The test floor effects seen in standardised tests lead to a standardised score of 1 or less with a flat profile that hides a child’s individual strengths and needs. The Griffiths III community of practitioners reques...The test floor effects seen in standardised tests lead to a standardised score of 1 or less with a flat profile that hides a child’s individual strengths and needs. The Griffiths III community of practitioners requested advice on the reporting of children’s development below the floor of the test, so that individual strengths and needs can be described. This paper reports the third phase of research following an earlier Scoping Review and a wider literature review. To confirm quality control, Phase 3 was conducted in a retrospective manner using the same methodology as the earlier phases but in a reverse direction. Peer reviewer comments and key elements from the Scoping Review and keywords from the publications were tabulated. Data analysis included a change of perspective to that of the child and their individual rights with respect to the literature themes already described in Phase 2. These confirmed that there is little specific guidance in the literature, but that computational advances for homogeneous populations and especially disaggregated data offer some solutions. A greater balance between broad biopsychosocial models and standardised models of assessment should be sought by practitioners together with the use of disaggregated data to highlight issues that pertain to individual subsets of results. This will ensure that the child’s right for their individual strengths and needs to be described together with a plan for management, may be met.展开更多
High-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold of He atom in the laser field is investigated by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation. An angular momentum-dependent model potenti...High-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold of He atom in the laser field is investigated by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation. An angular momentum-dependent model potential of He atom was used for getting the accurate energy levels of singlet states. The satellite-peak structures of the below-threshold harmonic generation(BTHG) of He are observed. We analyze the emission properties of the BTHG by employing a synchrosqueezing transform technique. We find that the satellite-peak structures have two types related to two kinds of transitions. One is the transition of the dressed states of the excited states, the other is the transition between the excited states and the ground state in the field-free case. Furthermore, our results show that the maximum Stark shift of the 2 p state is about 0.9 Up(penderomotive energy), and that of the 4 p state is about 1.0 Up. It indicates that the energy difference between some satellite-and main-peaks of the BTHG can be used to measure the maximum Stark shift of the excited states of He atom in the laser field.展开更多
For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test sta...For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test stand to carry out model tests of similar materials in order to improve the effect of gas drainage from low protected seams and to measure the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass using a method of non-contact close-range photogrammetry.Our results show that 1) using paraffin melting to take the place of coal seam mining can satisfy the mining conditions of a protective seam;2) coal-rock mass under goafs has an upward movement after the protective seam has been mined,causing floor heaving;3) low protected seams become swollen and deformed,providing a good pressure-relief effect and causing the coal-rock mass under both sides of coal pillars to become deformed by compression and 4) the evolution of permeability of low protected seams follows the way of initial values→a slight decrease→a great increase→stability→final decrease.Simultaneously,the coefficient of air permeability increased at a decreasing rate with an increase in interlayer spacing.展开更多
For an operator on a Banach space , let be the collection of all its invariant subspaces. We consider the index function on and we show, amongst others, that if is a bounded below operator and if , , then If in additi...For an operator on a Banach space , let be the collection of all its invariant subspaces. We consider the index function on and we show, amongst others, that if is a bounded below operator and if , , then If in addition are index 1 invariant subspaces of , with nonzero intersection, we show that . Furthermore, using the index function, we provide an example where for some , holds .展开更多
“Spare parts surgery” is well-described in the plastic surgery literature. In the setting of trauma, otherwise discarded parts can be utilized for reconstruction resulting in a superior functional and aesthetic outc...“Spare parts surgery” is well-described in the plastic surgery literature. In the setting of trauma, otherwise discarded parts can be utilized for reconstruction resulting in a superior functional and aesthetic outcome for the patient. We describe the use of spare part surgery in order to preserve a functional knee articulation in a patient undergoing amputation for compartment.展开更多
<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> inf...<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is estimated to cause 2.9 million diarrheal cases yearly among children aged under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown long-term climatic variations can affect infectious diseases. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa is well characterized. However, the trend of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is not known, especially in informal urban settings. This study therefore sought to determine cryptosporidiosis trends, and further explore the association between year and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among children below 24 months in Kibera urban informal settlement in Kenya. Data collected by the Kenya Medical Research Institute longitudinal study in Tabitha clinic in Kibera from 2009 to 2015 were used. At least 3000 children aged < 24 months receive free health care at the clinic. In the longitudinal study</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> children presenting with diarrhea were eligible for stool sample collection (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 477), out of which 421 stool samples were tested using TaqMan</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">™</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Array Card (TAC) polymerase chain reaction panel that included a target for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> genus. Data for the 421 children were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to explore the difference between the seven years and cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the pooled data indicated that 23.5% of the children who were tested had </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection, with the highest proportions of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium-</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">positive cases observed in 2015 (45.2%). The logistic regression results also indicated that children who were tested in the year 2015 were more likely to have </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection (OR = 3.39;95% CI: 1.44 - 7.96;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.005) than those in 2009. Watery stool was also found to be an important symptom of cryptosporidiosis. There was a high prevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among young children, especially in the most recent year. Routine testing of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection using molecular methods, constant monitoring and identification of the infection sources is therefore necessary towards reducing the disease burden in the low resource settings.</span></span>展开更多
One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, litt...One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, little is known with regard to co-occurrence patterns in above-ground and below-ground communities. In this paper, we used a null model to test non-randomness in the structure of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Then, we used four tests for non-randomness to recognize species pairs that would be demonstrated as significantly aggregated or segregated co-occurrences of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities. The co-occurrence pattern of the above-ground mite community was significantly non-random in October, suggesting species segregation and hence interspecific competition. Additionally, species co-occurrence patterns did not differ from randomness in the above-ground mite community in August or in below-ground mite communities in August and October. Only one significant species pair was detected in the above-ground mite community in August, while no significant species pairs were recognized in the above-ground mite community in October or in the below-ground mite communities in August and October. The results indicate that non-randomness and significant species pairs may not be the general rule in the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain at the fine scale.展开更多
Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to...Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule(PMR), this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories: damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages: stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule(MMR), and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.展开更多
Let S={1,1/2,1/2 2,…,1/∞=0} and I = [0,1] be the unit interval. We use ↓USC(S) and ↓C(5) to denote the families of the regions below of all upper semi-continuous maps and of the regions below of all continuous map...Let S={1,1/2,1/2 2,…,1/∞=0} and I = [0,1] be the unit interval. We use ↓USC(S) and ↓C(5) to denote the families of the regions below of all upper semi-continuous maps and of the regions below of all continuous maps from S to I and ↓C0(S) ={↓f∈↓C(S):f(0)=0}.↓USC(S) endowed with the Vietoris topology is a topological space. A pair of topological spaces (X, Y) means that X is a topological space and Y is its subspace. Two pairs of topological spaces (X, Y) and (A, B) are called pair-homeomorphic (≈) if there exists a homeomorphism h:X→A from X onto A such that h{Y) = B. It is proved that, (↓USC(S), ↓C0(S))≈(Q,s) and (↓USC(5), ↓C(5)\↓C0(S))≈(Q,c0), where Q =[-1, l]ω is the Hilbert cube and s=(-1,1)ω, c0 = {(xn)∈Q:lim n→∞ xn=0}. But we do not know what (↓USC(S),↓C(5)) is.展开更多
In this paper, maximal above and below pairs of fully ordered groups (o groups) are studied. It is shown that maximal above and below pairs of an divisible abelian o group have some specific properties, and by using t...In this paper, maximal above and below pairs of fully ordered groups (o groups) are studied. It is shown that maximal above and below pairs of an divisible abelian o group have some specific properties, and by using these properties another embedding method of an abelian o group to real valued functions is discussed.展开更多
文摘The test floor effects seen in standardised tests lead to a standardised score of 1 or less with a flat profile that hides a child’s individual strengths and needs. The Griffiths III community of practitioners requested advice on the reporting of children’s development below the floor of the test, so that individual strengths and needs can be described. This paper reports the third phase of research following an earlier Scoping Review and a wider literature review. To confirm quality control, Phase 3 was conducted in a retrospective manner using the same methodology as the earlier phases but in a reverse direction. Peer reviewer comments and key elements from the Scoping Review and keywords from the publications were tabulated. Data analysis included a change of perspective to that of the child and their individual rights with respect to the literature themes already described in Phase 2. These confirmed that there is little specific guidance in the literature, but that computational advances for homogeneous populations and especially disaggregated data offer some solutions. A greater balance between broad biopsychosocial models and standardised models of assessment should be sought by practitioners together with the use of disaggregated data to highlight issues that pertain to individual subsets of results. This will ensure that the child’s right for their individual strengths and needs to be described together with a plan for management, may be met.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11674268,11764038,and 11765018)the Scientific Research Foundation of Physics of CPEE–NWNU and NWNU-LKQN-17-1,China
文摘High-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold of He atom in the laser field is investigated by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation. An angular momentum-dependent model potential of He atom was used for getting the accurate energy levels of singlet states. The satellite-peak structures of the below-threshold harmonic generation(BTHG) of He are observed. We analyze the emission properties of the BTHG by employing a synchrosqueezing transform technique. We find that the satellite-peak structures have two types related to two kinds of transitions. One is the transition of the dressed states of the excited states, the other is the transition between the excited states and the ground state in the field-free case. Furthermore, our results show that the maximum Stark shift of the 2 p state is about 0.9 Up(penderomotive energy), and that of the 4 p state is about 1.0 Up. It indicates that the energy difference between some satellite-and main-peaks of the BTHG can be used to measure the maximum Stark shift of the excited states of He atom in the laser field.
基金the Major Programs of the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2005CB221503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 70533050 and 50674089) for their support of this project
文摘For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test stand to carry out model tests of similar materials in order to improve the effect of gas drainage from low protected seams and to measure the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass using a method of non-contact close-range photogrammetry.Our results show that 1) using paraffin melting to take the place of coal seam mining can satisfy the mining conditions of a protective seam;2) coal-rock mass under goafs has an upward movement after the protective seam has been mined,causing floor heaving;3) low protected seams become swollen and deformed,providing a good pressure-relief effect and causing the coal-rock mass under both sides of coal pillars to become deformed by compression and 4) the evolution of permeability of low protected seams follows the way of initial values→a slight decrease→a great increase→stability→final decrease.Simultaneously,the coefficient of air permeability increased at a decreasing rate with an increase in interlayer spacing.
文摘For an operator on a Banach space , let be the collection of all its invariant subspaces. We consider the index function on and we show, amongst others, that if is a bounded below operator and if , , then If in addition are index 1 invariant subspaces of , with nonzero intersection, we show that . Furthermore, using the index function, we provide an example where for some , holds .
文摘“Spare parts surgery” is well-described in the plastic surgery literature. In the setting of trauma, otherwise discarded parts can be utilized for reconstruction resulting in a superior functional and aesthetic outcome for the patient. We describe the use of spare part surgery in order to preserve a functional knee articulation in a patient undergoing amputation for compartment.
文摘<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is estimated to cause 2.9 million diarrheal cases yearly among children aged under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown long-term climatic variations can affect infectious diseases. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa is well characterized. However, the trend of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is not known, especially in informal urban settings. This study therefore sought to determine cryptosporidiosis trends, and further explore the association between year and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among children below 24 months in Kibera urban informal settlement in Kenya. Data collected by the Kenya Medical Research Institute longitudinal study in Tabitha clinic in Kibera from 2009 to 2015 were used. At least 3000 children aged < 24 months receive free health care at the clinic. In the longitudinal study</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> children presenting with diarrhea were eligible for stool sample collection (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 477), out of which 421 stool samples were tested using TaqMan</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">™</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Array Card (TAC) polymerase chain reaction panel that included a target for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> genus. Data for the 421 children were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to explore the difference between the seven years and cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the pooled data indicated that 23.5% of the children who were tested had </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection, with the highest proportions of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium-</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">positive cases observed in 2015 (45.2%). The logistic regression results also indicated that children who were tested in the year 2015 were more likely to have </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection (OR = 3.39;95% CI: 1.44 - 7.96;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.005) than those in 2009. Watery stool was also found to be an important symptom of cryptosporidiosis. There was a high prevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among young children, especially in the most recent year. Routine testing of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cryptosporidium</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection using molecular methods, constant monitoring and identification of the infection sources is therefore necessary towards reducing the disease burden in the low resource settings.</span></span>
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41101049,40601047,41371072,31101617,41171047)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012M511361)+2 种基金Excellent Youth Scholars of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.DLSYQ2012004)Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar of Harbin Normal University(No.KGB201204)Scientific Innovation Project for Doctoral Candidate of Harbin Normal University(No.HSDBSCX2012-07)
文摘One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, little is known with regard to co-occurrence patterns in above-ground and below-ground communities. In this paper, we used a null model to test non-randomness in the structure of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Then, we used four tests for non-randomness to recognize species pairs that would be demonstrated as significantly aggregated or segregated co-occurrences of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities. The co-occurrence pattern of the above-ground mite community was significantly non-random in October, suggesting species segregation and hence interspecific competition. Additionally, species co-occurrence patterns did not differ from randomness in the above-ground mite community in August or in below-ground mite communities in August and October. Only one significant species pair was detected in the above-ground mite community in August, while no significant species pairs were recognized in the above-ground mite community in October or in the below-ground mite communities in August and October. The results indicate that non-randomness and significant species pairs may not be the general rule in the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain at the fine scale.
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2011AA11A265)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.50875173,51105241)Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11ZR1414700)
文摘Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule(PMR), this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories: damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages: stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule(MMR), and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.
基金The NNSF （10471084） of China and by Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation（04010985）.
文摘Let S={1,1/2,1/2 2,…,1/∞=0} and I = [0,1] be the unit interval. We use ↓USC(S) and ↓C(5) to denote the families of the regions below of all upper semi-continuous maps and of the regions below of all continuous maps from S to I and ↓C0(S) ={↓f∈↓C(S):f(0)=0}.↓USC(S) endowed with the Vietoris topology is a topological space. A pair of topological spaces (X, Y) means that X is a topological space and Y is its subspace. Two pairs of topological spaces (X, Y) and (A, B) are called pair-homeomorphic (≈) if there exists a homeomorphism h:X→A from X onto A such that h{Y) = B. It is proved that, (↓USC(S), ↓C0(S))≈(Q,s) and (↓USC(5), ↓C(5)\↓C0(S))≈(Q,c0), where Q =[-1, l]ω is the Hilbert cube and s=(-1,1)ω, c0 = {(xn)∈Q:lim n→∞ xn=0}. But we do not know what (↓USC(S),↓C(5)) is.
文摘In this paper, maximal above and below pairs of fully ordered groups (o groups) are studied. It is shown that maximal above and below pairs of an divisible abelian o group have some specific properties, and by using these properties another embedding method of an abelian o group to real valued functions is discussed.
