The reference values of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations were evaluated based on the human blood samples collected from Kashi, Xinjiang. And human serum samples of fa...The reference values of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations were evaluated based on the human blood samples collected from Kashi, Xinjiang. And human serum samples of family members from Liaoning were evaluated for levels of PFOS and PFOA with the purpose to compare exposure pathways for family members. Among the 110 blood specimens from Kashi, the detection frequency of PFOS and PFOA was 93% and 6%, respectively. Reference values of serum PFOS, evaluated as the 90th percentiles of the concentrations, were determined to be 6.44 μg/L. Significant positive correlations were observed for serum levels of PFOS and PFOA among family members in Liaoning. Specially, stronger correlation between mother and offspring was observed than that between father and offspring. And stronger correlation of serum PFOS and PFOA levels was observed among fam- ily members in rural areas than those in big and small-medium cities. Difference in the association of serum PFOS and PFOA level among family members suggested that exposure in the outdoor and working environment of different oc- cupations should be evaluated. Present study provides reference values for exposure assessment in China and potential pathways of human exposure to PFOS and PFOA.展开更多
The aim of our study was to explore whether honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) could be used as a reliable alternative to the standard mechanical devices for monitoring of air quality, in particular with respect to the con...The aim of our study was to explore whether honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) could be used as a reliable alternative to the standard mechanical devices for monitoring of air quality, in particular with respect to the concentration of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V). We therefore tested whether the concentrations of these metals in adult honeybees and in ambient air were positively correlated, and whether differences in concentration between locations were similar for bees and air. On the basis of our measurements, conducted over a two-month period at three distinct locations in the Netherlands with each three replicate honeybee colonies placed next to mechanical monitoring devices, we concluded that a significant positive relationship between the concentrations in bees and in air could only be established for V. Also, only in the case of V, the differences between the three locations in mean concentration were similar for bees and air. Both outcomes were probably due to the relatively large range over which the concentrations of V varied, both in bees and in air, as compared to Cd and Pb. However, for V, as well as for Cd and Pb, the concentrations in ambient air were about two orders of magnitude below the established air quality standards. We therefore conclude that in the Netherlands, both variation and levels of the atmospheric concentrations of these metals are too low to establish a relationship between the concentration in bees and in air that is useful to present honeybees as an alternative to mechanical devices in monitoring of air pollution. However, in countries with larger variation and higher levels of the atmospheric concentrations of these metals, further exploration of the potential of honeybees in biomonitoring of air pollution may be worthwhile.展开更多
Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot i...Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot into accumulation in the human body.People can accidentally inhale these hazardous chemicals if they are in an area where they were applied.These chemicals can be ingested in a human with contaminated food and drinks.Ultimately it causes various adverse effects(chronic toxicity,teratogenic,mutagenic,carcinogenic effect,reproductive,and organ toxicity)on human health.Among the pool of these chemicals used as pesticides in the environment,exposure of endosulfan to humans has a potential health risk throughout the globe.The poisoning of endosulfan is reported frequently in society,therefore,this article highlights the toxicological and other harmful properties of endosulfan to humans and emphasized its essential biomonitoring.Its quick monitoring and effective hazard evaluation are possible with multiomics technologies and some other analytical approaches.This review summarizes the introduction and mechanism of action of endosulfan along with some other toxic chemicals used in the agriculture work,the toxicity of endosulfan in human/environment,and importantly its biomonitoring(detection of chemicals and their metabolites in a biological sample)in human because biomonitoring is often considered as the most preferred method.Biomonitoring could be easily done in human samples(blood,hair,milk,and urine)with a multi-omics approach,which is a quick,reliable,and state-of-the-art technique.展开更多
The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of phenolic compounds of olive trees leaves (Olea europaea L.) as a biomarker for the assessment of heavy metals (HMs) air pollution (Pb, Cu and Mn) in Baniyas ar...The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of phenolic compounds of olive trees leaves (Olea europaea L.) as a biomarker for the assessment of heavy metals (HMs) air pollution (Pb, Cu and Mn) in Baniyas area. Olive trees were selected as the predominant species in the study area. Samples were collected from 6 locations at different distances from the vicinity of Baniyas refinery (0.1, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 10) Km. The control was taken from an area about 20 km from the refinery to the north-east (Al-Qardaha rural). The concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC) during the summer was (45.6 - 70.85) mg GAE/g dw, and during winter (35.6 - 52.9) mg GAE/g dw. The concentrations of the studied HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) in unwashed leaves during summer were (0.879 - 2.170) ppm, (0.75 - 5.21) ppm and (54.38 - 8.78) ppm respectively, whilst during the winter concentrations were (0.479 - 1.023) ppm, (1.54 - 7.29) ppm and (53.79 - 7.58) ppm respectively. The results showed significant differences in the concentration of total phenolic compounds and HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) between sites (ANOVA), significant differences in concentrations of both total phenols and HMs (Pb and Cu) between summer and winter at all sites (t-test, p < 0.05). TPC, Pb and Mn were higher in summer in all sites than in winter. Levels of Cu were significantly higher in winter than in summer at all sites (t-test, p t-test, p < 0.05) between the concentration of total phenolic compounds and both Pb and Mn with the distance from the refinery of Baniyas. Consequently, the result of this study enhanced the usefulness of using of TPC in olive leaves as biomarker of air pollution.展开更多
Adoption rule whereby tropical African regions rely on non-tropical biomonitoring methods to assess water pollution in their rivers has been hindered by geographical incompatibility due to environmental variations bet...Adoption rule whereby tropical African regions rely on non-tropical biomonitoring methods to assess water pollution in their rivers has been hindered by geographical incompatibility due to environmental variations between the regions that affect the capability and reliability of adopted method. Likewise, inclusion of all identified macroinvertebrate assemblages in developing the existing biomonitoring methods (<em>i.e</em>., South African Scoring System (SASS5) and Tanzania Riverine Scoring System (TARISS)) has made them complex taxonomically as their use requires users of greater expertise and much time during taxa identification. Such taxonomic complications and conflicting aspects regarding the adoption or modification of non-tropical biomonitoring methods in developing tropical biomonitoring methods have therefore necessitated the design of this study in order to develop simple and cost-effective tropical African biomonitoring methods, for initial application in Tanzanian rivers. Six pairwise screening criteria were employed to select orders with distinctive potential for inclusion in developing simple and cost-effective biomonitoring method. Only Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Odonata and Trichoptera (EDOT) orders met all six inclusion criteria after showing their ability to discern reference sites from monitoring sites and correlating strongly with environmental variables. Being developed using only four diverse orders with the wider range of occurrences and sensitivity to pollution, the EDOT method will minimize data variability, the need for greater expertise, cost, and time during taxa identification. The novelty of the present approach lies on the simplification of the taxonomic complication that is inherent in existing indices for four decades and modelling application to simulate sensitivity weightings for taxa with unknown sensitivity score ratings.展开更多
This research manuscript reports the heavy metal accumulation in four marine seaweeds sp. 1)?Caulerpa sertlatioides (Cuba);2) Caulerpa cf. brachypus;(Bali, Indonesia);3) Undaria pinnatifida (West-Donegal, Ireland);4) ...This research manuscript reports the heavy metal accumulation in four marine seaweeds sp. 1)?Caulerpa sertlatioides (Cuba);2) Caulerpa cf. brachypus;(Bali, Indonesia);3) Undaria pinnatifida (West-Donegal, Ireland);4) Ulva lactuca (Easters-Scheldt, the Netherlands). Mechanical pressure at 10 bar of fresh seaweed fronds casu quo biomass in the laboratory delivered seaweed moisture which was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP)-techniques for heavy-metals = [HM], (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb & Zn). Three important observations were made: 1) The [HM] in the seaweed moisture is higher than in the surrounding seawater which directs to mechanism(s) of bio-accumulation;2) The accumulation factor [AF] is varying per metallic-cation with an overall trend for our four seaweeds and sampling locations for [HM] are: As & Co & Cu: 5000 - 10,000 μg/l;Ni & Zn: 3000 - 5000 μg/l;Cd: 2000 - 3000 μg/l;Cr: 1000 - 2000 μg/l;Al: 200 - 1000 μg/l;Mo & Pb & Fe: 0 - 200 μg/l range. 3) Seaweed moisture detected that [HM]: Pb & Zn & Fe—which all three could not be detected in the seawater—supports the view that seaweeds have a preference in their bio-accumulation mechanism for these three HM. Major conclusion is in general that “overall” for the macro-elements Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P & S in the moisture of the four seaweed species the concentration is lower in the seaweed species, or equals the concentration, in comparison to the surrounding sea water. For the HM (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb & Zn) the opposite is the case species and is the concentration “overall” higher in the seaweed species in comparison to the surrounding sea water. Further topics addressed include strategies of irrigation of the Sahara desert with the moisture out of seaweeds under conditions of low anthropogenic influences.展开更多
The workers’biological standard value(WBSV)is generally used to assess chemicals health risks in community.It may cause the deviate biomonitoring.Therefore,this study was aimed to set the pilot reference value for ex...The workers’biological standard value(WBSV)is generally used to assess chemicals health risks in community.It may cause the deviate biomonitoring.Therefore,this study was aimed to set the pilot reference value for exposed people to chemicals.The study was divided into three phases:the two phases for field-study method and one phase for stakeholder’s adoption.Phase I was proceeded in one industrial zone in Thailand during the years 2012-2014 to collect blood and urine samples of 402 working-age people in community accompanied with in-depth interview.The 4 heavy metals(arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury)in blood and urine were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs,benzene,toluene,styrene,xylenes)in urine were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis.The 8 chemicals concentrations of the volunteers’average chemicals concentration(VACC)were calculated.Phase II was proceeded during the years 2015-2016 to compare risk group identification between usage of VACC and usage of WBSV.The results were presented in mean value,standard deviation,percentage,and significant.The results showed approximately 90 percent of VACCs were lower than WBSV.The exceptional result was volunteers’average urinary arsenic concentration.It was clearly higher than WBSV.The comparative results showed the adjusted amount of risk people by VACC was higher than the adjusted amount risk people by WBSV.Phase III was proceeded in the year 2017 for stakeholder’s adoption.This study indicated that general people’s average chemicals concentration should be used as the reference value for biomonitoring and active health surveillance.展开更多
This descriptive study evaluates the blood serum levels of relevant pesticides in fern/ornamental and tomato agricultural workers in central and south Florida whose work activity is related to pesticide application or...This descriptive study evaluates the blood serum levels of relevant pesticides in fern/ornamental and tomato agricultural workers in central and south Florida whose work activity is related to pesticide application or crop maintenance. The objectives of this study are to broadly evaluate pesticide absorption in agricultural workers, assess personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their potential relevance to pesticide absorption, and to evaluate the feasibility of using primary biomonitoring as a method of exposure assessment for long-term epidemiological investigations. Three rounds of sampling were conducted where 41 subjects provided serum samples analyzed for individual pesticides and responded to a survey regarding PPE use. Serum samples yielded quantifiable detections of DDE, Methiocarb, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Endosulfan in select subjects. The personal protective equipment survey did not demonstrate association with positive serum samples. These results demonstrate that the evaluated workers are effectively protected against exposures known to result in acute toxicity. Biomonitoring for parent compounds and primary metabolites may have limited utility in long-term epidemiological studies to evaluate chronic toxicity where workers are exposed to a great diversity of workplace chemicals (fern/or- namental workers) compared to agricultural sectors where workplace chemical diversity is more limited (tomato workers).展开更多
Gammarids are important members of a stream’s macrozoobenthos biocoenosis and food web. Moreover, they proved to be very sensitive towards different types of pollution. GamToxTM is a new in situ ecotoxicity test, bas...Gammarids are important members of a stream’s macrozoobenthos biocoenosis and food web. Moreover, they proved to be very sensitive towards different types of pollution. GamToxTM is a new in situ ecotoxicity test, based on survival and feeding behavior of caged gammarids for active monitoring of small streams in agricultural areas. GamToxTM has been applied in two streams with specific pollution problems in the catchment of Lake Constance. Ten organisms were exposed in 5 replicates in flow through test tubes containing one conditioned alder leaf, placed in baskets which were attached in the stream bottom and on the banks. Each week, the number of living animals was counted, the percentage of leaf skeletized estimated in semi-quantitative classes and a new elder leaf provided. Dead organisms were removed. Simultaneously, chemical analyses of pesticides and nutrients (N-compounds, P) were performed on cumulative water samples over one week. Moreover, macrozoobenthos was collected and determined according to the IBCH method, and the SPEAR index calculated. GamToxTM proved to be very sensitive to detect pesticides, copper as well as nutrients, both during acute pollution pulses and chronic exposures of up to 6 weeks. Survival turned out to be a more sensitive and less variable parameter than feeding. GamToxTM is easy to perform and directly provides a measure of ecotoxicological effects of toxicant/nutrient mixtures, which cannot be predicted by biological indices based on macrozoobenthos data such as IBCH and SPEAR-index. This study was co-financed by the InterReg IV project “?kotoxikologischer Index im Bodenseeraum”, no. 227 (2011-2013) supported by the EFRE.展开更多
Concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni were determined in the red alga Corallina officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), the green alga Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus, 1753) and sediment sampled in four stations of the coastline o...Concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni were determined in the red alga Corallina officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), the green alga Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus, 1753) and sediment sampled in four stations of the coastline of Hona?ne (extreme Western Algeria). The abundance of metal concentrations in algae and sediment samples, is in the following order: Fe > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd. The schematic representation by PCA reflects a strong correlation of the corallina with Cd and Pb, the ulva with Zn and Ni and sediment with Cu and Fe, in addition, to homogeneity of rehearsals in each matrix. The results of this study validate the use of these species as reliable tools for biomonitoring of metal pollution of coastal ecosystems, even if the levels of heavy metals in sediment and algae from the coastline of Hona?ne are in general, very low compared with those from other geographic areas and by guidelines.展开更多
It is important to select suitable organisms to adapt the requirement of different environment monitoring purposes.Following our previous study,the behavioral responses of Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka (Oryzias la...It is important to select suitable organisms to adapt the requirement of different environment monitoring purposes.Following our previous study,the behavioral responses of Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated and compared under flow-through conditions in an on-line biomonitoring system.The results showed that both D.magna and Japanese madaka had similar biological clock,but the circadian rhythms of Japanese madaka was more clearly recorded than that of D.magna.And the sensitivity of D.magna was about two orders of magnitudes higher than that of Japanese madaka in different types of toxic chemicals (dichlorovos,deltamethrin and cadmium chloride).However,when both animals were used in an on-line biomonitoring system,the life span of D.magna was less than 7 days and Japanese madaka could last for more than one month without feeding.Therefore,D.magna was proposed to be a more sensitive bioindicator and was suitable for short term monitoring the pollution events at concentration level closing to the water quality standard,while Japanese madaka was more suitable for the long-term monitoring for accidental discharges.展开更多
Atmospheric lead(Pb) and other trace metals can transport over long distance and deposit on remote alpine ecosystems. In this work, the soil profiles, litter and dominant mosses along a large altitude were collected o...Atmospheric lead(Pb) and other trace metals can transport over long distance and deposit on remote alpine ecosystems. In this work, the soil profiles, litter and dominant mosses along a large altitude were collected on Ao Mountain, Central China, to obtain the spatial distributions of Pb in these materials, decipher the possible factors controlling the distribution, and quantitatively distinguish the natural versus anthropogenic sources of Pb through the Pb isotopic tracing and biomonitoring. The results show that soil Pb concentrations(mg/kg) decreased significantly with depth, and they were markedly higher in the O(42.6± 2.7) and A(36.4 ± 2.2) horizons than in the litter(7.20 ± 1.9) and mosses(28.0 ± 3.9). The Pb enrichment in the surface soils(O and A horizons),litter and mosses existed in the relatively high altitudes, which was attributed to the influences from atmospheric wet deposition, plants, soil physicochemical properties and human activity. ThePb isotopic ratios identified the Pb sources as originating mainly from Chinese coal combustion,mining and smelting. Atmospheric Pb from southeastern, southwestern and northwestern regions could be deposited in the alpine ecosystem by long distance atmospheric transport. The anthropogenic Pb reached over 50% in the O and A horizons, and over 70% in the litter and mosses, which corresponded to the concentrations of 26.9, 17.7, 5.92 and 21.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicate that the mutual effects of climate and regional human activity could increase the Pb accumulation in remote alpine ecosystems.展开更多
Flame retardants(FRs)are ubiquitous in environment and biota and may pose harm to human health.In recent years,concern regarding legacy and alternative FRs has been intensified due to their widespread production and i...Flame retardants(FRs)are ubiquitous in environment and biota and may pose harm to human health.In recent years,concern regarding legacy and alternative FRs has been intensified due to their widespread production and increasing contamination in environmental and human matrices.In this study,we developed and validated a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of legacy and alternative FRs,including polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs),short-and middle-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs and MCCPs),novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs),and organophosphate esters(OPEs)in human serum.Serum samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate,and purified with Oasis®HLB cartridge and Florisil–silica gel columns.Instrumental analyses were carried out using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,highresolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry,and gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,respectively.The proposed method was validated for linearity,sensitivity,precision,accuracy,and matrix effects.Method detection limits for NBFRs,OPEs,PCNs,SCCPs,and MCCPs were 4.6×10^(–4)–8.6×10^(–2),4.3×10^(–3)–1.3,1.1×10^(–5)–1.0×10^(–4),1.5,and 9.0×10–1 ng/mL,respectively.Matrix spike recoveries ranged from 73%–122%,71%–124%,75%–129%,92%–126%,and 94%–126%for NBFRs,OPEs,PCNs,SCCPs,and MCCPs,respectively.The analytical method was applied for detection of real human serum.CPs were the dominant FRs in serum,indicating CPs were widely presented in human serum and should be pay more attention for their health risk.展开更多
This study was conducted to develop methods for the application of an immobilized bioluminescence strain(KG1206),preserved by deep-freezing(DF),for the monitoring of contaminated environments.The immobilized cells,pre...This study was conducted to develop methods for the application of an immobilized bioluminescence strain(KG1206),preserved by deep-freezing(DF),for the monitoring of contaminated environments.The immobilized cells,preserved by DF,required approximately 2 hr for reconstitution of their activity.A large reduction in bioluminescence was observed due to the DF process;0.07-0.58 times that of the non deep-frozen(NDF) immobilized strain.The decreased bioluminescence activity induced by the DF process was enhanced by the stimulants,sodium lactate(SL) and KNO 3.However,regardless of the inducer chemical tested,the immobilized strain modified with KNO 3 consistently produced greater bioluminescence than that treated with SL,in the range of 3.0-10.7(avg.6.7 ± 3.69) and 1.2-4.2(avg.2.4 ± 1.47) times that of control,respectively.All KNO 3 treatments of contaminated groundwater samples also resulted in an increase in bioluminescence activity,but the rate of stimulation varied for each sample.Also,no strong linear correlation was observed between the bioluminescence and the total concentration of an inducer,which may related to the complex characteristics of the environmental samples.Overall,the results demonstrated the ability of immobilized genetically engineered bacteria,preserved by DF,to measure a specific group of environmental contaminants using a stimulating agent(KNO 3),suggesting the potential for its preliminary application in a field-ready bioassay.展开更多
As a developing country,Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes.P...As a developing country,Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes.Practical risk assessment tools based on locally- occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection.Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species.This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of diffuse pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution.It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that diffuse pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions.Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas.Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota.Collembolan,Cyphoderus sp.,was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils.In addition,the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the effects of diffuse pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.展开更多
Biomonitoring using fish has been a popular method of assessing the toxic effects of cadmium concentrations of cadmium in water bodies and has led to bioaccumulation in fish contributing to various morphological alter...Biomonitoring using fish has been a popular method of assessing the toxic effects of cadmium concentrations of cadmium in water bodies and has led to bioaccumulation in fish contributing to various morphological alterations. Among the known effects of these alterations is developmental instability via fluctuating asymmetry (FA). The utilization of FA data is a simple yet effective method to evaluate the toxic effects of cadmium on the stability of development. This study used climbing perch (Anabas testudieneus) to assess the FA in the diameter of the eye because of low-level cadmium exposure. The left and right sides of the traits were measured once every four weeks for 16 weeks. The average measurements from both sides of the traits were used to calculate the FA value. Results found that the highest mean FA for the diameter of the eye was obtained in the highest treatment group, 0.015 mg/L. The results also indicate that increasing concentrations of cadmium exposure had a statistically significant effect on the FA of eye diameter. There was also a statistically significant interaction between the duration of exposure and treatment groups in FA of the diameter of the eye. The results from the study indicate that prolonged exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium can cause significant effects on the normal development of eyes in Anabas testudineus. This study can add to the body of research regarding fluctuating asymmetry as a tool to study developmental toxicants and assess other bilateral organs.展开更多
文摘The reference values of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations were evaluated based on the human blood samples collected from Kashi, Xinjiang. And human serum samples of family members from Liaoning were evaluated for levels of PFOS and PFOA with the purpose to compare exposure pathways for family members. Among the 110 blood specimens from Kashi, the detection frequency of PFOS and PFOA was 93% and 6%, respectively. Reference values of serum PFOS, evaluated as the 90th percentiles of the concentrations, were determined to be 6.44 μg/L. Significant positive correlations were observed for serum levels of PFOS and PFOA among family members in Liaoning. Specially, stronger correlation between mother and offspring was observed than that between father and offspring. And stronger correlation of serum PFOS and PFOA levels was observed among fam- ily members in rural areas than those in big and small-medium cities. Difference in the association of serum PFOS and PFOA level among family members suggested that exposure in the outdoor and working environment of different oc- cupations should be evaluated. Present study provides reference values for exposure assessment in China and potential pathways of human exposure to PFOS and PFOA.
文摘The aim of our study was to explore whether honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) could be used as a reliable alternative to the standard mechanical devices for monitoring of air quality, in particular with respect to the concentration of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V). We therefore tested whether the concentrations of these metals in adult honeybees and in ambient air were positively correlated, and whether differences in concentration between locations were similar for bees and air. On the basis of our measurements, conducted over a two-month period at three distinct locations in the Netherlands with each three replicate honeybee colonies placed next to mechanical monitoring devices, we concluded that a significant positive relationship between the concentrations in bees and in air could only be established for V. Also, only in the case of V, the differences between the three locations in mean concentration were similar for bees and air. Both outcomes were probably due to the relatively large range over which the concentrations of V varied, both in bees and in air, as compared to Cd and Pb. However, for V, as well as for Cd and Pb, the concentrations in ambient air were about two orders of magnitude below the established air quality standards. We therefore conclude that in the Netherlands, both variation and levels of the atmospheric concentrations of these metals are too low to establish a relationship between the concentration in bees and in air that is useful to present honeybees as an alternative to mechanical devices in monitoring of air pollution. However, in countries with larger variation and higher levels of the atmospheric concentrations of these metals, further exploration of the potential of honeybees in biomonitoring of air pollution may be worthwhile.
文摘Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot into accumulation in the human body.People can accidentally inhale these hazardous chemicals if they are in an area where they were applied.These chemicals can be ingested in a human with contaminated food and drinks.Ultimately it causes various adverse effects(chronic toxicity,teratogenic,mutagenic,carcinogenic effect,reproductive,and organ toxicity)on human health.Among the pool of these chemicals used as pesticides in the environment,exposure of endosulfan to humans has a potential health risk throughout the globe.The poisoning of endosulfan is reported frequently in society,therefore,this article highlights the toxicological and other harmful properties of endosulfan to humans and emphasized its essential biomonitoring.Its quick monitoring and effective hazard evaluation are possible with multiomics technologies and some other analytical approaches.This review summarizes the introduction and mechanism of action of endosulfan along with some other toxic chemicals used in the agriculture work,the toxicity of endosulfan in human/environment,and importantly its biomonitoring(detection of chemicals and their metabolites in a biological sample)in human because biomonitoring is often considered as the most preferred method.Biomonitoring could be easily done in human samples(blood,hair,milk,and urine)with a multi-omics approach,which is a quick,reliable,and state-of-the-art technique.
文摘The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of phenolic compounds of olive trees leaves (Olea europaea L.) as a biomarker for the assessment of heavy metals (HMs) air pollution (Pb, Cu and Mn) in Baniyas area. Olive trees were selected as the predominant species in the study area. Samples were collected from 6 locations at different distances from the vicinity of Baniyas refinery (0.1, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 10) Km. The control was taken from an area about 20 km from the refinery to the north-east (Al-Qardaha rural). The concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC) during the summer was (45.6 - 70.85) mg GAE/g dw, and during winter (35.6 - 52.9) mg GAE/g dw. The concentrations of the studied HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) in unwashed leaves during summer were (0.879 - 2.170) ppm, (0.75 - 5.21) ppm and (54.38 - 8.78) ppm respectively, whilst during the winter concentrations were (0.479 - 1.023) ppm, (1.54 - 7.29) ppm and (53.79 - 7.58) ppm respectively. The results showed significant differences in the concentration of total phenolic compounds and HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) between sites (ANOVA), significant differences in concentrations of both total phenols and HMs (Pb and Cu) between summer and winter at all sites (t-test, p < 0.05). TPC, Pb and Mn were higher in summer in all sites than in winter. Levels of Cu were significantly higher in winter than in summer at all sites (t-test, p t-test, p < 0.05) between the concentration of total phenolic compounds and both Pb and Mn with the distance from the refinery of Baniyas. Consequently, the result of this study enhanced the usefulness of using of TPC in olive leaves as biomarker of air pollution.
文摘Adoption rule whereby tropical African regions rely on non-tropical biomonitoring methods to assess water pollution in their rivers has been hindered by geographical incompatibility due to environmental variations between the regions that affect the capability and reliability of adopted method. Likewise, inclusion of all identified macroinvertebrate assemblages in developing the existing biomonitoring methods (<em>i.e</em>., South African Scoring System (SASS5) and Tanzania Riverine Scoring System (TARISS)) has made them complex taxonomically as their use requires users of greater expertise and much time during taxa identification. Such taxonomic complications and conflicting aspects regarding the adoption or modification of non-tropical biomonitoring methods in developing tropical biomonitoring methods have therefore necessitated the design of this study in order to develop simple and cost-effective tropical African biomonitoring methods, for initial application in Tanzanian rivers. Six pairwise screening criteria were employed to select orders with distinctive potential for inclusion in developing simple and cost-effective biomonitoring method. Only Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Odonata and Trichoptera (EDOT) orders met all six inclusion criteria after showing their ability to discern reference sites from monitoring sites and correlating strongly with environmental variables. Being developed using only four diverse orders with the wider range of occurrences and sensitivity to pollution, the EDOT method will minimize data variability, the need for greater expertise, cost, and time during taxa identification. The novelty of the present approach lies on the simplification of the taxonomic complication that is inherent in existing indices for four decades and modelling application to simulate sensitivity weightings for taxa with unknown sensitivity score ratings.
文摘This research manuscript reports the heavy metal accumulation in four marine seaweeds sp. 1)?Caulerpa sertlatioides (Cuba);2) Caulerpa cf. brachypus;(Bali, Indonesia);3) Undaria pinnatifida (West-Donegal, Ireland);4) Ulva lactuca (Easters-Scheldt, the Netherlands). Mechanical pressure at 10 bar of fresh seaweed fronds casu quo biomass in the laboratory delivered seaweed moisture which was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP)-techniques for heavy-metals = [HM], (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb & Zn). Three important observations were made: 1) The [HM] in the seaweed moisture is higher than in the surrounding seawater which directs to mechanism(s) of bio-accumulation;2) The accumulation factor [AF] is varying per metallic-cation with an overall trend for our four seaweeds and sampling locations for [HM] are: As & Co & Cu: 5000 - 10,000 μg/l;Ni & Zn: 3000 - 5000 μg/l;Cd: 2000 - 3000 μg/l;Cr: 1000 - 2000 μg/l;Al: 200 - 1000 μg/l;Mo & Pb & Fe: 0 - 200 μg/l range. 3) Seaweed moisture detected that [HM]: Pb & Zn & Fe—which all three could not be detected in the seawater—supports the view that seaweeds have a preference in their bio-accumulation mechanism for these three HM. Major conclusion is in general that “overall” for the macro-elements Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P & S in the moisture of the four seaweed species the concentration is lower in the seaweed species, or equals the concentration, in comparison to the surrounding sea water. For the HM (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb & Zn) the opposite is the case species and is the concentration “overall” higher in the seaweed species in comparison to the surrounding sea water. Further topics addressed include strategies of irrigation of the Sahara desert with the moisture out of seaweeds under conditions of low anthropogenic influences.
文摘The workers’biological standard value(WBSV)is generally used to assess chemicals health risks in community.It may cause the deviate biomonitoring.Therefore,this study was aimed to set the pilot reference value for exposed people to chemicals.The study was divided into three phases:the two phases for field-study method and one phase for stakeholder’s adoption.Phase I was proceeded in one industrial zone in Thailand during the years 2012-2014 to collect blood and urine samples of 402 working-age people in community accompanied with in-depth interview.The 4 heavy metals(arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury)in blood and urine were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs,benzene,toluene,styrene,xylenes)in urine were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis.The 8 chemicals concentrations of the volunteers’average chemicals concentration(VACC)were calculated.Phase II was proceeded during the years 2015-2016 to compare risk group identification between usage of VACC and usage of WBSV.The results were presented in mean value,standard deviation,percentage,and significant.The results showed approximately 90 percent of VACCs were lower than WBSV.The exceptional result was volunteers’average urinary arsenic concentration.It was clearly higher than WBSV.The comparative results showed the adjusted amount of risk people by VACC was higher than the adjusted amount risk people by WBSV.Phase III was proceeded in the year 2017 for stakeholder’s adoption.This study indicated that general people’s average chemicals concentration should be used as the reference value for biomonitoring and active health surveillance.
文摘This descriptive study evaluates the blood serum levels of relevant pesticides in fern/ornamental and tomato agricultural workers in central and south Florida whose work activity is related to pesticide application or crop maintenance. The objectives of this study are to broadly evaluate pesticide absorption in agricultural workers, assess personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their potential relevance to pesticide absorption, and to evaluate the feasibility of using primary biomonitoring as a method of exposure assessment for long-term epidemiological investigations. Three rounds of sampling were conducted where 41 subjects provided serum samples analyzed for individual pesticides and responded to a survey regarding PPE use. Serum samples yielded quantifiable detections of DDE, Methiocarb, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Endosulfan in select subjects. The personal protective equipment survey did not demonstrate association with positive serum samples. These results demonstrate that the evaluated workers are effectively protected against exposures known to result in acute toxicity. Biomonitoring for parent compounds and primary metabolites may have limited utility in long-term epidemiological studies to evaluate chronic toxicity where workers are exposed to a great diversity of workplace chemicals (fern/or- namental workers) compared to agricultural sectors where workplace chemical diversity is more limited (tomato workers).
文摘Gammarids are important members of a stream’s macrozoobenthos biocoenosis and food web. Moreover, they proved to be very sensitive towards different types of pollution. GamToxTM is a new in situ ecotoxicity test, based on survival and feeding behavior of caged gammarids for active monitoring of small streams in agricultural areas. GamToxTM has been applied in two streams with specific pollution problems in the catchment of Lake Constance. Ten organisms were exposed in 5 replicates in flow through test tubes containing one conditioned alder leaf, placed in baskets which were attached in the stream bottom and on the banks. Each week, the number of living animals was counted, the percentage of leaf skeletized estimated in semi-quantitative classes and a new elder leaf provided. Dead organisms were removed. Simultaneously, chemical analyses of pesticides and nutrients (N-compounds, P) were performed on cumulative water samples over one week. Moreover, macrozoobenthos was collected and determined according to the IBCH method, and the SPEAR index calculated. GamToxTM proved to be very sensitive to detect pesticides, copper as well as nutrients, both during acute pollution pulses and chronic exposures of up to 6 weeks. Survival turned out to be a more sensitive and less variable parameter than feeding. GamToxTM is easy to perform and directly provides a measure of ecotoxicological effects of toxicant/nutrient mixtures, which cannot be predicted by biological indices based on macrozoobenthos data such as IBCH and SPEAR-index. This study was co-financed by the InterReg IV project “?kotoxikologischer Index im Bodenseeraum”, no. 227 (2011-2013) supported by the EFRE.
文摘Concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni were determined in the red alga Corallina officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), the green alga Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus, 1753) and sediment sampled in four stations of the coastline of Hona?ne (extreme Western Algeria). The abundance of metal concentrations in algae and sediment samples, is in the following order: Fe > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd. The schematic representation by PCA reflects a strong correlation of the corallina with Cd and Pb, the ulva with Zn and Ni and sediment with Cu and Fe, in addition, to homogeneity of rehearsals in each matrix. The results of this study validate the use of these species as reliable tools for biomonitoring of metal pollution of coastal ecosystems, even if the levels of heavy metals in sediment and algae from the coastline of Hona?ne are in general, very low compared with those from other geographic areas and by guidelines.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Water Pollution Control (No. 2009ZX07210-009,2009ZX07209-005,2009ZX07527-002)the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry (No.08K07ESPCR)
文摘It is important to select suitable organisms to adapt the requirement of different environment monitoring purposes.Following our previous study,the behavioral responses of Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated and compared under flow-through conditions in an on-line biomonitoring system.The results showed that both D.magna and Japanese madaka had similar biological clock,but the circadian rhythms of Japanese madaka was more clearly recorded than that of D.magna.And the sensitivity of D.magna was about two orders of magnitudes higher than that of Japanese madaka in different types of toxic chemicals (dichlorovos,deltamethrin and cadmium chloride).However,when both animals were used in an on-line biomonitoring system,the life span of D.magna was less than 7 days and Japanese madaka could last for more than one month without feeding.Therefore,D.magna was proposed to be a more sensitive bioindicator and was suitable for short term monitoring the pollution events at concentration level closing to the water quality standard,while Japanese madaka was more suitable for the long-term monitoring for accidental discharges.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41402313)Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation,Chinese Academy of SciencesYouth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Atmospheric lead(Pb) and other trace metals can transport over long distance and deposit on remote alpine ecosystems. In this work, the soil profiles, litter and dominant mosses along a large altitude were collected on Ao Mountain, Central China, to obtain the spatial distributions of Pb in these materials, decipher the possible factors controlling the distribution, and quantitatively distinguish the natural versus anthropogenic sources of Pb through the Pb isotopic tracing and biomonitoring. The results show that soil Pb concentrations(mg/kg) decreased significantly with depth, and they were markedly higher in the O(42.6± 2.7) and A(36.4 ± 2.2) horizons than in the litter(7.20 ± 1.9) and mosses(28.0 ± 3.9). The Pb enrichment in the surface soils(O and A horizons),litter and mosses existed in the relatively high altitudes, which was attributed to the influences from atmospheric wet deposition, plants, soil physicochemical properties and human activity. ThePb isotopic ratios identified the Pb sources as originating mainly from Chinese coal combustion,mining and smelting. Atmospheric Pb from southeastern, southwestern and northwestern regions could be deposited in the alpine ecosystem by long distance atmospheric transport. The anthropogenic Pb reached over 50% in the O and A horizons, and over 70% in the litter and mosses, which corresponded to the concentrations of 26.9, 17.7, 5.92 and 21.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicate that the mutual effects of climate and regional human activity could increase the Pb accumulation in remote alpine ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22193052,22076215 and 21965032)the Eco-Environmental Excellent Innovation Projects of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences(No.RCEES-EEI-2019-01)the Special Project of EcoEnvironmental Technology for Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.RCEES-TDZ-2021-23).
文摘Flame retardants(FRs)are ubiquitous in environment and biota and may pose harm to human health.In recent years,concern regarding legacy and alternative FRs has been intensified due to their widespread production and increasing contamination in environmental and human matrices.In this study,we developed and validated a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of legacy and alternative FRs,including polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs),short-and middle-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs and MCCPs),novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs),and organophosphate esters(OPEs)in human serum.Serum samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate,and purified with Oasis®HLB cartridge and Florisil–silica gel columns.Instrumental analyses were carried out using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,highresolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry,and gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,respectively.The proposed method was validated for linearity,sensitivity,precision,accuracy,and matrix effects.Method detection limits for NBFRs,OPEs,PCNs,SCCPs,and MCCPs were 4.6×10^(–4)–8.6×10^(–2),4.3×10^(–3)–1.3,1.1×10^(–5)–1.0×10^(–4),1.5,and 9.0×10–1 ng/mL,respectively.Matrix spike recoveries ranged from 73%–122%,71%–124%,75%–129%,92%–126%,and 94%–126%for NBFRs,OPEs,PCNs,SCCPs,and MCCPs,respectively.The analytical method was applied for detection of real human serum.CPs were the dominant FRs in serum,indicating CPs were widely presented in human serum and should be pay more attention for their health risk.
基金supported by the Yeungnam University research grants in 2009
文摘This study was conducted to develop methods for the application of an immobilized bioluminescence strain(KG1206),preserved by deep-freezing(DF),for the monitoring of contaminated environments.The immobilized cells,preserved by DF,required approximately 2 hr for reconstitution of their activity.A large reduction in bioluminescence was observed due to the DF process;0.07-0.58 times that of the non deep-frozen(NDF) immobilized strain.The decreased bioluminescence activity induced by the DF process was enhanced by the stimulants,sodium lactate(SL) and KNO 3.However,regardless of the inducer chemical tested,the immobilized strain modified with KNO 3 consistently produced greater bioluminescence than that treated with SL,in the range of 3.0-10.7(avg.6.7 ± 3.69) and 1.2-4.2(avg.2.4 ± 1.47) times that of control,respectively.All KNO 3 treatments of contaminated groundwater samples also resulted in an increase in bioluminescence activity,but the rate of stimulation varied for each sample.Also,no strong linear correlation was observed between the bioluminescence and the total concentration of an inducer,which may related to the complex characteristics of the environmental samples.Overall,the results demonstrated the ability of immobilized genetically engineered bacteria,preserved by DF,to measure a specific group of environmental contaminants using a stimulating agent(KNO 3),suggesting the potential for its preliminary application in a field-ready bioassay.
基金the research project of "Environmental Impact of Waste Product from Citric Acid Plant" and "Ecological Risk Assessments as Contaminated-Land Biomonitoring Tool for Sustainable Land Use in Thailand" supported by Groundwater Research Centre financial support from Khon Kaen University,Thailand.
文摘As a developing country,Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes.Practical risk assessment tools based on locally- occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection.Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species.This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of diffuse pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution.It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that diffuse pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions.Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas.Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota.Collembolan,Cyphoderus sp.,was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils.In addition,the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the effects of diffuse pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.
文摘Biomonitoring using fish has been a popular method of assessing the toxic effects of cadmium concentrations of cadmium in water bodies and has led to bioaccumulation in fish contributing to various morphological alterations. Among the known effects of these alterations is developmental instability via fluctuating asymmetry (FA). The utilization of FA data is a simple yet effective method to evaluate the toxic effects of cadmium on the stability of development. This study used climbing perch (Anabas testudieneus) to assess the FA in the diameter of the eye because of low-level cadmium exposure. The left and right sides of the traits were measured once every four weeks for 16 weeks. The average measurements from both sides of the traits were used to calculate the FA value. Results found that the highest mean FA for the diameter of the eye was obtained in the highest treatment group, 0.015 mg/L. The results also indicate that increasing concentrations of cadmium exposure had a statistically significant effect on the FA of eye diameter. There was also a statistically significant interaction between the duration of exposure and treatment groups in FA of the diameter of the eye. The results from the study indicate that prolonged exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium can cause significant effects on the normal development of eyes in Anabas testudineus. This study can add to the body of research regarding fluctuating asymmetry as a tool to study developmental toxicants and assess other bilateral organs.
