BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that ...BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.展开更多
The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group was considered saprophytic or rarely pathogenic for many years. Since the first case of septicemia caused by CoNS, there has been a progressive increase in the prevale...The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group was considered saprophytic or rarely pathogenic for many years. Since the first case of septicemia caused by CoNS, there has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections caused by CoNS. The CoNS group has emerged as one of the main causes of nosocomial infections related to vascular catheters and prostheses, especially among immunocompromised patients. This gradual increase in infections is due to the change in the relationship between patients and procedures since CoNS are closely related to devices implanted in the human body. CoNS are successful in colonizing the host because they have several virulence mechanisms, such as biofilm formation and production of enzymes and toxins, in addition to several mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials. Despite their great clinical relevance, few studies have focused on CoNS’s pathogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials, which reveals the current need to better understand the factors by which this group became pathogenic to humans and other animals. This review aims to synthesize the aspects related to the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in CoNS.展开更多
Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamses (ESBLs) have emerged world-wide as a significant source of β-lactam resistance. The emergence of MBLs and ESBLs encoded on plasmids among Gram-negative ...Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamses (ESBLs) have emerged world-wide as a significant source of β-lactam resistance. The emergence of MBLs and ESBLs encoded on plasmids among Gram-negative pathogens in hospital dumpsites was investigated. Soils of different government and private hospitals were collected and processed following standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk-diffusion technique using Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Trimethprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), Gentamycin (100 μg) Amoxicillin-Clavunalate (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Ofloxacin (5 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg) and Imipenem (10 μg). The role of plasmids in resistance was evaluated by subjecting isolates to curing using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). ESBLs production by Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST) was carried out. Isolates resistant to Imipenem were subjected to a confirmatory test using Modified Hodge’s test and to MBLs production by DDST. Eighty-two Gram-negative isolates comprising of 32 (39.02%) Escherichia coli, 20 (24.39%) Serratia marcescens, 14 (17.07%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 10 (12.28%) Proteus mirabilis and 6 (7.32%) Enterobacter aerogenes were obtained. Susceptibility results revealed a 100% resistance of all isolates to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Amoxycillin-clavulanate and Cefotaxime. A total of 66 (80.48%) isolates harboured plasmids out of which 26 (31.71%) isolates were ESBL producers. MBLs production was observed in 8 (25.00%) E. coli, 2 (2.41%) Klebsiella pneumonia and 2 (2.41%) Proteus mirabilis isolates. All MBLs producing isolates were ESBLs producers. The finding of highly resistant isolates producing ESBLs and MBLs in a hospital environment is quite disturbing and should be addressed urgently.展开更多
目的了解分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶相关基因存在状况，给防治提供参考。方法采用MicroScan微生物鉴定系统Neg Combo Panel Type 21阴性复合板微量肉汤法测定临床分离的20株阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性...目的了解分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶相关基因存在状况，给防治提供参考。方法采用MicroScan微生物鉴定系统Neg Combo Panel Type 21阴性复合板微量肉汤法测定临床分离的20株阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性，采用聚合酶链反应方法分析氨基糖苷类修饰酶及β-内酰胺酶编码基因。结果20株菌均呈严重多重耐药，仅对亚胺培南高度敏感（耐药率5.0％），哌拉西林／他唑巴坦耐药率50．0％，对包括3、4代头孢在内的其他β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率90．0％～100．0％，对复方新诺明耐药率100％；20株菌均检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因，未检出aac（3）-Ⅲ和aac（3）-Ⅳ基因；19株（95．0％）菌检出β-内酰胺酶相关基因，TEM和DHA基因阳性率均为70％，9株菌（45．0％）同时检出TEM和DHA基因，未检出SHV、OXA、PER、VEB和GES基因。结论广州地区医院感染阴沟肠杆菌多重耐药严重，氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、DHA型质粒AmpC酶基因和TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因携带率高，在介导细菌耐药方面起重要作用。展开更多
Introduction: In Burkina Faso, as in most developing countries, limited access to biological tests forces practitioners to resort very often to probabilistic antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study is to deter...Introduction: In Burkina Faso, as in most developing countries, limited access to biological tests forces practitioners to resort very often to probabilistic antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of this prescription. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection of patients hospitalized in the infectious diseases department in the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2020. The records of patients who received probabilistic antibiotic therapy were included. Results: During the study period, 330 patients had received probabilistic antibiotic therapy. The majority of patients were male (53%), with a sex ratio of 1.12. The mean age of the patients was 33 years ± 14. The age range of 20 to 40 years was the most represented (42%). Fifteen percent (15%) of patients were living with HIV. The majority of patients were from urban areas (56.4%). Forty-nine percent (49%) of the patients worked in the informal sector. Clinically, the reasons for consultation were dominated by fever, alteration of general condition, neurological disorders, digestive disorders, respiratory signs, urinary signs and diffuse pain. The physical examination showed that 48.1% of the patients had meningeal irritation syndrome, 10% had convulsions and 10% had focal signs, trismus was present in 4% of the patients and facial paralysis in 3%. In the digestive system, hepatomegaly was present in 29% of patients and digestive candidiasis in 31%. Respiratory examination showed crepitus and fluid effusion syndrome in 26.83% and 20.62% of patients respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was dominated by bacterial meningitis, salmonellosis and bronchopneumonia with banal germs. In terms of treatment, the beta-lactam family of drugs was the most prescribed. They were followed by aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. The evolution was marked by the death of 50 patients (15%). Conclusion: The most prescribed molecules belong to the family of Beta-lactam. And this prescription improved the outcome of patients. Bacterial susceptibility studies will allow better orientation of probabilistic antibiotic therapy in order to limit the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria.展开更多
Background The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance.Previous stu...Background The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance.Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL-producing strains,and the resistance-associated genetic environment of non-ESBL-producing strains has been ignored until now.Here,we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non-ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae,which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes.Methods K.pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013.The VITEK-2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL-producing phenotype,and the three primary types of ESBL-associated genes （CTX,SHV,and TEM） were detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） to confirm the strains presenting with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype.mRNA expression in the non-ESBL-producing strains was further screened by reverse-transcription PCR （RT-PCR） to validate their transcriptional efficiency.Results Out of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype,5 （2.2％） were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences.Interestingly,three of the five antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blasHv,while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription.Conclusion These findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non-ESBL-producing antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains,which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.展开更多
Background Gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin for the treatment of ...Background Gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis （AECB）.Methods We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials （RCTs） comparing gemifloxacin with other approved antibiotics.The PubMed,EMBASE,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched,with no language restrictions.Results Ten RCTs,comparing gemifloxacin with other quinolones （in 5 RCTs） and β-lactams and/or macrolides （in 5 RCTs）,involving 3940 patients,were included in this meta-analysis.Overall,the treatment success was higher for gemifloxacin when compared with other antibiotics （odds ratio 1.39,95% confidence interval 1.15-1.68 in intention-to-treat patients,and 1.33,1.02-1.73 in clinically evaluable patients）.There was no significant difference between the compared antibiotics regarding microbiological success （1.19,0.84-1.68） or all-cause mortality （0.82,0.41-1.63）.The total drug related adverse events were similar for gemifloxacin when compared with other quinolones （0.89,0.56-1.41）,while lower when compared with β-lactams and/or macrolides （0.71,0.57-0.89）.In subgroup analyses,administration of gemifloxacin was associated with fewer cases of diarrhoea and more rashes compared with other antibiotics （0.66,0.48-0.91,and 2.36,1.18-4.74,respectively）.Conclusions The available evidence suggests that gemifloxacin 320 mg oral daily is equivalent or superior to other approved antibiotics in effectiveness and safety for CAP and AECB.The development of rash represents potential limitation of gemifloxacin.展开更多
Polymyxin acts as an ultimate line of refuge against the severe infections by multidrug-resistant Gram- negative pathogens. This conventional idea is challenged dramatically by the recent discovery of mobile colistin ...Polymyxin acts as an ultimate line of refuge against the severe infections by multidrug-resistant Gram- negative pathogens. This conventional idea is challenged dramatically by the recent discovery of mobile colistin resistance gene （mcr-1） is prevalent in food animals and human beings worldwide. More importantly, the mcr-1 gene was found to be co-localized with other antibiotic resistance genes, raising the possibility that super-bugs with pan-drug resistance are emerging. However, little is reported on the genomes of the mcr-l-positive bacterial host reservoirs. Here we report genome sequencing of three human isolates of the mcr-l-positive Escherichia coli （E15004, E15015 and E15017） and define general features through analyses of bacterial comparative genomics. Fur- ther genomic mining together with sequence typing allowed us to elucidate that the MCR-l-carrying E. coli E15017 belongs to the sequence type ST648 and copro- duces extended-spectrum β-1actamase （ESBL）. Given the fact that ST648 has been known to associate New Delhi metallo-β-1actamase 1 or ESBL, with either our results highlighted the possibility of ST648 as an epidemic clone with multidrug resistances.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.
文摘The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group was considered saprophytic or rarely pathogenic for many years. Since the first case of septicemia caused by CoNS, there has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections caused by CoNS. The CoNS group has emerged as one of the main causes of nosocomial infections related to vascular catheters and prostheses, especially among immunocompromised patients. This gradual increase in infections is due to the change in the relationship between patients and procedures since CoNS are closely related to devices implanted in the human body. CoNS are successful in colonizing the host because they have several virulence mechanisms, such as biofilm formation and production of enzymes and toxins, in addition to several mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials. Despite their great clinical relevance, few studies have focused on CoNS’s pathogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials, which reveals the current need to better understand the factors by which this group became pathogenic to humans and other animals. This review aims to synthesize the aspects related to the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in CoNS.
文摘Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamses (ESBLs) have emerged world-wide as a significant source of β-lactam resistance. The emergence of MBLs and ESBLs encoded on plasmids among Gram-negative pathogens in hospital dumpsites was investigated. Soils of different government and private hospitals were collected and processed following standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk-diffusion technique using Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Trimethprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), Gentamycin (100 μg) Amoxicillin-Clavunalate (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Ofloxacin (5 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg) and Imipenem (10 μg). The role of plasmids in resistance was evaluated by subjecting isolates to curing using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). ESBLs production by Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST) was carried out. Isolates resistant to Imipenem were subjected to a confirmatory test using Modified Hodge’s test and to MBLs production by DDST. Eighty-two Gram-negative isolates comprising of 32 (39.02%) Escherichia coli, 20 (24.39%) Serratia marcescens, 14 (17.07%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 10 (12.28%) Proteus mirabilis and 6 (7.32%) Enterobacter aerogenes were obtained. Susceptibility results revealed a 100% resistance of all isolates to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Amoxycillin-clavulanate and Cefotaxime. A total of 66 (80.48%) isolates harboured plasmids out of which 26 (31.71%) isolates were ESBL producers. MBLs production was observed in 8 (25.00%) E. coli, 2 (2.41%) Klebsiella pneumonia and 2 (2.41%) Proteus mirabilis isolates. All MBLs producing isolates were ESBLs producers. The finding of highly resistant isolates producing ESBLs and MBLs in a hospital environment is quite disturbing and should be addressed urgently.
文摘目的了解分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶相关基因存在状况，给防治提供参考。方法采用MicroScan微生物鉴定系统Neg Combo Panel Type 21阴性复合板微量肉汤法测定临床分离的20株阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性，采用聚合酶链反应方法分析氨基糖苷类修饰酶及β-内酰胺酶编码基因。结果20株菌均呈严重多重耐药，仅对亚胺培南高度敏感（耐药率5.0％），哌拉西林／他唑巴坦耐药率50．0％，对包括3、4代头孢在内的其他β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率90．0％～100．0％，对复方新诺明耐药率100％；20株菌均检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因，未检出aac（3）-Ⅲ和aac（3）-Ⅳ基因；19株（95．0％）菌检出β-内酰胺酶相关基因，TEM和DHA基因阳性率均为70％，9株菌（45．0％）同时检出TEM和DHA基因，未检出SHV、OXA、PER、VEB和GES基因。结论广州地区医院感染阴沟肠杆菌多重耐药严重，氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、DHA型质粒AmpC酶基因和TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因携带率高，在介导细菌耐药方面起重要作用。
文摘Introduction: In Burkina Faso, as in most developing countries, limited access to biological tests forces practitioners to resort very often to probabilistic antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of this prescription. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection of patients hospitalized in the infectious diseases department in the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2020. The records of patients who received probabilistic antibiotic therapy were included. Results: During the study period, 330 patients had received probabilistic antibiotic therapy. The majority of patients were male (53%), with a sex ratio of 1.12. The mean age of the patients was 33 years ± 14. The age range of 20 to 40 years was the most represented (42%). Fifteen percent (15%) of patients were living with HIV. The majority of patients were from urban areas (56.4%). Forty-nine percent (49%) of the patients worked in the informal sector. Clinically, the reasons for consultation were dominated by fever, alteration of general condition, neurological disorders, digestive disorders, respiratory signs, urinary signs and diffuse pain. The physical examination showed that 48.1% of the patients had meningeal irritation syndrome, 10% had convulsions and 10% had focal signs, trismus was present in 4% of the patients and facial paralysis in 3%. In the digestive system, hepatomegaly was present in 29% of patients and digestive candidiasis in 31%. Respiratory examination showed crepitus and fluid effusion syndrome in 26.83% and 20.62% of patients respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was dominated by bacterial meningitis, salmonellosis and bronchopneumonia with banal germs. In terms of treatment, the beta-lactam family of drugs was the most prescribed. They were followed by aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. The evolution was marked by the death of 50 patients (15%). Conclusion: The most prescribed molecules belong to the family of Beta-lactam. And this prescription improved the outcome of patients. Bacterial susceptibility studies will allow better orientation of probabilistic antibiotic therapy in order to limit the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria.
文摘Background The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance.Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL-producing strains,and the resistance-associated genetic environment of non-ESBL-producing strains has been ignored until now.Here,we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non-ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae,which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes.Methods K.pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013.The VITEK-2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL-producing phenotype,and the three primary types of ESBL-associated genes （CTX,SHV,and TEM） were detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） to confirm the strains presenting with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype.mRNA expression in the non-ESBL-producing strains was further screened by reverse-transcription PCR （RT-PCR） to validate their transcriptional efficiency.Results Out of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype,5 （2.2％） were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences.Interestingly,three of the five antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blasHv,while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription.Conclusion These findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non-ESBL-producing antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains,which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.
文摘Background Gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of gemifloxacin for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis （AECB）.Methods We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials （RCTs） comparing gemifloxacin with other approved antibiotics.The PubMed,EMBASE,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched,with no language restrictions.Results Ten RCTs,comparing gemifloxacin with other quinolones （in 5 RCTs） and β-lactams and/or macrolides （in 5 RCTs）,involving 3940 patients,were included in this meta-analysis.Overall,the treatment success was higher for gemifloxacin when compared with other antibiotics （odds ratio 1.39,95% confidence interval 1.15-1.68 in intention-to-treat patients,and 1.33,1.02-1.73 in clinically evaluable patients）.There was no significant difference between the compared antibiotics regarding microbiological success （1.19,0.84-1.68） or all-cause mortality （0.82,0.41-1.63）.The total drug related adverse events were similar for gemifloxacin when compared with other quinolones （0.89,0.56-1.41）,while lower when compared with β-lactams and/or macrolides （0.71,0.57-0.89）.In subgroup analyses,administration of gemifloxacin was associated with fewer cases of diarrhoea and more rashes compared with other antibiotics （0.66,0.48-0.91,and 2.36,1.18-4.74,respectively）.Conclusions The available evidence suggests that gemifloxacin 320 mg oral daily is equivalent or superior to other approved antibiotics in effectiveness and safety for CAP and AECB.The development of rash represents potential limitation of gemifloxacin.
基金This work was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars （LR15H190001）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31570027）, and a start-up package from Zhejiang University （Y.F.）. Dr. Feng is a recipient of the ＂Young 1000 Talents＂ Award.
文摘Polymyxin acts as an ultimate line of refuge against the severe infections by multidrug-resistant Gram- negative pathogens. This conventional idea is challenged dramatically by the recent discovery of mobile colistin resistance gene （mcr-1） is prevalent in food animals and human beings worldwide. More importantly, the mcr-1 gene was found to be co-localized with other antibiotic resistance genes, raising the possibility that super-bugs with pan-drug resistance are emerging. However, little is reported on the genomes of the mcr-l-positive bacterial host reservoirs. Here we report genome sequencing of three human isolates of the mcr-l-positive Escherichia coli （E15004, E15015 and E15017） and define general features through analyses of bacterial comparative genomics. Fur- ther genomic mining together with sequence typing allowed us to elucidate that the MCR-l-carrying E. coli E15017 belongs to the sequence type ST648 and copro- duces extended-spectrum β-1actamase （ESBL）. Given the fact that ST648 has been known to associate New Delhi metallo-β-1actamase 1 or ESBL, with either our results highlighted the possibility of ST648 as an epidemic clone with multidrug resistances.
