We consider the so-called Thomson problem which refers to finding the equilibrium distribution of a finite number of mutually repelling point charges on the surface of a sphere, but for the case where the sphere is re...We consider the so-called Thomson problem which refers to finding the equilibrium distribution of a finite number of mutually repelling point charges on the surface of a sphere, but for the case where the sphere is replaced by a spheroid or ellipsoid. To get started, we first consider the problem in two dimensions, with point charges on circles (for which the equilibrium distribution is intuitively obvious) and ellipses. We then generalize the approach to the three-dimensional case of an ellipsoid. The method we use is to begin with a random distribution of charges on the surface and allow each point charge to move tangentially to the surface due to the sum of all Coulomb forces it feels from the other charges. Deriving the proper equations of motion requires using a projection operator to project the total force on each point charge onto the tangent plane of the surface. The position vectors then evolve and find their final equilibrium distribution naturally. For the case of ellipses and ellipsoids or spheroids, we find that multiple distinct equilibria are possible for certain numbers of charges, depending on the starting conditions. We characterize these based on their total potential energies. Some of the equilibria found turn out to represent local minima in the potential energy landscape, while others represent the global minimum. We devise a method based on comparing the moment-of-inertia tensors of the final configurations to distinguish them from one another.展开更多
Although the research history of triboelectrification has been more than 2000 years, there are still many problems to be solved so far.The use of scanning probe microscopy provides an important way to quantitatively s...Although the research history of triboelectrification has been more than 2000 years, there are still many problems to be solved so far.The use of scanning probe microscopy provides an important way to quantitatively study the transfer, accumulation, and dissipation of triboelectric charges in the process of triboelectrification. Two-dimensional materials are considered to be key materials for new electronic devices in the post-Moore era due to their atomic-scale size advantages. If the electrostatic field generated by triboelectrification can be used to replace the traditional gate electrostatic field, it is expected to simplify the structure of two-dimensional electronic devices and reconfigure them at any time according to actual needs. Here, we investigate the triboelectrification process of various two-dimensional materials such as MoS_(2), WSe_(2),and ZnO. Different from traditional bulk materials, after two-dimensional materials are rubbed, the triboelectric charges generated may tunnel through the two-dimensional materials to the underlying substrate surface. Because the tunneling triboelectric charge is protected by the twodimensional material, its stable residence time on the substrate surface can reach more than 7 days, which is more than tens of minutes for the traditional triboelectric charge. In addition, the electrostatic field generated by the tunneling triboelectric charge can effectively regulate the carrier transport performance of two-dimensional materials, and the source–drain current of the field effect device regulated by the triboelectric floating gate is increased by nearly 60 times. The triboelectric charge tunneling phenomenon in two-dimensional materials is expected to be applied in the fields of new two-dimensional electronic devices and reconfigurable functional circuits.展开更多
Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon pro...Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon properties and phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm are quantitatively investigated.In the framework of continuum mechanics,the modified elastic modulus can be derived for the nanofilm with surface charges.The elastic model is presented to analyze the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation,phonon group velocity,density of states of phonons in nanofilm with the surface charges.The phonon thermal conductivity of nanofilm can be obtained by considering surface charges.The simulation results demonstrate that surface charges can significantly change the phonon properties and thermal conductivity in a GaN nanofilm.Positive surface charges reduce the phonon energy and phonon group velocity but increase the density of states of phonons.The surface charges can change the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm.Based on these theoretical results,one can adjust the phonon properties and temperature/size dependent thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilm by changing the surface charges.展开更多
By the multi-scale expansion method an effect of adiabatic variation of dust charges on dust-acoustic soliton is investigated.It is found that the amplitude of the soliton decreases while its width narrows in comparis...By the multi-scale expansion method an effect of adiabatic variation of dust charges on dust-acoustic soliton is investigated.It is found that the amplitude of the soliton decreases while its width narrows in comparison with the case of constant dust charges.展开更多
On 28 January 2022,DeepMind Technologies announced the addition of the proteomes of 27 organisms to its AlphaFold Protein Structures Database(AlphaFold DB),a free online resource for sci-entists[1].DeepMind,the London...On 28 January 2022,DeepMind Technologies announced the addition of the proteomes of 27 organisms to its AlphaFold Protein Structures Database(AlphaFold DB),a free online resource for sci-entists[1].DeepMind,the London-based,artificial intelligence(AI)-focused subsidiary of Google’s parent company,Alphabet,selected these proteomes in alignment with the priorities of the World Health Organization.展开更多
A dynamic pricing model was established based on forecasting the demand for container handling of a specific shipping company to maximize terminal profits to solve terminal handling charges under the changing market e...A dynamic pricing model was established based on forecasting the demand for container handling of a specific shipping company to maximize terminal profits to solve terminal handling charges under the changing market environment.It assumes that container handling demand depends on the price and the unknown parameters in the demand model.The maximum quasi-likelihood estimation(MQLE)method is used to estimate the unknown parameters.Then an adaptive dynamic pricing policy algorithm is proposed.At the beginning of each period,through dynamic pricing,determining the optimal price relative to the estimation value of the current parameter and attach a constraint of differential price decision.Meanwhile,the accuracy of demand estimation and the optimality of price decisions are balanced.Finally,a case study is given based on the real data of Shanghai port.The results show that this pricing policy can make the handling price converge to the stable price and significantly increase this shipping company’s handling profit compared with the original“contractual pricing”mechanism.展开更多
In this paper,the regularity on spontaneous dis-charges of the single unit in amygdaloid nucleus(AMYG)in rabbits were analyzed and whether thesignal of Electro-acupuncture(EA)at Neignan (P 6)can reach the AMYG was fur...In this paper,the regularity on spontaneous dis-charges of the single unit in amygdaloid nucleus(AMYG)in rabbits were analyzed and whether thesignal of Electro-acupuncture(EA)at Neignan (P 6)can reach the AMYG was further observed withthe technique of glass microelectrode.It was foundthat the signals of EA at Neignan can reach AMYGand activate or inhibit the electrical activity of somencurons,manifesting two response patterns:fre-quency-increasing and frequency-decreasing.Addi-tionally,the same neuron had a different response tothe signals of EA at Neiguan and Zusanli(St 36),suggesting that a relative specificity of acupoints ispresent.展开更多
We develop a method for measuring the density and charges of dust particles in a capacitive coupled cylinder discharge chamber in mixtures of gases SiH4/C2H4/Ar.Dust particles are created in situ using these reactive ...We develop a method for measuring the density and charges of dust particles in a capacitive coupled cylinder discharge chamber in mixtures of gases SiH4/C2H4/Ar.Dust particles are created in situ using these reactive mixtures in rf discharge.A Langmuir probe is employed for the measurement of important plasma parameters,such as electron density,electron temperature and ion density.The density and charges of dust particles is then calculated based on the data of the measurement of these parameters and a known dust plasma sheath model.The curves of dust particle density versus rf power and gas pressure are presented,respectively,under various experimental conditions.The dust charges versus different experimental conditions are also evaluated and presented.展开更多
Introduction: In this paper we investigate the possible connection between socioeconomic status as demarcated by employment and in-surance status and consumption of healthcare resources in spine surgery patients. Meth...Introduction: In this paper we investigate the possible connection between socioeconomic status as demarcated by employment and in-surance status and consumption of healthcare resources in spine surgery patients. Methods: The clinical records of 1599 spine surgery pa-tients counted from 2008-2009 were reviewed. The largest groups of patients belonged to MS-DRG 460 (N = 585) and to MS-DRG 473 (N = 700). These two MS-DRG patient groups were used as the study cohort representing patients who, by definition, did not have serious comor-bidities or complications. Results: Unemployed non-cervical patients tended to stay on average 1.8 days longer in hospital and had on average $5800 higher hospital charges. No major differ-ences were noted in length of stay and hospital cost between government and private insurance patients. However, self-pay non-cervical fusion patients had notable increases in length of stay and hospital cost, especially in the >39 and <60 age group with the difference in length of stay amounting to 5 days and in hospital charges to $10,000. Univariate analysis with DRG (460 or 473) as a covariate showed significant impact from employment status on length of stay (F = 4.259, P = 0.014) and less significant impact from payor category on hospital charges (F = 2.229, P = 0.064) in the economically-productive 40 -59 age group. Conclusions: In general, no increase in hospital resource consumption was noted except among self-pay patients, the same group seemingly least able to afford expensive healthcare.展开更多
Background:Anticipated to overhaul the structure of market risk teams,IT teams,and trading desks within banks by 2023,Basel III’s Fundamental Review of the Trading Book requirements will also increase capital charges...Background:Anticipated to overhaul the structure of market risk teams,IT teams,and trading desks within banks by 2023,Basel III’s Fundamental Review of the Trading Book requirements will also increase capital charges banks will incur globally.The case study focuses on describing what is needed with regards to the risk factor eligibility test(RFET)as well as for implementing a data pool to lower capital charges.By establishing a consortium of banks per region to implement a data pooling solution,participants can prove a wider breadth of modellable risk factors per asset class and use the Internal Models Approach(IMA)of valuing risk to lower capital charge requirements significantly.Case description:First,a description on the historical context surrounding the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book rules and the business requirements needed to comply with the risk factor eligibility test is made.Then an examination is conducted on the innovative data pooling initiative implemented by CanDeal,TickSmith Corp.,and the 6 largest Canadian banks to lower capital charge requirements under the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book.Discussion and evaluation:A description is made on what types of data,expertise,and technology is needed to calculate for risk factor modellability.It is up to each firm to decide if the benefits to using the Internal Models Approach to lower capital charges outweighs implementation and running costs of the underlying data platform.Implementing a data pool for each region comes with challenges that include anti-competition law that may block the initiative,varied benefits to each competitive participant,and data security concerns.Conclusion:It is evident that the data pool innovation provides benefits to lowering capital charges as the Canadian banks have seen an increase of modellability by several factors using the sample bond asset class.While each firm must still determine internally if the benefits outweighs the technological costs they will incur,it is clear that regulators are pushing for increased data retention and scrutiny.展开更多
The detection by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in of atomic structures allowed him to establish that atomic shells, as well as shells of nucleons are electromagnetic, and not elect...The detection by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in of atomic structures allowed him to establish that atomic shells, as well as shells of nucleons are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely electromagnetic shells are the sources of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. The elementary source of gravitational field is the electromagnetic quasiparticle (S-Graviton) which consists of two coupled dipoles (the magnetic and electric) rotating in antiphase in the same atomic or nucleonic orbit. Electrons in atomic shells are rigidly embedded in the compositions of S-Gravitons and, as a rule, cannot individually participate, for example, in processes of interatomic chemical bonding. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be both paragravitational (PGF) so and ferrogravitational (FGF). The overwhelming number of atomic shells and all shells nucleons emit PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting of PGF is realized a force of gravitational “Dark energy” pressing masses to each other. It is the compression of masses by forces of the gravitational “Dark energy” that lies at basis Physics of chemical bond. Depending on implementation in atoms of the effects intra-atomic gravitational shielding/lensing (IAGS/L) discovered and investigated by the author, the gravitational interatomic bonding mechanisms are divided into two groups: non-covalent bonds (IAGS effect) and covalent bonds (IAGL effect). Within the framework of the gravitational bond mechanism of the latter group which is implemented with participation paragravitational orbitals, such chemical concept as valence acquires a real physical meaning. The replacing the erroneous electronic concept of chemical bonding by the gravitational concept implies replacing the notion “electronegativity” of element by the notion the “gravitational activity” while maintaining existing quantitative ability of atoms in molecules to attract atoms of other elements.展开更多
Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark part...Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark particles” are found to be electrically neutral but contain intrinsic electrical charges of both polarities, being an order of magnitude larger than the elementary charge, e. The main interaction force between two such particles is further found to have an attractive short-range character, and it becomes nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the repulsive force which would arise from two interacting elementary charges. The spatial potential distribution of this force corresponds to an inner barrier, an intermediate well, and an outer barrier. The well is found to have a depth being nearly equal to the binding energy 8 MeV of the neutron. The distribution of the barriers and the well makes a stable position possible for the mutual particle distance. The deduced radii of the outer shell and of the core are further of the same magnitude as the known nuclear radii of the neutron and proton. All these deduced characteristic features are the same as those of the known strong force concept. This raises the question whether the present results could provide a first step in a unification of the electromagnetic and the strong nuclear forces.展开更多
We know from Noether’s theorem that there is a conserved charge for every continuous symmetry. In General Relativity, Killing vectors describe the spacetime symmetries and to each such Killing vector field, we can as...We know from Noether’s theorem that there is a conserved charge for every continuous symmetry. In General Relativity, Killing vectors describe the spacetime symmetries and to each such Killing vector field, we can associate conserved charge through stress-energy tensor of matter which is mentioned in the article. In this article, I show that under simple set of canonical transformation of most general class of Bogoliubov transformation between creation, annihilation operators, those charges associated with spacetime symmetries are broken. To do that, I look at stress-energy tensor of real scalar field theory (as an example) in curved spacetime and show how it changes under simple canonical transformation which is enough to justify our claim. Since doing Bogoliubov transformation is equivalent to coordinate transformation which according to Einstein’s equivalence principle is equivalent to turn on effect of gravity, therefore, we can say that under the effect of gravity those charges are broken.展开更多
In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electric...In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electrical interactions between charged microparticles (MPs), which develop as fundamental vibrations (FVs) in ether, producing the vibrational strains εand γand the resulting stresses σand τ, as percussions of ether cells (ECs) upon the MP surface. The stresses σ?and?τproduce a resultant force FP, due to the percussions which constitute the real electric force FCC. The spatial effect of ether on FP is demonstrated by an analytical method, considering the electrical interaction between MPs through various equidistant spatial paths li of FVs, modelled on the basis of the Huygens principle for waves. For this issue, we utilized a numerical calculation, which could be generalized. But this spatial effect of the ether leads at a very slow decreasing of the FP forces ratio rF when doubling the distance l, in contrast to Coulomb’s FC forces whose ratio rF?decreases accentuate with doubling l. Accordingly, the necessity of including the term ln r in the FCC force, which is limited to 1.0 for doubling l, at long distances, was justified.展开更多
Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe<span style=&q...Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>3+</sup></span> ions can significantly shift from the position of their nuclei. As result of these shift the structure in form of the chain magnetic spiral is realized in ferrite lattice. The noted shifts of the “magnetic moments” served as the basis for the author’s assumption that these “moments” are “fig sheets” behind which the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) real existing in the shells of atoms are hidden. In this case, the scattering of neutrons is carried out by magnetic charges, and not theoretical surrogates in the form of magnetic moments. In addition to participating in atomic structures, magnetic charges populate potential conduction zones in conductors, where they are exist in compositions of magnetic dipoles. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, a polarization of magnetic dipoles is realized in the conductor, the field strengths of which are directed against the external magnetic field. It is these dipole magnetic fields that are responsible for such a well-known physical phenomenon as diamagnetism. Under the conditions of noted polarization of magnetic dipoles the author managed to perform mechanical separation of magnetic charges in pairs ±g and to charge experienced bodies (metal plates) by the magnetic charges of one sign. The fact of such a charging was detected through magnetostatic interaction between magnetic charges on the plates using highly sensitive torsion balances. This experiment is presented in detail in this article. The results of these experiments, as well as subsequent experimental and theoretical studies of the author, which, in general composition, were carried out from 1968 to the present, showed that magnetic charges are real structural components of the atoms and substance. So, for example, the atomic shells are not electronic but electromagnetic. The main reason that real magnetic charges were <span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">buried alive” in the existing physical theories is the physics of their confinement in substance forces of which, in its rigidity, is many times greater than the electron confinement forces.</span>展开更多
The magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are the real structural components all varieties of the Mass, for example, atoms, nucleons, positrons and neutrinos. Atomic-shaped device of Mass is the natural and the...The magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are the real structural components all varieties of the Mass, for example, atoms, nucleons, positrons and neutrinos. Atomic-shaped device of Mass is the natural and the only possible organization of electric and magnetic charges which can create a gravitational field. At level of a popular language one can define nucleons as “small atoms”, and positron and neutrino as “very small atoms”. The electric and magnetic fundamental particles in neutron and proton shells which by tradition should be called quarks have charges of smaller magnitude than the charges of particles in atomic shells. Positron which participates in the gravitational interaction and, consequently, has an atomic-shaped device is the most likely candidate for the role of the proton nucleus. The most likely candidate particles on the participation in nuclei of proton and neutron as well as in nuclei of the positron and neutrino are presented in the article. So-called abnormal magnetic moment of neutron is formed by the quark magnetic dipoles which are like to unpaired electrons in the so-called magnetic atoms rotate on the outer orbitals of the neutron shell. The participation of the “magnetic electron” (magneton) in the neutrino core assumes the existence of the so-called anomalous magnetic moment and in the neutrino shell. The existence of real magnetic charges in the structures of the Mass draws our attention on such important problem as interaction between charges in the framework of electromagnetic dipoles such as and in which manifest the weak attraction. Weak interaction by its nature is electromagnetic. So-called electromagnetic interaction, manifested in pairs of homogeneous charges of opposite signs, is either electric or magnetic, but not electromagnetic. The explanation of the weak interaction in the marked pairs of charges is based on the author’s concept of the World Physical Triad and “Dark Energy”. Forces responsible for the interaction of the charges composing the electromagnetic dipoles correspond, conditionally of the weak charges of the particles which what assume mutual suppression of the influence of their fields on the Energo-medium and the formation of the weak “Dark energy”. Complex of magnetic particles, the quark magnetic dipoles and magneton by means of which the interconversion of a proton and a neutron is realized and maintained their constant number in the atomic nuclei can be called as magnetic meson. Namely, a processes of interconversion between a neutron and a proton which, as a rule, are not accompanied by secretions, created the illusion of neutron stability in atomic nuclei. The energy created by an exchange of magnetic mesons between neutron and proton can be a component of nuclear forces (strong interaction). Another effective and, most likely, the main component in the composition of the nuclear forces is the gravitational “Dark Energy”. Physics and structure of neutrinos presented in the paper suggest that the nature of these particles closer to the ideology of E. Majorana than P. Dirac’s.展开更多
Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (period: 1968-present) have shown that true sources of </span><span style="font-family:"">the </span><span style="font-family...Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (period: 1968-present) have shown that true sources of </span><span style="font-family:"">the </span><span style="font-family:"">magnetic field are magnetic fundamental particles (magnetic charges), and not moving electrons. The main reason for <span>ignoring real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in physical</span> science is the hard conditions for confinement of these particles in atoms and substance</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:"">, which </span><span style="font-family:"">is </span><span style="font-family:"">radically different from the confinement of electrons. Magnetic charges together with electric charges form the shells atoms which are <span>electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely</span></span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> electromagnetic shells are</span><span style="font-family:""> sources of gravitational field which is </span><span style="font-family:"">a </span><span style="font-family:"">vortex electromagnetic field and de<span>scribed by the vortex</span></span><span style="font-family:""> rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:"">. Depending on the state polarization o</span><span style="font-family:"">f vortex vectors </span><span style="font-family:"">rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:""> in compositions of atomic gravitational fields it </span><span style="font-family:"">is </span><span style="font-family:"">subdivided into paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational fields </span><span style="font-family:"">(FGF). The overwhelming number of atoms emits PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons and others) emitting PGF areas of negative gravitational “Dark Energy” are realized the forces of which press the masses towards each other. Namely</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> the compression of atoms by the forces of paragravitational “Dark Energy” underlies the chemical bond. The exception here is the ionic bond in ionic crystals. However, all ions have electromagnetic shells that generate the gravitational field. Consequently, ionic bonding is a relatively rare addition to gravito-chemical bond processes. The direct gravito-chemical bond of carbon atom</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> with hydrogen (<sup>1</sup>H) is physically forbidden due to </span><span style="font-family:"">the </span><span style="font-family:"">manifestation of the effect of ferrogravitational levitation between them and the repulsion of atoms from each other. Paradoxically, but all existing ideas about the structural device of hydrocarbons are based on such physically forbidden bonds which, moreover, must be realized through ionic <span>bonds which in reality do not exist. Chemical bonding of carbon and hydrogen </span>atoms to form hydrocarbons molecules is possible only if the hydrogen atoms are in the molecular form (<sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>). In the composition of water, within the framework of the chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>O, two stable isomorphic molecular structures are formed. The chemical bond in the first structure is similar to the hydrocarbon scenario described above, </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">i.e.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> in the process of combining paragravitational oxygen with a hydrogen molecule <sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>. The second molecular structure in water is <span>formed under conditions of ferropolarization of the gravitational field of</span> oxygen atom</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> under the influence of FGF of neighboring <sup>1</sup>H atoms. In this case, the chemical bond is realized under the conditions of ferropolarization</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">of the vortex vectors </span><span style="font-family:"">rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:""> of the gravitational fields of all atoms in</span><span style="font-family:""> the molecule and the co-directionality of them vectors </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><b><i><span style="font-family:"">P</span></i></b><i><sub><span style="font-family:"">fp</span></sub></i><i><sub><span style="font-family:""></i></span></sub></i><span style="font-family:""> ferropolarization. The gravito-physical properties of the presented molecular structures in the composition of water make it possible to name them, respectively, as heavy and light clusters.展开更多
N January 2009,the 1,000 kV ultra-high voltage(UHV)alternating-current(AC)power transmission line from southeastern Shanxi Province to Jingmen in Hubei Province began operation.During their meeting in the U.S.a few mo...N January 2009,the 1,000 kV ultra-high voltage(UHV)alternating-current(AC)power transmission line from southeastern Shanxi Province to Jingmen in Hubei Province began operation.During their meeting in the U.S.a few months later,Steven Chu,the United States Secretary of Energy at the time,told then State Grid Corporation of China(State Grid)Chairman Liu Zhenya that he envied China’s UHV project,admitting that China was ahead of the U.S.in this area and expressing his wish to share China’s relevant achievements.展开更多
Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the mod...Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the determination of currents and charges in hypercomplex extensions of the Feynman-Dyson derivation of the Maxwell-Faraday equations. We analyze the appearance of charges and currents in ...This paper is concerned with the determination of currents and charges in hypercomplex extensions of the Feynman-Dyson derivation of the Maxwell-Faraday equations. We analyze the appearance of charges and currents in non-Abelian versions of that approach: SU(2), SU(3) and G2. The structure constants of G2 Lie algebra are computed explicitly. Finally, we suggest a seven-dimensional treatment of color.展开更多
文摘We consider the so-called Thomson problem which refers to finding the equilibrium distribution of a finite number of mutually repelling point charges on the surface of a sphere, but for the case where the sphere is replaced by a spheroid or ellipsoid. To get started, we first consider the problem in two dimensions, with point charges on circles (for which the equilibrium distribution is intuitively obvious) and ellipses. We then generalize the approach to the three-dimensional case of an ellipsoid. The method we use is to begin with a random distribution of charges on the surface and allow each point charge to move tangentially to the surface due to the sum of all Coulomb forces it feels from the other charges. Deriving the proper equations of motion requires using a projection operator to project the total force on each point charge onto the tangent plane of the surface. The position vectors then evolve and find their final equilibrium distribution naturally. For the case of ellipses and ellipsoids or spheroids, we find that multiple distinct equilibria are possible for certain numbers of charges, depending on the starting conditions. We characterize these based on their total potential energies. Some of the equilibria found turn out to represent local minima in the potential energy landscape, while others represent the global minimum. We devise a method based on comparing the moment-of-inertia tensors of the final configurations to distinguish them from one another.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFA0703500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52232006,52188101,52102153,52072029,51991340,and 51991342)+2 种基金the Overseas Expertise Introduction Projects for Discipline Innovation (No.B14003)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2021M700379)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.FRF-TP-18-001C1)。
文摘Although the research history of triboelectrification has been more than 2000 years, there are still many problems to be solved so far.The use of scanning probe microscopy provides an important way to quantitatively study the transfer, accumulation, and dissipation of triboelectric charges in the process of triboelectrification. Two-dimensional materials are considered to be key materials for new electronic devices in the post-Moore era due to their atomic-scale size advantages. If the electrostatic field generated by triboelectrification can be used to replace the traditional gate electrostatic field, it is expected to simplify the structure of two-dimensional electronic devices and reconfigure them at any time according to actual needs. Here, we investigate the triboelectrification process of various two-dimensional materials such as MoS_(2), WSe_(2),and ZnO. Different from traditional bulk materials, after two-dimensional materials are rubbed, the triboelectric charges generated may tunnel through the two-dimensional materials to the underlying substrate surface. Because the tunneling triboelectric charge is protected by the twodimensional material, its stable residence time on the substrate surface can reach more than 7 days, which is more than tens of minutes for the traditional triboelectric charge. In addition, the electrostatic field generated by the tunneling triboelectric charge can effectively regulate the carrier transport performance of two-dimensional materials, and the source–drain current of the field effect device regulated by the triboelectric floating gate is increased by nearly 60 times. The triboelectric charge tunneling phenomenon in two-dimensional materials is expected to be applied in the fields of new two-dimensional electronic devices and reconfigurable functional circuits.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11772294,11621062,and 11302189)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2017QNA4031)
文摘Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon properties and phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm are quantitatively investigated.In the framework of continuum mechanics,the modified elastic modulus can be derived for the nanofilm with surface charges.The elastic model is presented to analyze the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation,phonon group velocity,density of states of phonons in nanofilm with the surface charges.The phonon thermal conductivity of nanofilm can be obtained by considering surface charges.The simulation results demonstrate that surface charges can significantly change the phonon properties and thermal conductivity in a GaN nanofilm.Positive surface charges reduce the phonon energy and phonon group velocity but increase the density of states of phonons.The surface charges can change the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm.Based on these theoretical results,one can adjust the phonon properties and temperature/size dependent thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilm by changing the surface charges.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.19675006in part by the Asia-Africa Association for Plasma Training,and Association for Plasma Study of China.
文摘By the multi-scale expansion method an effect of adiabatic variation of dust charges on dust-acoustic soliton is investigated.It is found that the amplitude of the soliton decreases while its width narrows in comparison with the case of constant dust charges.
文摘On 28 January 2022,DeepMind Technologies announced the addition of the proteomes of 27 organisms to its AlphaFold Protein Structures Database(AlphaFold DB),a free online resource for sci-entists[1].DeepMind,the London-based,artificial intelligence(AI)-focused subsidiary of Google’s parent company,Alphabet,selected these proteomes in alignment with the priorities of the World Health Organization.
文摘A dynamic pricing model was established based on forecasting the demand for container handling of a specific shipping company to maximize terminal profits to solve terminal handling charges under the changing market environment.It assumes that container handling demand depends on the price and the unknown parameters in the demand model.The maximum quasi-likelihood estimation(MQLE)method is used to estimate the unknown parameters.Then an adaptive dynamic pricing policy algorithm is proposed.At the beginning of each period,through dynamic pricing,determining the optimal price relative to the estimation value of the current parameter and attach a constraint of differential price decision.Meanwhile,the accuracy of demand estimation and the optimality of price decisions are balanced.Finally,a case study is given based on the real data of Shanghai port.The results show that this pricing policy can make the handling price converge to the stable price and significantly increase this shipping company’s handling profit compared with the original“contractual pricing”mechanism.
文摘In this paper,the regularity on spontaneous dis-charges of the single unit in amygdaloid nucleus(AMYG)in rabbits were analyzed and whether thesignal of Electro-acupuncture(EA)at Neignan (P 6)can reach the AMYG was further observed withthe technique of glass microelectrode.It was foundthat the signals of EA at Neignan can reach AMYGand activate or inhibit the electrical activity of somencurons,manifesting two response patterns:fre-quency-increasing and frequency-decreasing.Addi-tionally,the same neuron had a different response tothe signals of EA at Neiguan and Zusanli(St 36),suggesting that a relative specificity of acupoints ispresent.
基金by the ITER Research Project of China for Matched Program(No 2009GB107004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No ZYGX2010J056).
文摘We develop a method for measuring the density and charges of dust particles in a capacitive coupled cylinder discharge chamber in mixtures of gases SiH4/C2H4/Ar.Dust particles are created in situ using these reactive mixtures in rf discharge.A Langmuir probe is employed for the measurement of important plasma parameters,such as electron density,electron temperature and ion density.The density and charges of dust particles is then calculated based on the data of the measurement of these parameters and a known dust plasma sheath model.The curves of dust particle density versus rf power and gas pressure are presented,respectively,under various experimental conditions.The dust charges versus different experimental conditions are also evaluated and presented.
文摘Introduction: In this paper we investigate the possible connection between socioeconomic status as demarcated by employment and in-surance status and consumption of healthcare resources in spine surgery patients. Methods: The clinical records of 1599 spine surgery pa-tients counted from 2008-2009 were reviewed. The largest groups of patients belonged to MS-DRG 460 (N = 585) and to MS-DRG 473 (N = 700). These two MS-DRG patient groups were used as the study cohort representing patients who, by definition, did not have serious comor-bidities or complications. Results: Unemployed non-cervical patients tended to stay on average 1.8 days longer in hospital and had on average $5800 higher hospital charges. No major differ-ences were noted in length of stay and hospital cost between government and private insurance patients. However, self-pay non-cervical fusion patients had notable increases in length of stay and hospital cost, especially in the >39 and <60 age group with the difference in length of stay amounting to 5 days and in hospital charges to $10,000. Univariate analysis with DRG (460 or 473) as a covariate showed significant impact from employment status on length of stay (F = 4.259, P = 0.014) and less significant impact from payor category on hospital charges (F = 2.229, P = 0.064) in the economically-productive 40 -59 age group. Conclusions: In general, no increase in hospital resource consumption was noted except among self-pay patients, the same group seemingly least able to afford expensive healthcare.
文摘Background:Anticipated to overhaul the structure of market risk teams,IT teams,and trading desks within banks by 2023,Basel III’s Fundamental Review of the Trading Book requirements will also increase capital charges banks will incur globally.The case study focuses on describing what is needed with regards to the risk factor eligibility test(RFET)as well as for implementing a data pool to lower capital charges.By establishing a consortium of banks per region to implement a data pooling solution,participants can prove a wider breadth of modellable risk factors per asset class and use the Internal Models Approach(IMA)of valuing risk to lower capital charge requirements significantly.Case description:First,a description on the historical context surrounding the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book rules and the business requirements needed to comply with the risk factor eligibility test is made.Then an examination is conducted on the innovative data pooling initiative implemented by CanDeal,TickSmith Corp.,and the 6 largest Canadian banks to lower capital charge requirements under the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book.Discussion and evaluation:A description is made on what types of data,expertise,and technology is needed to calculate for risk factor modellability.It is up to each firm to decide if the benefits to using the Internal Models Approach to lower capital charges outweighs implementation and running costs of the underlying data platform.Implementing a data pool for each region comes with challenges that include anti-competition law that may block the initiative,varied benefits to each competitive participant,and data security concerns.Conclusion:It is evident that the data pool innovation provides benefits to lowering capital charges as the Canadian banks have seen an increase of modellability by several factors using the sample bond asset class.While each firm must still determine internally if the benefits outweighs the technological costs they will incur,it is clear that regulators are pushing for increased data retention and scrutiny.
文摘The detection by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in of atomic structures allowed him to establish that atomic shells, as well as shells of nucleons are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely electromagnetic shells are the sources of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. The elementary source of gravitational field is the electromagnetic quasiparticle (S-Graviton) which consists of two coupled dipoles (the magnetic and electric) rotating in antiphase in the same atomic or nucleonic orbit. Electrons in atomic shells are rigidly embedded in the compositions of S-Gravitons and, as a rule, cannot individually participate, for example, in processes of interatomic chemical bonding. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be both paragravitational (PGF) so and ferrogravitational (FGF). The overwhelming number of atomic shells and all shells nucleons emit PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting of PGF is realized a force of gravitational “Dark energy” pressing masses to each other. It is the compression of masses by forces of the gravitational “Dark energy” that lies at basis Physics of chemical bond. Depending on implementation in atoms of the effects intra-atomic gravitational shielding/lensing (IAGS/L) discovered and investigated by the author, the gravitational interatomic bonding mechanisms are divided into two groups: non-covalent bonds (IAGS effect) and covalent bonds (IAGL effect). Within the framework of the gravitational bond mechanism of the latter group which is implemented with participation paragravitational orbitals, such chemical concept as valence acquires a real physical meaning. The replacing the erroneous electronic concept of chemical bonding by the gravitational concept implies replacing the notion “electronegativity” of element by the notion the “gravitational activity” while maintaining existing quantitative ability of atoms in molecules to attract atoms of other elements.
文摘Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark particles” are found to be electrically neutral but contain intrinsic electrical charges of both polarities, being an order of magnitude larger than the elementary charge, e. The main interaction force between two such particles is further found to have an attractive short-range character, and it becomes nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the repulsive force which would arise from two interacting elementary charges. The spatial potential distribution of this force corresponds to an inner barrier, an intermediate well, and an outer barrier. The well is found to have a depth being nearly equal to the binding energy 8 MeV of the neutron. The distribution of the barriers and the well makes a stable position possible for the mutual particle distance. The deduced radii of the outer shell and of the core are further of the same magnitude as the known nuclear radii of the neutron and proton. All these deduced characteristic features are the same as those of the known strong force concept. This raises the question whether the present results could provide a first step in a unification of the electromagnetic and the strong nuclear forces.
文摘We know from Noether’s theorem that there is a conserved charge for every continuous symmetry. In General Relativity, Killing vectors describe the spacetime symmetries and to each such Killing vector field, we can associate conserved charge through stress-energy tensor of matter which is mentioned in the article. In this article, I show that under simple set of canonical transformation of most general class of Bogoliubov transformation between creation, annihilation operators, those charges associated with spacetime symmetries are broken. To do that, I look at stress-energy tensor of real scalar field theory (as an example) in curved spacetime and show how it changes under simple canonical transformation which is enough to justify our claim. Since doing Bogoliubov transformation is equivalent to coordinate transformation which according to Einstein’s equivalence principle is equivalent to turn on effect of gravity, therefore, we can say that under the effect of gravity those charges are broken.
文摘In this study, we demonstrate the correctness of our 2010 hypothesis regarding the need to complete Coulomb’s FC law with the term lnr, resulting in the completed FCC force. For this purpose, we consider the electrical interactions between charged microparticles (MPs), which develop as fundamental vibrations (FVs) in ether, producing the vibrational strains εand γand the resulting stresses σand τ, as percussions of ether cells (ECs) upon the MP surface. The stresses σ?and?τproduce a resultant force FP, due to the percussions which constitute the real electric force FCC. The spatial effect of ether on FP is demonstrated by an analytical method, considering the electrical interaction between MPs through various equidistant spatial paths li of FVs, modelled on the basis of the Huygens principle for waves. For this issue, we utilized a numerical calculation, which could be generalized. But this spatial effect of the ether leads at a very slow decreasing of the FP forces ratio rF when doubling the distance l, in contrast to Coulomb’s FC forces whose ratio rF?decreases accentuate with doubling l. Accordingly, the necessity of including the term ln r in the FCC force, which is limited to 1.0 for doubling l, at long distances, was justified.
文摘Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>3+</sup></span> ions can significantly shift from the position of their nuclei. As result of these shift the structure in form of the chain magnetic spiral is realized in ferrite lattice. The noted shifts of the “magnetic moments” served as the basis for the author’s assumption that these “moments” are “fig sheets” behind which the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) real existing in the shells of atoms are hidden. In this case, the scattering of neutrons is carried out by magnetic charges, and not theoretical surrogates in the form of magnetic moments. In addition to participating in atomic structures, magnetic charges populate potential conduction zones in conductors, where they are exist in compositions of magnetic dipoles. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, a polarization of magnetic dipoles is realized in the conductor, the field strengths of which are directed against the external magnetic field. It is these dipole magnetic fields that are responsible for such a well-known physical phenomenon as diamagnetism. Under the conditions of noted polarization of magnetic dipoles the author managed to perform mechanical separation of magnetic charges in pairs ±g and to charge experienced bodies (metal plates) by the magnetic charges of one sign. The fact of such a charging was detected through magnetostatic interaction between magnetic charges on the plates using highly sensitive torsion balances. This experiment is presented in detail in this article. The results of these experiments, as well as subsequent experimental and theoretical studies of the author, which, in general composition, were carried out from 1968 to the present, showed that magnetic charges are real structural components of the atoms and substance. So, for example, the atomic shells are not electronic but electromagnetic. The main reason that real magnetic charges were <span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">buried alive” in the existing physical theories is the physics of their confinement in substance forces of which, in its rigidity, is many times greater than the electron confinement forces.</span>
文摘The magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are the real structural components all varieties of the Mass, for example, atoms, nucleons, positrons and neutrinos. Atomic-shaped device of Mass is the natural and the only possible organization of electric and magnetic charges which can create a gravitational field. At level of a popular language one can define nucleons as “small atoms”, and positron and neutrino as “very small atoms”. The electric and magnetic fundamental particles in neutron and proton shells which by tradition should be called quarks have charges of smaller magnitude than the charges of particles in atomic shells. Positron which participates in the gravitational interaction and, consequently, has an atomic-shaped device is the most likely candidate for the role of the proton nucleus. The most likely candidate particles on the participation in nuclei of proton and neutron as well as in nuclei of the positron and neutrino are presented in the article. So-called abnormal magnetic moment of neutron is formed by the quark magnetic dipoles which are like to unpaired electrons in the so-called magnetic atoms rotate on the outer orbitals of the neutron shell. The participation of the “magnetic electron” (magneton) in the neutrino core assumes the existence of the so-called anomalous magnetic moment and in the neutrino shell. The existence of real magnetic charges in the structures of the Mass draws our attention on such important problem as interaction between charges in the framework of electromagnetic dipoles such as and in which manifest the weak attraction. Weak interaction by its nature is electromagnetic. So-called electromagnetic interaction, manifested in pairs of homogeneous charges of opposite signs, is either electric or magnetic, but not electromagnetic. The explanation of the weak interaction in the marked pairs of charges is based on the author’s concept of the World Physical Triad and “Dark Energy”. Forces responsible for the interaction of the charges composing the electromagnetic dipoles correspond, conditionally of the weak charges of the particles which what assume mutual suppression of the influence of their fields on the Energo-medium and the formation of the weak “Dark energy”. Complex of magnetic particles, the quark magnetic dipoles and magneton by means of which the interconversion of a proton and a neutron is realized and maintained their constant number in the atomic nuclei can be called as magnetic meson. Namely, a processes of interconversion between a neutron and a proton which, as a rule, are not accompanied by secretions, created the illusion of neutron stability in atomic nuclei. The energy created by an exchange of magnetic mesons between neutron and proton can be a component of nuclear forces (strong interaction). Another effective and, most likely, the main component in the composition of the nuclear forces is the gravitational “Dark Energy”. Physics and structure of neutrinos presented in the paper suggest that the nature of these particles closer to the ideology of E. Majorana than P. Dirac’s.
文摘Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (period: 1968-present) have shown that true sources of </span><span style="font-family:"">the </span><span style="font-family:"">magnetic field are magnetic fundamental particles (magnetic charges), and not moving electrons. The main reason for <span>ignoring real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in physical</span> science is the hard conditions for confinement of these particles in atoms and substance</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:"">, which </span><span style="font-family:"">is </span><span style="font-family:"">radically different from the confinement of electrons. Magnetic charges together with electric charges form the shells atoms which are <span>electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely</span></span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> electromagnetic shells are</span><span style="font-family:""> sources of gravitational field which is </span><span style="font-family:"">a </span><span style="font-family:"">vortex electromagnetic field and de<span>scribed by the vortex</span></span><span style="font-family:""> rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:"">. Depending on the state polarization o</span><span style="font-family:"">f vortex vectors </span><span style="font-family:"">rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:""> in compositions of atomic gravitational fields it </span><span style="font-family:"">is </span><span style="font-family:"">subdivided into paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational fields </span><span style="font-family:"">(FGF). The overwhelming number of atoms emits PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons and others) emitting PGF areas of negative gravitational “Dark Energy” are realized the forces of which press the masses towards each other. Namely</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> the compression of atoms by the forces of paragravitational “Dark Energy” underlies the chemical bond. The exception here is the ionic bond in ionic crystals. However, all ions have electromagnetic shells that generate the gravitational field. Consequently, ionic bonding is a relatively rare addition to gravito-chemical bond processes. The direct gravito-chemical bond of carbon atom</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> with hydrogen (<sup>1</sup>H) is physically forbidden due to </span><span style="font-family:"">the </span><span style="font-family:"">manifestation of the effect of ferrogravitational levitation between them and the repulsion of atoms from each other. Paradoxically, but all existing ideas about the structural device of hydrocarbons are based on such physically forbidden bonds which, moreover, must be realized through ionic <span>bonds which in reality do not exist. Chemical bonding of carbon and hydrogen </span>atoms to form hydrocarbons molecules is possible only if the hydrogen atoms are in the molecular form (<sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>). In the composition of water, within the framework of the chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>O, two stable isomorphic molecular structures are formed. The chemical bond in the first structure is similar to the hydrocarbon scenario described above, </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">i.e.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> in the process of combining paragravitational oxygen with a hydrogen molecule <sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>. The second molecular structure in water is <span>formed under conditions of ferropolarization of the gravitational field of</span> oxygen atom</span><span style="font-family:"">s</span><span style="font-family:""> under the influence of FGF of neighboring <sup>1</sup>H atoms. In this case, the chemical bond is realized under the conditions of ferropolarization</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">of the vortex vectors </span><span style="font-family:"">rot [<i>E</i> - <i>H</i>]</span><span style="font-family:""> of the gravitational fields of all atoms in</span><span style="font-family:""> the molecule and the co-directionality of them vectors </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><b><i><span style="font-family:"">P</span></i></b><i><sub><span style="font-family:"">fp</span></sub></i><i><sub><span style="font-family:""></i></span></sub></i><span style="font-family:""> ferropolarization. The gravito-physical properties of the presented molecular structures in the composition of water make it possible to name them, respectively, as heavy and light clusters.
文摘N January 2009,the 1,000 kV ultra-high voltage(UHV)alternating-current(AC)power transmission line from southeastern Shanxi Province to Jingmen in Hubei Province began operation.During their meeting in the U.S.a few months later,Steven Chu,the United States Secretary of Energy at the time,told then State Grid Corporation of China(State Grid)Chairman Liu Zhenya that he envied China’s UHV project,admitting that China was ahead of the U.S.in this area and expressing his wish to share China’s relevant achievements.
文摘Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.
文摘This paper is concerned with the determination of currents and charges in hypercomplex extensions of the Feynman-Dyson derivation of the Maxwell-Faraday equations. We analyze the appearance of charges and currents in non-Abelian versions of that approach: SU(2), SU(3) and G2. The structure constants of G2 Lie algebra are computed explicitly. Finally, we suggest a seven-dimensional treatment of color.
