Ni-Co alloy, which caused a decrease in metal particle size and stabilized Ni active sites in the near surface region. The balanced combination of formed Ni-Co alloy with acidity from supports allowed performing all individual steps in the reaction network toward desired products at high rate. Consequently, the two best-performing catalysts were tested in HDO of wood based bio-oil, showing that the bimetallic catalyst 10Ni10Co/HZSM-5 was more effective than 20Ni/HZSM-5 in terms of degree of deoxygenation and upgraded bio-oil yield. These findings might open an opportunity for development of a novel cheap but effective catalyst for a key step in the process chain from biomass to renewable liquid fuels.
文摘Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processing of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil produces aqueous co-product (AP) which contains significant (~40 wt%) carbon from the original feedstock. This study evaluates macro and micronutrient composition of AP from Ca(NO3)2 catalyzed HTL of cardboard (CbAP) to cultivate bacteria. HPLC, GC-MS and ICP-MS analysis of CbAP revealed presence of C1-C3 carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenolics, sub-optimal phosphorous and bio-incompatible levels of calcium. Dilutions (5 - 80 vol%) of detoxified CbAP (DTP-CbAP) in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were supplemented with 50 mg·mL-1 of yeast extract and inoculated with metabolically versatile Enterobacter species. The cultures were incubated at 25°C under aerobic conditions. A maximum 9.4 fold increase in the dry cell weight was observed in DTP-CbAP-15 vol%. Co-liquefaction of the bacteria with cardboard in 1:1 and 1:3 weight ratios each produced ~33% more total bio-oil. These had higher HHVs of 34.11 and 31.05 MJ·kg-1, respectively compared with bio-oil from cardboard feedstock alone which had HHV of 30.61 MJ·kg-1. The study highlights the challenges in cultivating microbes in AP from HTL of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) and the possibility to integrate microbial capture and recycle of the AP carbon for enhanced bio-oil production and quality.
文摘Sewage sludge is an unavoidable secondary pollution produced in the process of sewage treatment. At present traditional methods of treating sludge (e.g. landfill, incineration or land application) have some disadvantages and shortages. Direct thermochemical liquefaction of sludge is a new treatment method, which has the advantage of both treatment and energy recovery. Research progress and application prospect of sludge liquefaction technology are widely reported, typical liquefaction process with bio-oil production and its main influencing factors are introduced. Besides, the devel- opment of this process is illustrated, and resource and energy recovery of this technology are pointed out to be the ten- dency of sludge treatment in the future.
基金the support for this research from the Project supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China[ZR2017MEE004]National Natural Science Foundation of China[51536009 and 51276103]+1 种基金Distinguished Expert of Taishan Scholars(Shandong Province)and Higher Education Superior Discipline Team Training Program of Shandong Province,China National Natural Science Fund[51606113]Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province[2017GGX40108].
文摘Bio-oil production via pyrolysis is one of promising technologies for renewable energy production from bio-wastes.However,the complicated biooil is still a challenge for high-valued application and during biomass pyrolysis,the emission of non-cleaned aerosol,the potential emission,namely carbonaceous aerosol(CA)increased the difficulty of the commercial promotion.In this study,Rice husk pyrolysis was performed in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor coupled with fractional condensers.The effects of pyrolysis and condensation temperature on the properties of bio-oil and emission of CAwere investigated systemically.Results indicated that the in-situ separation of vapors was accomplished via condensers of different temperatures(85℃and−10℃).The bio-oil with different physiochemical properties were obtained in the high content of phenols and lower acids of BO1 and high content of acids and better liquidity.The size distribution of CA was found primarily classified as sub-micrometer grade particles,which have a diameter of less than 1.1μm.In particular,CA existed in three representative forms:bead,granular aggregate,and liquidoid.The results of light absorption of total organic carbon(TOC)and non-volatile organic carbon(NVOC)indicated that the absorption per mass increased in the single temperature with the decrement of wavelength and it improved as the pyrolysis temperature increased at the specified wavelength.The absorption per mass was to maximum value(3.7 m^(2)/g)at 360 nm wavelength and 600℃.TOC demonstrated a strong light absorption and a wide spectral range dependence(AAE:5.08-10.05)which enhanced the light absorption in the ultra-violet and low-visible regions.
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.ZR2019BB 033)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ocean University of China(No.201813031).
文摘Solid superacid SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)as heterogeneous catalyst was prepared to upgrade the bio-oil in the progress of hydrother-mal liquefaction(HTL)for the represented algae of Chlorella vulgaris and Enteromorpha prolifera.The solid superacid catalyst could obviously adjust the composition of the bio-oil and improve the higher heating values(HHVs).The catalytic performance could be regulated by adjusting the acid amount and acid strength of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2).Furthermore,it was explored the catalytic effects of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)by the HTL for algae major model components,including polysaccharides,proteins,lipids,binary mixture and ternary mixture.The results showed that the introducing of SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)catalyst could increase the yields of bio-oil from proteins and lipids,and avoid the Maillard reaction between polysaccharides and proteins.Moreover,a possible reaction pathway and mechanisms has proposed for the formation of bio-oils from HTL of algae catalyzed by SO_(4)^(2−)/ZrO_(2)based on the systematic research of the producing bio-oil from major model components.
基金This work was supported by the NSFCShanxi coal based low carbon joint fund(U1810209)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(201901D111006).
文摘The co-liquefaction behaviors of cotton seed(CS)and flos populi(FP)were investigated in the sub-critical water/ethanol mixed solvent using the medical stone(MS)based additives.Oil products were characterized using FTIR,GC-MS,1HNMR,and 13CNMR techniques.The test results showed that the synergistic effect of co-liquefaction was obvious when the ratio of cotton seed and flospopuli was 1:1 without additives.The additives,such as 12-phosphotungstic acid(PW12),HZSM-5,PW12/HZSM-5 and modified medical stone(MS),PW12/MS,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the bio-oil yield;and the modified MS resulted in higher liquefied oil yield than that achieved by MS.Furthermore,additives such as Ni/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS also could increase the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons in liquefied oil.The addition of Co-Mo/MS could lead to a highest liquefied oil yield of 28.8%,while the additive of PW12/HZSM-5 could result in a highest total conversion of 81.6%.Results also revealed that additives,such as PW12/MS,PW12,PW12/HZSM-5,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the H2 production and decrease the CO2 production in gas products.
文摘A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silica sand from an internal pyrolysis reactor to a second external annular reactor for char burning, which generates most of the heat required by the pyrolysis reactor, and a third sand-preheating reactor that burns non-condensable pyrolysis gas. The hot vapours, after high temperature cleaning, are quenched in a flash cooling system. The process generates up to 62% of bio-oil, 25% of char and 13% of non-condensable gas. The heat requirements for the total system are provided by burning part of the char and non-condensable gases generated in the pyrolysis step and by preheating the fluidizing gas for the pyrolysis reactor.
文摘Renewable hydrocarbons refer to fuels consisting of hydrocarbons of 10 to 20 carbon atoms, produced from biomass, and free of oxygen. Hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreatment processes for the production of renewable hydrocarbons are described in the literature. Microalgae have been targeted in recent years to synthesize biomass that can be used in the production of biofuels, such as renewable hydrocarbons, biodiesel or ethanol second generation. In this context the lineage Monoraphidium sp. was selected from previous ecophysiological studies and its potential to produce lipids to develop this research related with the extraction of the bio-oil of the wet biomass of Monoraphidium sp. through heat treatment. Consecutively the bio-oil was used as raw material for the production of hydrocarbons through hydrocracking and hydrodeoxygenation processes (HDO) as: decarbonylation, decarboxylation, dehydratation, with in situ production of hydrogen from liquid-phase reforming of glycerol. The reactions were carried out under two different temperature conditions, 350°C and 300°C, respectively, for 1 h and using ruthenium alumina catalyst (Ru/Al2O3). The results showed the bio-oil processing route at a temperature of 350°C promising for the production of hydrocarbons achieving a conversion of 81.54%.
文摘Under the renewable energy context, sugarcane biomass pyrolysis has been growing as a convenient route to produce bio-oil, which can be set into the chemical industry and refineries as building blocks or combustion fuel. In this work sugarcane straw was submitted to direct pyrolysis in a fluidized bed pilot plant at 500°C, in presence of air. Sugarcane in natura was also pyrolysed as a model for comparison, in order to determine the viability of processing different sources of raw biomass. The physicochemical characterization of the biomass precursors as well as of the bio-oils was also carried out, which points both biomass feedstocks as suitable for bio-oil production in terms of viscosity, surface tension, density and acidity. The bio-oil obtained from sugarcane in natura presented higher carbon and hydrogen content as well as lower oxygen content. On the other hand, the metal content is higher in the bio-oil obtained from sugarcane straw, in special the iron and potassium contents were 807 ppm and 123 ppm against 27 ppm and 1 ppm in the bio-oil from sugarcane in natura. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds as well as carbohydrates scaffolds were identified as the main components of the bio-oil. GC-MS analyses showed aromatic products from lignine fragmentation and free sugars and sugar derivatives.
文摘Louisiana is endowed with forest resources. Forest wastes generated after thinning, land clearing, and logging operations, such as wood debris, tree trimmings, barks, sawdust, wood chips, and black liquor, among others, can serve as potential fuels for energy production in Louisiana. This paper aims to evaluate the potential annual volumes of forest wastes established on detailed and existing data on the forest structure in the rural-urban interface of Louisiana. It also demonstrates the state’s prospects of utilizing forest wastes to produce bio-oils. The data specific to the study was deduced from secondary data sources to obtain the annual average total residue production in Louisiana and estimate the number of logging residues available for procurement for bioenergy production. The total biomass production per year was modeled versus years by polynomial regression curve fitting using Microsoft Excel. Results of the model show that the cumulative annual total biomass production for 2025 and 2030 in Louisiana is projected to be 80000000 Bone Dry Ton (BDT) and 16000000 (BDT) respectively. The findings of the study depict that Louisiana has a massive biomass supply from forest wastes for bioenergy production. Thus, the potential for Louisiana to become an influential player in the production of bio-based products from forest residues is evident. The author recommends that future research can use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create maps displaying the potential locations and utilization centers of forest wastes for bioenergy production in the state.
文摘Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst based on SBA-15 mesoporous silica doped with chromium ferrite nanoparticles was prepared by the double solvent technique (DS). The prepared catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Wide and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS, SAXS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FT-IR spectroscopies. Reverse spinel chromium ferrite nanoparticles were located inside the SBA-15 pores as confirmed by SEM images. The obtained catalyst was tested for pyrolysis reactions of OMSW. Several parameters were studied to optimize the conditions of the pyrolysis reaction in order to increase the bio-oil conversion yield. The GC-MS results demonstrated that the quality of the obtained bio-oil was improved by decreasing the quantity of phenolic and oxygenated components as well as the size of the obtained molecules. The produced bio-oil from pyrolysis of OMSW is identical to that obtained from the pyrolysis of commercial cellulose under the same conditions. A 37% conversion yield of bio-oil was obtained for the best conditions.
文摘In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.
