Riyadh city is the fastest growing city in Saudi Arabia. The rapid urban growth that happened recently in Riyadh was not based on the traditional urban planning principles, which have been established and applied for ...Riyadh city is the fastest growing city in Saudi Arabia. The rapid urban growth that happened recently in Riyadh was not based on the traditional urban planning principles, which have been established and applied for the city development process. The imported building regulations have created a new urban structures and street patterns. The contemporary urban form in Riyadh city is based mainly on traffic and economic consideration with the neglect of environmental dimensions. This research aims to examine the impacts of building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings in Riyadh city, with the ultimate goal of establishing planning guidelines that consider the environmental conditions of the city. The methodology adopted for achieving the aim of this study consists of two phases. First, the literature related to building regulations development in Riyadh, as of 2018, was reviewed. Second, buildings energy simulation was conducted to examine the thermal performance of the typical current status of residential building blocks in Riyadh city, and then several changes to building regulations were made to investigate their impacts on the thermal performance of buildings. The results showed that the impacts of Riyadh building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings differ across the evaluated cases. The ratio of building height to street width, urban block street orientation, and building orientation are the main factors affecting thermal performance of buildings within urban block. The study also concludes that adjusting the ratio of building height to the distance between buildings could have a significant impact in reducing cooling loads. This study will help policy makers, planners and designers to investigate the shortcoming in the current building regulations.展开更多
Dutch building regulation is under construction. After the report of the commission ＂Fundamentele Verkenning Bouw＂ in 2008, several studies have been done on the principals that the commission outlined in its report...Dutch building regulation is under construction. After the report of the commission ＂Fundamentele Verkenning Bouw＂ in 2008, several studies have been done on the principals that the commission outlined in its report. Local authorities and parties in construction were invited to start experiments with a more privatized system of building control. But this faced a lack of participation, partly due to the impact of the crisis. The minister responsible for housing and construction invited in 2011 a ＂Bouwteam＂ to develop an agenda for action for construction. In 2012, 17 action teams started to focus, speed up and simplify the planning and development of construction. Recently, the two teams related to building regulation presented their plans. The first was a roadmap towards private building control, the second, a proposal for an independent body to answer questions on constructions plans that do intrinsically but not legally meet the standards of building regulation. There is considerable controversy regarding the way that this implementation team is paving its path towards private building control. While the minister for housing conformed himself to a subsidized private implementing team, the Dutch Parliament has expressed its own priorities for regulation： insured guarantee to protect users and owners, a role for local authorities regarding safety and acceptance of buildings and simplification of building regulation and control for simple construction works. The parliament held a round-table conference to get informed about private building control. Recently, a proposal by the minister for housing was discussed. Further debate will be needed to decide about the next steps in innovation building regulation, which will take place in the upcoming months. ERB/RIGO （Foundation Expert Centre Regulations in Building/Research Institute for Real Estate） have developed own proposals for the public-private relation regarding development and construction of buildings. They expect that their proposals might be of help. The proposals are laid down in several publications and partly realized in experimental development of ＂to be approved＂ technical solutions. This paper reflects on the differences between their proposals and these of the roadmap, on the possible outcome of the ongoing debate and its implications, legal and technical, on building regulation and on legal and contractual liability. This paper tries to give an inside view on the development of regulation and the pros and cons of the proposals, starting from a theoretical outline of building regulation.展开更多
The population in urban areas is increasing rapidly around the world in most of the cities.In India,this growth has forced the local governments to review the planning norms regularly with the main focus of making an ...The population in urban areas is increasing rapidly around the world in most of the cities.In India,this growth has forced the local governments to review the planning norms regularly with the main focus of making an affordable urban living.This resulted in increasing the built density without evaluating the effect of such developments on human thermal com-fort.Outdoor microclimate is one of the significant factors that determine the quality of out-door spaces.This study investigates the potential impact of the built geometry guided by the newly published development control rules of Chennai,India on the various parameters that influence microclimate.The existing and future scenario has been modelled for three locations in a typical mixed-use neighborhood of Chennai.Further,air temperature and relative humid-ity were measured in three locations on a typical summer month of May 2018.The recorded data was used for validating the simulated model and calibrating the model settings.Mostof the studies on outdoor thermal comfort compare a base case scenario and project future scenarios.This paper is a more realistic comparison of outdoor thermal comfort between the actual resultant built environment guided by the new Tamil Nadu Combined Development and Building Rules,2019 for selected locations and the existing built geometry which is the outcome of revised development control rules of 2013.The study found a significant reduction of 18℃in mean radiant temperature(Tmrt)and a reduction of 12℃in Physiological Equiv-alent Temperature(PET)between the 2013 and the predicted built geometry as per 2019 build-ing rules.Further the duration of extreme heat stress in the Physiological Equivalent Temperature(PET)scale show a reduction of 3 h during the day time,The study will assist ur-ban planners and designers to include outdoor thermal comfort also as an important factor while developing building rules.展开更多
A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment...A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.展开更多
Based on this evidence and many other examples, this paper advocates a drastic overhaul of the system, in which a distinction is made between simple, standard projects, less simple solutions that can be assessed with ...Based on this evidence and many other examples, this paper advocates a drastic overhaul of the system, in which a distinction is made between simple, standard projects, less simple solutions that can be assessed with performance requirements, and high-value projects which are handled in accordance with the science of probabilistics. Next to or in addition to the Council of State, there has to be a technical body appointed under statute with non-departmental public body status, which can issue binding rulings in technical disputes, with very short procedural delays.展开更多
文摘Riyadh city is the fastest growing city in Saudi Arabia. The rapid urban growth that happened recently in Riyadh was not based on the traditional urban planning principles, which have been established and applied for the city development process. The imported building regulations have created a new urban structures and street patterns. The contemporary urban form in Riyadh city is based mainly on traffic and economic consideration with the neglect of environmental dimensions. This research aims to examine the impacts of building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings in Riyadh city, with the ultimate goal of establishing planning guidelines that consider the environmental conditions of the city. The methodology adopted for achieving the aim of this study consists of two phases. First, the literature related to building regulations development in Riyadh, as of 2018, was reviewed. Second, buildings energy simulation was conducted to examine the thermal performance of the typical current status of residential building blocks in Riyadh city, and then several changes to building regulations were made to investigate their impacts on the thermal performance of buildings. The results showed that the impacts of Riyadh building regulations on the thermal performance of residential buildings differ across the evaluated cases. The ratio of building height to street width, urban block street orientation, and building orientation are the main factors affecting thermal performance of buildings within urban block. The study also concludes that adjusting the ratio of building height to the distance between buildings could have a significant impact in reducing cooling loads. This study will help policy makers, planners and designers to investigate the shortcoming in the current building regulations.
文摘Dutch building regulation is under construction. After the report of the commission ＂Fundamentele Verkenning Bouw＂ in 2008, several studies have been done on the principals that the commission outlined in its report. Local authorities and parties in construction were invited to start experiments with a more privatized system of building control. But this faced a lack of participation, partly due to the impact of the crisis. The minister responsible for housing and construction invited in 2011 a ＂Bouwteam＂ to develop an agenda for action for construction. In 2012, 17 action teams started to focus, speed up and simplify the planning and development of construction. Recently, the two teams related to building regulation presented their plans. The first was a roadmap towards private building control, the second, a proposal for an independent body to answer questions on constructions plans that do intrinsically but not legally meet the standards of building regulation. There is considerable controversy regarding the way that this implementation team is paving its path towards private building control. While the minister for housing conformed himself to a subsidized private implementing team, the Dutch Parliament has expressed its own priorities for regulation： insured guarantee to protect users and owners, a role for local authorities regarding safety and acceptance of buildings and simplification of building regulation and control for simple construction works. The parliament held a round-table conference to get informed about private building control. Recently, a proposal by the minister for housing was discussed. Further debate will be needed to decide about the next steps in innovation building regulation, which will take place in the upcoming months. ERB/RIGO （Foundation Expert Centre Regulations in Building/Research Institute for Real Estate） have developed own proposals for the public-private relation regarding development and construction of buildings. They expect that their proposals might be of help. The proposals are laid down in several publications and partly realized in experimental development of ＂to be approved＂ technical solutions. This paper reflects on the differences between their proposals and these of the roadmap, on the possible outcome of the ongoing debate and its implications, legal and technical, on building regulation and on legal and contractual liability. This paper tries to give an inside view on the development of regulation and the pros and cons of the proposals, starting from a theoretical outline of building regulation.
文摘The population in urban areas is increasing rapidly around the world in most of the cities.In India,this growth has forced the local governments to review the planning norms regularly with the main focus of making an affordable urban living.This resulted in increasing the built density without evaluating the effect of such developments on human thermal com-fort.Outdoor microclimate is one of the significant factors that determine the quality of out-door spaces.This study investigates the potential impact of the built geometry guided by the newly published development control rules of Chennai,India on the various parameters that influence microclimate.The existing and future scenario has been modelled for three locations in a typical mixed-use neighborhood of Chennai.Further,air temperature and relative humid-ity were measured in three locations on a typical summer month of May 2018.The recorded data was used for validating the simulated model and calibrating the model settings.Mostof the studies on outdoor thermal comfort compare a base case scenario and project future scenarios.This paper is a more realistic comparison of outdoor thermal comfort between the actual resultant built environment guided by the new Tamil Nadu Combined Development and Building Rules,2019 for selected locations and the existing built geometry which is the outcome of revised development control rules of 2013.The study found a significant reduction of 18℃in mean radiant temperature(Tmrt)and a reduction of 12℃in Physiological Equiv-alent Temperature(PET)between the 2013 and the predicted built geometry as per 2019 build-ing rules.Further the duration of extreme heat stress in the Physiological Equivalent Temperature(PET)scale show a reduction of 3 h during the day time,The study will assist ur-ban planners and designers to include outdoor thermal comfort also as an important factor while developing building rules.
基金supported by the Powell Center for Construction&Environment at the University of Florida.
文摘A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.
文摘Based on this evidence and many other examples, this paper advocates a drastic overhaul of the system, in which a distinction is made between simple, standard projects, less simple solutions that can be assessed with performance requirements, and high-value projects which are handled in accordance with the science of probabilistics. Next to or in addition to the Council of State, there has to be a technical body appointed under statute with non-departmental public body status, which can issue binding rulings in technical disputes, with very short procedural delays.
