In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.How...In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.However,com⁃pensatory damages remain a contentious issue,both in theory and in practice,within the legal framework of personal in⁃formation public interest litigation.Through an empirical study conducted within China's judicial practice,this paper reveals that the pending issue concerning the nature and function of compensatory damages has caused highly contra⁃dictory verdicts regarding their calculation and allocation,as well as their relationship with other forms of pecuniary li⁃abilities.Only by acknowledging the role of compensatory damages imposed in personal information public interest liti⁃gation as"Skimming off Excess Profits",and affirming their function as deterrence rather than compensation can they truly achieve the broader objective of safeguarding personal information security and promoting public welfare,as well as avoid disrupting the harmony of the existing legal landscape.展开更多
Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop...Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop models. In this study, compensated temperature was integrated into the AquaCrop model to investigate the capability of the compensatory effect to improve assessment of the promotion of maize growth and development by plastic film mulching(PM). A three-year experiment was conducted from2014 to 2016 with two maize varieties(spring and summer) and two mulching conditions(PM and non-mulching(NM)), and the AquaCrop model was employed to reproduce crop growth and yield responses to changes in NM, PM, and compensated PM. A marked difference in soil temperature between NM and PM was observed before 50 days after sowing(DAS) during three growing seasons. During sowing–emergence and emergence–tasseling, the increase in air temperature was proportional to the compensatory coefficient, with spring maize showing a higher compensatory temperature than summer maize. Simulation results for canopy cover(CC) were generally in good agreement with the measurements, whereas predictions of aboveground biomass and grain yield under PM indicated large underestimates from 60 DAS to the end of maturity. Simulations of spring maize biomass and yield showed general increase based on temperature compensation, accompanied by improvement in modeling accuracy, with RMSEs decreasing from 2.5 to 1.6 t ha^(-1)and from 4.1 t to 3.4 t ha^(-1). Improvement in biomass and yield simulation was less pronounced for summer than for spring maize, implying that crops grown during low-temperature periods would benefit more from the compensatory effect. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the temperature compensatory effect to improve the performance of the AquaCrop model in simulating maize growth under PM practices.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different Chinese herbal compounds combined with Entecavir in the treatment of hepatitis B cirrhosis during the compensatory period by using mesh meta-analysis.Methods:...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different Chinese herbal compounds combined with Entecavir in the treatment of hepatitis B cirrhosis during the compensatory period by using mesh meta-analysis.Methods:PubMed,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP databases were searched by computer,and the retrieval time was from the establishment of each database to October 5,2022.According to inclusion and exclusion criteria,literature search was conducted independently by two researchers.RevMan5.4.1 software provided by Cochrane was used for evaluation,and Stata16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 34 RCTs were included,involving 16 TCM compounds and 1543 patients.The results of network meta-analysis showed that ALT indexes of liver function were listed as Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Luoshugan Tablet>Anluo Huaxian Wan>Qishenrugan Capsule>Qingganhuaji Decoction>Ganshuang Granules>Compound Biejia Rugan Tablet>Rougan Sanjie Decoction>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu Decoction>Peituhua Decoction>Shugan Jianpi Huoxu prescription>Rhubarb Zhezhan Capsule combined with Entecavir treatment respectively;The order of HA index of liver fibrosis was Heluo Shugan Tablet>Shugan Jianpi Huoxui prescription>Anluo Huaxian Wan>Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablet>Rougan Sanjie Decoction>Ganshuang Granules>Danji Huoxui Decoction>Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Rhubarb Zhezhe Capsule>Fuzheng Huayu Table>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Rougan Huayu Decoction>Peitu Huayu Decoction>Qingganhuaji Prescription>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu prescription combined with Entecavir respectively;In order of adverse reactions from best to worst,Shuganjianpi Decoction,Qishenrugangan Capsule,Ganshuang Granules,Peituhuazhi Decoction,compound Biejiruganpian,and He Shugan Pian combined with entecavir,respectively;The effective rate of treatment was listed as Ganshuang Granules>Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablets>uoshugan Tablets>Rougansanjie Decoction>Rhubarb Zhezhe Capsules>Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Qingganhuaji prescription>Anluo Huaxia Wan>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Fuzheng Huayu tablets>Peituhuazhi Decoction>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu prescription combined with Entecavir respectively.Conclusion:Entecavir combined with supplementing qi and detoxifying and dredging collages is the best method to recover ALT index of liver function during the compensation period for hepatitis B cirrhosis;Entecavir combination and Luoshugan tablet were the best treatment for HA index of hepatic fibrosis;Entecavir combined with Shuganjianpi Decoction was the best treatment for adverse reactions;The best treatment efficiency was Entecavir combined with Ganshuang granules.展开更多
[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, reg...[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, regenerated bud number,stem-leaf ratio and the chlorophyll concentration change in residual leaves.[Result] When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliaton intensity was from 40%-60%,the accumulated biomass was biggest, when the defoliation frequency was conducted every 10 d once and defoliation intensity was from 60%-80% the regenerated bud number was maximum.The stem-leaf ratio of mild and moderate defoliation intensities(20%-60%) was significantly lower than that of control group.When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliation intensity was from 40%-60%,the chlorophyll concentration in residual leaves was obviously higher than that of control group.[Conclusion] The proper defoliation intensity(60%) and lower defoliation frequency(defoliation was conducted every 20 d once) were most favorable to the growth and regenerated of peony which was the compensatory growth.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysp...AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysphagia patients were classified as follows: safe transit; penetration without aspiration; aspiration before, during or after swallowing; multiple aspirations and no transit. The patients with aspiration or no transit were tested with VFM to determine whether compensatory postures could correct their swallowing disorder. RESULTS: VFM revealed penetration without aspiration in 71 patients (22.1%); aspiration before swallowing in 17 patients (5.3%); aspiration during swallowing in 32 patients (10%); aspiration after swallowing in 21 patients (6.5%); multiple aspirations in six patients (1.9%); no transit in five patients (1.6%); and safe transit in 169 patients (52.6%). Compensatory postures guaranteed a safe transit in 66/75 (88%) patients with aspiration or no transit. A chin-down posture achieved a safe swallow in 42/75 (56%) patients, a head-turned posture in 19/75 (25.3%) and a hyperextended head posture in 5/75 (6.7%). The compensatory postures were not effective in 9/75 (12%) cases. CONCLUSION: VFM allows the speech-language therapist to choose the most effective compensatory posture without a trial-and-error process and check the effectiveness of the posture.展开更多
Hybrid tilapia weighing 7.71 g were reared in seawater at 24.0-29.0℃ for 8 weeks. The controls were fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment, whereas treatment groups were fed at 0.5%, 1.5% or 3.0% body...Hybrid tilapia weighing 7.71 g were reared in seawater at 24.0-29.0℃ for 8 weeks. The controls were fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment, whereas treatment groups were fed at 0.5%, 1.5% or 3.0% body weight per day for 4 weeks, and then to satiation for the remainder of the experiment. During the first 4-week period, there was a curvilinear relationship between growth rate and ration size. Fish fed 0.5% and 1.5% rations displayed compensatory growth response of 2 weeks duration during realimentation. The weight-adjusted growth rate of fish fed at 3% ration was not significantly different from that of the controls by the end of the experiment, when none of the treatment groups had caught up in body weight with the controls. Hyperphagia was observed for the first 2 weeks of realimenatation in fish previously fed at 3% ration, but persisted for the whole realimentation period in groups previously fed at 0.5% and 1.5% rations. None of the feed restricted groups showed improved digestibility, feed efficiency, or protein and energy retention efficiency.展开更多
This study explores the role of a traditional tillage method,i.e.,compensatory hoeing,for sustainable agro-ecosystem management in the hilly areas of the Chongqing municipality,south-western China.To validate the effe...This study explores the role of a traditional tillage method,i.e.,compensatory hoeing,for sustainable agro-ecosystem management in the hilly areas of the Chongqing municipality,south-western China.To validate the effects of compensatory tillage on the terraced slopes,the tillage method of noncompensatory hoeing was conducted on a linear slope.To acquire information about 137 Cs inventories and soil texture,soil samples were collected by a core sampler with a 6.8-cm diameter at 5.0-m intervals along the toposequence and the linear slope in the dry season(March) of 2007.Meanwhile,a tillage erosion model was used for evaluating the spatial pattern of tillage erosion.The 137 Cs data showed that on the terraced slope,soil was lost from the upper slope,and soil deposition occurred at the toe slope positions on each terrace.As a result,abrupt changes in the 137 Cs inventories of soil were found over short distances between two sides of terrace boundaries.Results obtained from the tillage erosion model and the 137 Cs data indicate that soil redistribution mainly results from tillage erosion in the terraced landscape.Consecutive non-compensatory tillage caused soil redistribution on the linear slope,resulting in thin soil profile disappearing at the top and soil accumulating at the bottom positions of the linear slope.This result further validates that compensatory tillage could avoid the complete erosion of the thin soil layer at the summit position.Therefore,this traditional tillage.method,i.e.,compensatory tillage,has maintained the soil quality at the summit of the slope in the past decades.展开更多
Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-he...Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-hemisphere-damaged(RHD) patients.Drawing on data collected from clinical interviews between psychotherapists and RHD patients,this study examined the functions of na in response to RHD topical divergence,focusing on the topic and attitudinal aspects.It was found that na was mainly employed by psychotherapists to mark a reproffer of interview topics(i.e.,an attempt to return to earlier topics),and a display of disalignment and disaffiliation with RHD topical divergence.These functions of na reflect the psychotherapists’ attempts to overcome communicative problems arising from RHD topical divergence,so as to ensure the achievement of the communicative goal.Thus,na can be interpreted as a compensatory strategy for dealing with RHD topical divergence on an interpersonal level.These findings not only expand our knowledge about the function spectrum of na,but also offer insights for RHD patients’ interlocutors to enhance conversational communication with RHD patients via the compensatory strategy.展开更多
Measuring intrinsic hip external rotator strength (ER) without compensatory pelvic motion and activation of the sartorius is important for preventing or rehabilitating lower extremity injuries. However, the optimal me...Measuring intrinsic hip external rotator strength (ER) without compensatory pelvic motion and activation of the sartorius is important for preventing or rehabilitating lower extremity injuries. However, the optimal method for measuring intrinsic hip ER muscle strength while minimizing compensatory pelvic motions and activation of the sartorius is unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare measurements of hip ER strength, compensatory pelvic motion, and sartorius activation in the sitting, prone, and sidelying positions. Thirty-one healthy subjects (16 males and 15 females) were recruited for this study. Hip ER strength, pelvic kinematics, and sartorius muscle activation were measured during maximal isometric contraction of the hip ER in the sitting, prone, and sidelying positions. Hip ER strength was measured using a load-cell-type strength-measurement sensor. Pelvic kinematics was measured using an electromagnetic motion-tracking sensor. Electromyography was used to measure sartorius muscle activity. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The result showed that hip ER strength and sartorius muscle activation were significantly lower in the sidelying compared with the sitting and prone positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic anteroposterior tilting was significantly greater in the sitting compared with the prone and sidelying positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic rotation differed significantly among positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic lateral tilting was significantly greater in the prone compared with the sitting position (p < 0.017). Compensatory pelvic motion and sartorius muscle activation were lower when hip ER strength measurements were made in the sidelying position. Therefore, the sidelying position is effective for measuring selective intrinsic hip ER strength.展开更多
We investigated the effects of low temperature(8.5℃) on the growth and feeding rates and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile P.olivaceus with an average initial weight of 3.87 ± 0.06 g(mean ± SE).Fish we...We investigated the effects of low temperature(8.5℃) on the growth and feeding rates and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile P.olivaceus with an average initial weight of 3.87 ± 0.06 g(mean ± SE).Fish were exposed to 8.5℃ for 0(control),1,2,3 and 4 weeks,and then to 20℃ for 10,9,8,7 and 6 weeks,respectively.Low temperature clearly led to growth depression.The weight of fish exposed to low temperature for 1 week was restored to that of control,while that of fish exposed to low temperature longer was significantly decreased(P < 0.05).During the entire low-temperature period,specific growth rate,feeding rate and feed conversion efficiency of the fish were significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those of control,while in the whole recovery period,specific growth and average feeding rate were markedly higher(P < 0.05) than those of control.At the end of experiment,only the feeding rate of the fish exposed to low temperature for 1 week was not significantly different from that of control(P > 0.05).Feeding rate and feed conversion efficiency were reduced at low temperature in juvenile P.olivaceus.The compensatory growth of juvenile P.olivaceus may therefore be attributed to the improvement of feeding rate.Our results suggested that growth depression occurs when juvenile P.olivaceus are exposed to low temperature for more than one week.展开更多
This sixty-day study was performed to determine the effects of short-term starvation and refeeding cycles on growth, feeding performances and body composition of rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss）. Three hundred tr...This sixty-day study was performed to determine the effects of short-term starvation and refeeding cycles on growth, feeding performances and body composition of rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss）. Three hundred trout fingerlings with an average initial weight of 17.54-0.06 g were randomly distributed in 15 circular fiberglass tanks. The fish were exposed to 5 different feeding regimes; control： continuously fed twice daily to apparent satiation; T1： starved for 1 day and re-fed for 2 days; T2： starved for 1 day and re-fed for 4 days; T3： starved for 3 days and re-fed for 12 days; T4： starved for 4 days and re-fed for 16 days. At the end of the experiment, growth performance, feed utilization, whole body ash and moisture contents were not significantly （P〉0.05） different among the treatments. However, whole body protein content in T3 was significantly higher than other treatments （P〈0.05）. A significant difference in whole body fat content was observed between T3 and the control group at the end of the experiment （P〈0.05）. In conclusion this experiment suggests that feeding schedules involving starvation （1-4 days） and re-feeding cycles are a promising feed management tool for rainbow trout culture.展开更多
Objective To establish an acoustic perceptual method analyzing the compensatory articulation errors in children with operated cleft palate via the formants of Chinese pure vowels. Methods The first three formants whic...Objective To establish an acoustic perceptual method analyzing the compensatory articulation errors in children with operated cleft palate via the formants of Chinese pure vowels. Methods The first three formants which represent vocal transmission character in Chinese pure vowels of 84 subjects with operated cleft palate, were measured by Computerized Speech Signal Processing System (CSSPS). The Chinese vowel graph of postoperative patients with cleft palate was stated by the first formant frequencies (F1) and the second formant frequencies (F2) of the Chinese pure vowels between the two groups. Results Values of F1 and F2 of vowels except [a] in the poor articulation group (Group A) were significantly different from those in the good articulation group (Group B) (P<0.05 or P<0.01). As compared with that in Group B, the vowel graph demonstrated the decreased perceptual distances in Group A. These findings indicated that there might still be the backward movements of tongue, perverted mandibular movements and disharmonious lip movements in addition to the velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in Group A. Conclusion The speech articulation of children with repaired cleft palate should be gained by correcting the aberrant compensatory articulation errors in the condition of velopharyngeal competence. Computerized Speech Signal Processing System (CSSPS), which is regarded as the content of objective quantitative measurement, is a precise, simple, reliable and atroumatic technique for children with cleft palate to analyze pathological compensatory articulation errors.展开更多
A starvation trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of the juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus which were deprived of food for 1, 2, 5 and 7 days respectively. The results of tests in outdoor ceme...A starvation trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of the juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus which were deprived of food for 1, 2, 5 and 7 days respectively. The results of tests in outdoor cement pools and net pens showed that, in the first 15 days and 30 days, the growth of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was probably the same with that of control group, which accorded with fully compensatory description. However, the weight of 5 days and 7 days-deprived fingerlings were lower than that of the control group, which accorded with the description of the partial compensatory growth. As the starvation prolonged, feed conversion efficiency of the starved groups increased and was higher than the control group. Meanwhile, feeding rate also increased, but the fish of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was lower than that of the control group, and feeding quantity reduced and was lower than that of the control group. It suggested that the mechanism of compensatory growth was mainly due to improving feed conversion efficiency. Fish biochemical composition was analyzed： the water content and ash of fish sample increased due to starvation, while the lipid and protein decreased. The loss of lipid was greater than that of the protein, and the biochemical composition of fish in each group was restored to the control level by the end of the experiment. It suggested that Trachinotus ovatus may mainly consume lipid during the period of starvation.展开更多
Compensatory/adaptive mechanisms in the brain are hy- pothesized to be involved in its protection from the Alz- heimer＇s disease （AD） progression. These mechanisms are activated by malfunctioning of various brain s...Compensatory/adaptive mechanisms in the brain are hy- pothesized to be involved in its protection from the Alz- heimer＇s disease （AD） progression. These mechanisms are activated by malfunctioning of various brain systems： anti- oxidant, neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, immune, and oth- ers. Detailed analysis of compensatory^adaptive capabilities of these systems might be a start point for further discovery and development of perspective approaches for early diag- nostics and treatment of AD and associated neurodegenera- tive disorders.展开更多
A plant＇s capacity to compensate for pest damage as a function of resource availability needs to be predictable in order to apply biocontrol agents effectively. In this research, it was hypothesized that a weedy plan...A plant＇s capacity to compensate for pest damage as a function of resource availability needs to be predictable in order to apply biocontrol agents effectively. In this research, it was hypothesized that a weedy plant species＇ capacity to compensate for defoliation is related to how resource availability affects a plant＇s growth trajectory. Growth rate trajectory is defined as the percent change in relative growth rate or the slope of a plant＇s relative growth rate. 90 Abutilon theophrasti, a common weed species, in cultivated fields of corn and soybean, grew in a greenhouse for 70 d under three nitrogen （N） fertilization treatments. ＂Unfertilized＂ plants were not fertilized, ＂bulk＂ fertilized plants received 0.6 g N on day 15 and ＂exponential＂ fertilized plants received a total of 0.6 g N supplied at an exponential rate of 10% per day with a starting concentration of 0.02 g N on day 15. On day 25, 15 plants in each N treatment had 75% of total leaf area removed. Biomass and reproductive compensation were determined after 50 d and 70 d of growth. Results showed that bulk plants had the greatest absolute growth, but also the greatest decline in growth rates and the least capacity for compensation. Unfertilized plants had the lowest absolute growth, but declines in growth rates were similar to bulk plants with only a slightly greater compensatory capacity. Exponential plants had intermediate absolute growth, but the least decline in growth rates and the greatest capacity for compensation. This experiment indicates that a plant＇s growth rate trajectory, and not high or low relative growth rates or N availability per se, can be used to predict a weedy plant＇s capacity to compensate for herbivory, and has implications for biocontrol of weedy species.展开更多
Background： The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth on the relative expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport, metabolis...Background： The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth on the relative expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport, metabolism and cell proliferation in ruminal epithelial tissue of beef cattle. Sixty Holstein Friesian bulls（mean liveweight 370 ± 35 kg;mean age 479 ± 15 d） were assigned to one of two groups：（i） restricted feed allowance（RES; n = 30） for 125 d（Period 1） followed by ad libitum access to feed for 55 d（Period 2） or（ii） ad libitum access to feed throughout（ADLIB; n = 30）. Target growth rate for RES was 0.6 kg/d during Period 1. At the end of each dietary period, 15 animals from each treatment group were slaughtered and ruminal epithelial tissue and liquid digesta harvested from the ventral sac of the rumen. Real-time q PCR was used to quantify m RNA transcripts of 26 genes associated with ruminal epithelial function. Volatile fatty acid analysis of rumen fluid from individual animals was conducted using gas chromatography.Results： Diet × period interactions were evident for genes involved in ketogenesis（BDH2, P = 0.017）, pyruvate metabolism（LDHa, P = 0.048; PDHA1, P = 0.015） and cellular transport and structure（DSG1, P = 0.019; CACT, P = 0.027）. Ruminal concentrations of propionic acid（P = 0.018） and n-valeric acid（P = 0.029） were lower in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, throughout the experiment. There was also a strong tendency（P = 0.064）toward a diet × period interaction for n-butyric with higher concentrations in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, during Period 1.Conclusions： These data suggest that following nutrient restriction, the structural integrity of the rumen wall is compromised and there is upregulation of genes involved in the production of ketone bodies and breakdown of pyruvate for cellular energy. These results provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanisms regulating ruminal epithelial absorptive metabolism and growth following nutrient restriction and subsequent compensatory growth.展开更多
Background Compensatory sweating （CS） is one of the most common postoperative complications after thoracic sympathectomy, sympathicotomy or endoscopic sympathetic block （ESB） for palmar hyperhidrosis. This study w...Background Compensatory sweating （CS） is one of the most common postoperative complications after thoracic sympathectomy, sympathicotomy or endoscopic sympathetic block （ESB） for palmar hyperhidrosis. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between CS and the sympathetic segment being transected in the surgical treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis, and thus to detect the potential mechanism of the occurrence of CS. Methods Between October 2004 and June 2006, 163 patients with primary hyperhidrosis were randomly divided into two groups, T3 sympathicotomy （78 patients） and T4 sympathicotomy（85）, who were operated upon under general anesthesia via single lumen intubation and intercostal video-mediastinoscopy （VM）. Results No morbidity or mortality occurred. Palmar hyperhidrosis was cured in all patients. Follow-up（mean （13.8i-6.2） months） showed no recurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis. The difference of rates of mild CS in groups T3 and T4 was of no statistical significance. The rate of moderate CS was significantly lower in group T4 than in group T3. No severe CS occurred. Conclusion The rates of occurrence and severity of CS are lowered with the lower sympathetic chain being transected.展开更多
Background Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocaute...Background Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocautery hook and titanium clip is the appropriate procedure for primary palmar hyperhidrosis by assessing the compensatory sweating （CS） and quality of life （QOL） of patients after sympathetic block. Methods Between October 2007 to August 2010, 120 patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis were randomly divided into two groups, electrocautery hook group （60 patients） and titanium clip group （60 patients）. All patients were treated by sympathetic block at T4 level. The CS was graded based on severity and location; the QOL was classified to 5 different levels based upon the summed total scores （range from 20 to 100） before and after surgery. The variables were compared. Results The postoperative follow-up period was 2 months. All patients were cured. Three patients in electrocautery hook group and 1 patient in titanium clip group had a unilateral pneumothorax on chest X-ray, but none of them was necessary to have chest drainage. Neither perioperative mortality nor serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmia or arrest were observed during the operation. No bradycardia or Horner＇s syndrome occured. CS was not more common in patients in titanium clip group than in those in electrocautery hook group （P=0.001）. Moderate and severe CS was few in all patients, and there was no significant difference between two groups （P=0.193）. Most of the patients feel a notable improvement of the the QOL; nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the groups （P=0.588）. Conclusions Both electrocautery hook and titanium clip used for sympathetic block at the T4 level are effective, safe, and minimally invasive for palmar hyperhidrosis. Because of the lower severity of CS and the similar improvements in the QOL after operation, we prefer to use of titanium clip for treating palmar hyperhidrosis.展开更多
Background Subjective cognitive decline(SCD)is a preclinical stage along the Alzheimer’s disease(AD)continuum.However,little is known about the aberrant patterns of connectivity and topological alterations of the bra...Background Subjective cognitive decline(SCD)is a preclinical stage along the Alzheimer’s disease(AD)continuum.However,little is known about the aberrant patterns of connectivity and topological alterations of the brain functional connectome and their diagnostic value in SCD.Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory analyses were used to investigate the alterations of the functional connectome in 66 SCD individuals and 64 healthy controls(HC).Pearson correlation analysis was computed to assess the relationships among network metrics,neuropsychological performance and pathological biomarkers.Finally,we used the multiple kernel learning-support vector machine(MKL-SVM)to differentiate the SCD and HC individuals.Results SCD individuals showed higher nodal topological properties(including nodal strength,nodal global efficiency and nodal local efficiency)associated with amyloid-βlevels and memory function than the HC,and these regions were mainly located in the default mode network(DMN).Moreover,increased local and medium-range connectivity mainly between the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus(PHG)and other DMN-related regions was found in SCD individuals compared with HC individuals.These aberrant functional network measures exhibited good classification performance in the differentiation of SCD individuals from HC individuals at an accuracy up to 79.23%.Conclusion The findings of this study provide insight into the compensatory mechanism of the functional connectome underlying SCD.The proposed classification method highlights the potential of connectome-based metrics for the identification of the preclinical stage of AD.展开更多
Degradation of meadow ecosystems in the largest alpine region of the world,i.e.,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),is a crucial ecological issue that has ardently discussed in recent years.Many factors,such as livestock...Degradation of meadow ecosystems in the largest alpine region of the world,i.e.,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),is a crucial ecological issue that has ardently discussed in recent years.Many factors,such as livestock overgrazing,climate change and overpopulation of small mammals are treated as important factors that cause the degradation of meadow ecosystems in the QTP.However,there are few hypotheses focus on the potential role of plant compensatory growth on meadow degradation.We proposed a compensatory growth-related hypothesis to understand the potential degradation process of meadow ecosystems in the QTP.We discussed that there are two stages of meadow degradation,i.e.the beginning stage of meadow degradation that is triggered by high-strength overcompensation;and the intensification stage of meadow degradation,which are driven by external factors such as climate warming,small mammals and thawing of permafrost.The mechanism of meadow degradation driven by plant compensatory growth is the asynchronism of plant consumption and the availability of soil nutrients.Our hypothesis that plant compensatory growth drives meadow degradation under the overgrazing condition requires re-examination and modification by testing the balance between soil nutrient cycling rates and the strength of plant compensatory growth in alpine regions.展开更多
文摘In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.However,com⁃pensatory damages remain a contentious issue,both in theory and in practice,within the legal framework of personal in⁃formation public interest litigation.Through an empirical study conducted within China's judicial practice,this paper reveals that the pending issue concerning the nature and function of compensatory damages has caused highly contra⁃dictory verdicts regarding their calculation and allocation,as well as their relationship with other forms of pecuniary li⁃abilities.Only by acknowledging the role of compensatory damages imposed in personal information public interest liti⁃gation as"Skimming off Excess Profits",and affirming their function as deterrence rather than compensation can they truly achieve the broader objective of safeguarding personal information security and promoting public welfare,as well as avoid disrupting the harmony of the existing legal landscape.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51909228 and 52209071)the “High-level Talents Support Program” of Yangzhou University+2 种基金“Chunhui Plan” Cooperative Scientific Research Project of Ministry of Education of China (HZKY20220115)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671623)the “Blue Project” of Yangzhou University。
文摘Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop models. In this study, compensated temperature was integrated into the AquaCrop model to investigate the capability of the compensatory effect to improve assessment of the promotion of maize growth and development by plastic film mulching(PM). A three-year experiment was conducted from2014 to 2016 with two maize varieties(spring and summer) and two mulching conditions(PM and non-mulching(NM)), and the AquaCrop model was employed to reproduce crop growth and yield responses to changes in NM, PM, and compensated PM. A marked difference in soil temperature between NM and PM was observed before 50 days after sowing(DAS) during three growing seasons. During sowing–emergence and emergence–tasseling, the increase in air temperature was proportional to the compensatory coefficient, with spring maize showing a higher compensatory temperature than summer maize. Simulation results for canopy cover(CC) were generally in good agreement with the measurements, whereas predictions of aboveground biomass and grain yield under PM indicated large underestimates from 60 DAS to the end of maturity. Simulations of spring maize biomass and yield showed general increase based on temperature compensation, accompanied by improvement in modeling accuracy, with RMSEs decreasing from 2.5 to 1.6 t ha^(-1)and from 4.1 t to 3.4 t ha^(-1). Improvement in biomass and yield simulation was less pronounced for summer than for spring maize, implying that crops grown during low-temperature periods would benefit more from the compensatory effect. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the temperature compensatory effect to improve the performance of the AquaCrop model in simulating maize growth under PM practices.
基金National Natural Science Foundation Project(82204755,81960751,81960761)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project(2020GXNSFBA297094)+2 种基金Guangxi young and middle-aged teachers basic ability improvement project(2022KY1667)Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Sainz New School of Medicine research project(2022MS008,2022QJ001)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(National Level),Project Number:202213643002.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different Chinese herbal compounds combined with Entecavir in the treatment of hepatitis B cirrhosis during the compensatory period by using mesh meta-analysis.Methods:PubMed,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP databases were searched by computer,and the retrieval time was from the establishment of each database to October 5,2022.According to inclusion and exclusion criteria,literature search was conducted independently by two researchers.RevMan5.4.1 software provided by Cochrane was used for evaluation,and Stata16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 34 RCTs were included,involving 16 TCM compounds and 1543 patients.The results of network meta-analysis showed that ALT indexes of liver function were listed as Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Luoshugan Tablet>Anluo Huaxian Wan>Qishenrugan Capsule>Qingganhuaji Decoction>Ganshuang Granules>Compound Biejia Rugan Tablet>Rougan Sanjie Decoction>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu Decoction>Peituhua Decoction>Shugan Jianpi Huoxu prescription>Rhubarb Zhezhan Capsule combined with Entecavir treatment respectively;The order of HA index of liver fibrosis was Heluo Shugan Tablet>Shugan Jianpi Huoxui prescription>Anluo Huaxian Wan>Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablet>Rougan Sanjie Decoction>Ganshuang Granules>Danji Huoxui Decoction>Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Rhubarb Zhezhe Capsule>Fuzheng Huayu Table>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Rougan Huayu Decoction>Peitu Huayu Decoction>Qingganhuaji Prescription>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu prescription combined with Entecavir respectively;In order of adverse reactions from best to worst,Shuganjianpi Decoction,Qishenrugangan Capsule,Ganshuang Granules,Peituhuazhi Decoction,compound Biejiruganpian,and He Shugan Pian combined with entecavir,respectively;The effective rate of treatment was listed as Ganshuang Granules>Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablets>uoshugan Tablets>Rougansanjie Decoction>Rhubarb Zhezhe Capsules>Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Method>Qingganhuaji prescription>Anluo Huaxia Wan>Shugan Jianpi Decoction>Fuzheng Huayu tablets>Peituhuazhi Decoction>Shenqi Fuzheng Huayu prescription combined with Entecavir respectively.Conclusion:Entecavir combined with supplementing qi and detoxifying and dredging collages is the best method to recover ALT index of liver function during the compensation period for hepatitis B cirrhosis;Entecavir combination and Luoshugan tablet were the best treatment for HA index of hepatic fibrosis;Entecavir combined with Shuganjianpi Decoction was the best treatment for adverse reactions;The best treatment efficiency was Entecavir combined with Ganshuang granules.
文摘[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, regenerated bud number,stem-leaf ratio and the chlorophyll concentration change in residual leaves.[Result] When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliaton intensity was from 40%-60%,the accumulated biomass was biggest, when the defoliation frequency was conducted every 10 d once and defoliation intensity was from 60%-80% the regenerated bud number was maximum.The stem-leaf ratio of mild and moderate defoliation intensities(20%-60%) was significantly lower than that of control group.When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliation intensity was from 40%-60%,the chlorophyll concentration in residual leaves was obviously higher than that of control group.[Conclusion] The proper defoliation intensity(60%) and lower defoliation frequency(defoliation was conducted every 20 d once) were most favorable to the growth and regenerated of peony which was the compensatory growth.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of head compensatory postures to ensure safe oropharyngeal transit. METHODS: A total of 321 dysphagia patients were enrolled and assessed with videofluoromanometry (VFM). The dysphagia patients were classified as follows: safe transit; penetration without aspiration; aspiration before, during or after swallowing; multiple aspirations and no transit. The patients with aspiration or no transit were tested with VFM to determine whether compensatory postures could correct their swallowing disorder. RESULTS: VFM revealed penetration without aspiration in 71 patients (22.1%); aspiration before swallowing in 17 patients (5.3%); aspiration during swallowing in 32 patients (10%); aspiration after swallowing in 21 patients (6.5%); multiple aspirations in six patients (1.9%); no transit in five patients (1.6%); and safe transit in 169 patients (52.6%). Compensatory postures guaranteed a safe transit in 66/75 (88%) patients with aspiration or no transit. A chin-down posture achieved a safe swallow in 42/75 (56%) patients, a head-turned posture in 19/75 (25.3%) and a hyperextended head posture in 5/75 (6.7%). The compensatory postures were not effective in 9/75 (12%) cases. CONCLUSION: VFM allows the speech-language therapist to choose the most effective compensatory posture without a trial-and-error process and check the effectiveness of the posture.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China and Shanghai Fisheries University (Grant No. 200015).
文摘Hybrid tilapia weighing 7.71 g were reared in seawater at 24.0-29.0℃ for 8 weeks. The controls were fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment, whereas treatment groups were fed at 0.5%, 1.5% or 3.0% body weight per day for 4 weeks, and then to satiation for the remainder of the experiment. During the first 4-week period, there was a curvilinear relationship between growth rate and ration size. Fish fed 0.5% and 1.5% rations displayed compensatory growth response of 2 weeks duration during realimentation. The weight-adjusted growth rate of fish fed at 3% ration was not significantly different from that of the controls by the end of the experiment, when none of the treatment groups had caught up in body weight with the controls. Hyperphagia was observed for the first 2 weeks of realimenatation in fish previously fed at 3% ration, but persisted for the whole realimentation period in groups previously fed at 0.5% and 1.5% rations. None of the feed restricted groups showed improved digestibility, feed efficiency, or protein and energy retention efficiency.
基金provided by the Special Support Foundation of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (IMHE)the 100 Talents Programme of IMHE,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. SDSQB-2011-01)
文摘This study explores the role of a traditional tillage method,i.e.,compensatory hoeing,for sustainable agro-ecosystem management in the hilly areas of the Chongqing municipality,south-western China.To validate the effects of compensatory tillage on the terraced slopes,the tillage method of noncompensatory hoeing was conducted on a linear slope.To acquire information about 137 Cs inventories and soil texture,soil samples were collected by a core sampler with a 6.8-cm diameter at 5.0-m intervals along the toposequence and the linear slope in the dry season(March) of 2007.Meanwhile,a tillage erosion model was used for evaluating the spatial pattern of tillage erosion.The 137 Cs data showed that on the terraced slope,soil was lost from the upper slope,and soil deposition occurred at the toe slope positions on each terrace.As a result,abrupt changes in the 137 Cs inventories of soil were found over short distances between two sides of terrace boundaries.Results obtained from the tillage erosion model and the 137 Cs data indicate that soil redistribution mainly results from tillage erosion in the terraced landscape.Consecutive non-compensatory tillage caused soil redistribution on the linear slope,resulting in thin soil profile disappearing at the top and soil accumulating at the bottom positions of the linear slope.This result further validates that compensatory tillage could avoid the complete erosion of the thin soil layer at the summit position.Therefore,this traditional tillage.method,i.e.,compensatory tillage,has maintained the soil quality at the summit of the slope in the past decades.
基金This study is supported by the following projects:the Chinese Ministry of Education(MOE)Humanities and Social Science Research Funding(18YJC740042)the Research Project of Guangdong Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(GD16CWW05)+1 种基金the MOE Key Research Project of Humanities and Social Science(16JJD740006)conducted by the Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics(CLAL),Guangdong University of Foreign Studies(GDUFS)supported by both the Department of Education of Guangdong Province and the Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,P.R.China for the frontier research and its theoretical innovations in interpersonal pragmatics(“人际语用学前沿研究与理论创新”项目)(2018WZDXM006).
文摘Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-hemisphere-damaged(RHD) patients.Drawing on data collected from clinical interviews between psychotherapists and RHD patients,this study examined the functions of na in response to RHD topical divergence,focusing on the topic and attitudinal aspects.It was found that na was mainly employed by psychotherapists to mark a reproffer of interview topics(i.e.,an attempt to return to earlier topics),and a display of disalignment and disaffiliation with RHD topical divergence.These functions of na reflect the psychotherapists’ attempts to overcome communicative problems arising from RHD topical divergence,so as to ensure the achievement of the communicative goal.Thus,na can be interpreted as a compensatory strategy for dealing with RHD topical divergence on an interpersonal level.These findings not only expand our knowledge about the function spectrum of na,but also offer insights for RHD patients’ interlocutors to enhance conversational communication with RHD patients via the compensatory strategy.
文摘Measuring intrinsic hip external rotator strength (ER) without compensatory pelvic motion and activation of the sartorius is important for preventing or rehabilitating lower extremity injuries. However, the optimal method for measuring intrinsic hip ER muscle strength while minimizing compensatory pelvic motions and activation of the sartorius is unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare measurements of hip ER strength, compensatory pelvic motion, and sartorius activation in the sitting, prone, and sidelying positions. Thirty-one healthy subjects (16 males and 15 females) were recruited for this study. Hip ER strength, pelvic kinematics, and sartorius muscle activation were measured during maximal isometric contraction of the hip ER in the sitting, prone, and sidelying positions. Hip ER strength was measured using a load-cell-type strength-measurement sensor. Pelvic kinematics was measured using an electromagnetic motion-tracking sensor. Electromyography was used to measure sartorius muscle activity. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The result showed that hip ER strength and sartorius muscle activation were significantly lower in the sidelying compared with the sitting and prone positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic anteroposterior tilting was significantly greater in the sitting compared with the prone and sidelying positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic rotation differed significantly among positions (p < 0.01). Pelvic lateral tilting was significantly greater in the prone compared with the sitting position (p < 0.017). Compensatory pelvic motion and sartorius muscle activation were lower when hip ER strength measurements were made in the sidelying position. Therefore, the sidelying position is effective for measuring selective intrinsic hip ER strength.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30600462)
文摘We investigated the effects of low temperature(8.5℃) on the growth and feeding rates and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile P.olivaceus with an average initial weight of 3.87 ± 0.06 g(mean ± SE).Fish were exposed to 8.5℃ for 0(control),1,2,3 and 4 weeks,and then to 20℃ for 10,9,8,7 and 6 weeks,respectively.Low temperature clearly led to growth depression.The weight of fish exposed to low temperature for 1 week was restored to that of control,while that of fish exposed to low temperature longer was significantly decreased(P < 0.05).During the entire low-temperature period,specific growth rate,feeding rate and feed conversion efficiency of the fish were significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those of control,while in the whole recovery period,specific growth and average feeding rate were markedly higher(P < 0.05) than those of control.At the end of experiment,only the feeding rate of the fish exposed to low temperature for 1 week was not significantly different from that of control(P > 0.05).Feeding rate and feed conversion efficiency were reduced at low temperature in juvenile P.olivaceus.The compensatory growth of juvenile P.olivaceus may therefore be attributed to the improvement of feeding rate.Our results suggested that growth depression occurs when juvenile P.olivaceus are exposed to low temperature for more than one week.
文摘This sixty-day study was performed to determine the effects of short-term starvation and refeeding cycles on growth, feeding performances and body composition of rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss）. Three hundred trout fingerlings with an average initial weight of 17.54-0.06 g were randomly distributed in 15 circular fiberglass tanks. The fish were exposed to 5 different feeding regimes; control： continuously fed twice daily to apparent satiation; T1： starved for 1 day and re-fed for 2 days; T2： starved for 1 day and re-fed for 4 days; T3： starved for 3 days and re-fed for 12 days; T4： starved for 4 days and re-fed for 16 days. At the end of the experiment, growth performance, feed utilization, whole body ash and moisture contents were not significantly （P〉0.05） different among the treatments. However, whole body protein content in T3 was significantly higher than other treatments （P〈0.05）. A significant difference in whole body fat content was observed between T3 and the control group at the end of the experiment （P〈0.05）. In conclusion this experiment suggests that feeding schedules involving starvation （1-4 days） and re-feeding cycles are a promising feed management tool for rainbow trout culture.
基金this work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No98SM65)
文摘Objective To establish an acoustic perceptual method analyzing the compensatory articulation errors in children with operated cleft palate via the formants of Chinese pure vowels. Methods The first three formants which represent vocal transmission character in Chinese pure vowels of 84 subjects with operated cleft palate, were measured by Computerized Speech Signal Processing System (CSSPS). The Chinese vowel graph of postoperative patients with cleft palate was stated by the first formant frequencies (F1) and the second formant frequencies (F2) of the Chinese pure vowels between the two groups. Results Values of F1 and F2 of vowels except [a] in the poor articulation group (Group A) were significantly different from those in the good articulation group (Group B) (P<0.05 or P<0.01). As compared with that in Group B, the vowel graph demonstrated the decreased perceptual distances in Group A. These findings indicated that there might still be the backward movements of tongue, perverted mandibular movements and disharmonious lip movements in addition to the velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in Group A. Conclusion The speech articulation of children with repaired cleft palate should be gained by correcting the aberrant compensatory articulation errors in the condition of velopharyngeal competence. Computerized Speech Signal Processing System (CSSPS), which is regarded as the content of objective quantitative measurement, is a precise, simple, reliable and atroumatic technique for children with cleft palate to analyze pathological compensatory articulation errors.
基金Supported by Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project,State Oceanic Administration of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.201205028)Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period(2011BD13B11)Hainan Scientific Operating Expense Projects and Major Project of Science and Technology(ZDZX2013009,ZDZX2013014)
文摘A starvation trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of the juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus which were deprived of food for 1, 2, 5 and 7 days respectively. The results of tests in outdoor cement pools and net pens showed that, in the first 15 days and 30 days, the growth of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was probably the same with that of control group, which accorded with fully compensatory description. However, the weight of 5 days and 7 days-deprived fingerlings were lower than that of the control group, which accorded with the description of the partial compensatory growth. As the starvation prolonged, feed conversion efficiency of the starved groups increased and was higher than the control group. Meanwhile, feeding rate also increased, but the fish of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was lower than that of the control group, and feeding quantity reduced and was lower than that of the control group. It suggested that the mechanism of compensatory growth was mainly due to improving feed conversion efficiency. Fish biochemical composition was analyzed： the water content and ash of fish sample increased due to starvation, while the lipid and protein decreased. The loss of lipid was greater than that of the protein, and the biochemical composition of fish in each group was restored to the control level by the end of the experiment. It suggested that Trachinotus ovatus may mainly consume lipid during the period of starvation.
基金supported by grant KOMFI 13-04-40106-H (Russia):"Structure-functional studies of р-75 receptor–molecular target for neurodegenerative diseases immunotherapy"Grant RFBR 13-04-00633A (Russia):"Study of role of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in mechanisms of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity in model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease"
文摘Compensatory/adaptive mechanisms in the brain are hy- pothesized to be involved in its protection from the Alz- heimer＇s disease （AD） progression. These mechanisms are activated by malfunctioning of various brain systems： anti- oxidant, neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, immune, and oth- ers. Detailed analysis of compensatory^adaptive capabilities of these systems might be a start point for further discovery and development of perspective approaches for early diag- nostics and treatment of AD and associated neurodegenera- tive disorders.
文摘A plant＇s capacity to compensate for pest damage as a function of resource availability needs to be predictable in order to apply biocontrol agents effectively. In this research, it was hypothesized that a weedy plant species＇ capacity to compensate for defoliation is related to how resource availability affects a plant＇s growth trajectory. Growth rate trajectory is defined as the percent change in relative growth rate or the slope of a plant＇s relative growth rate. 90 Abutilon theophrasti, a common weed species, in cultivated fields of corn and soybean, grew in a greenhouse for 70 d under three nitrogen （N） fertilization treatments. ＂Unfertilized＂ plants were not fertilized, ＂bulk＂ fertilized plants received 0.6 g N on day 15 and ＂exponential＂ fertilized plants received a total of 0.6 g N supplied at an exponential rate of 10% per day with a starting concentration of 0.02 g N on day 15. On day 25, 15 plants in each N treatment had 75% of total leaf area removed. Biomass and reproductive compensation were determined after 50 d and 70 d of growth. Results showed that bulk plants had the greatest absolute growth, but also the greatest decline in growth rates and the least capacity for compensation. Unfertilized plants had the lowest absolute growth, but declines in growth rates were similar to bulk plants with only a slightly greater compensatory capacity. Exponential plants had intermediate absolute growth, but the least decline in growth rates and the greatest capacity for compensation. This experiment indicates that a plant＇s growth rate trajectory, and not high or low relative growth rates or N availability per se, can be used to predict a weedy plant＇s capacity to compensate for herbivory, and has implications for biocontrol of weedy species.
基金funded through Science Foundation Ireland(SFI)contract no 09/RFP/GEN2447
文摘Background： The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth on the relative expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport, metabolism and cell proliferation in ruminal epithelial tissue of beef cattle. Sixty Holstein Friesian bulls（mean liveweight 370 ± 35 kg;mean age 479 ± 15 d） were assigned to one of two groups：（i） restricted feed allowance（RES; n = 30） for 125 d（Period 1） followed by ad libitum access to feed for 55 d（Period 2） or（ii） ad libitum access to feed throughout（ADLIB; n = 30）. Target growth rate for RES was 0.6 kg/d during Period 1. At the end of each dietary period, 15 animals from each treatment group were slaughtered and ruminal epithelial tissue and liquid digesta harvested from the ventral sac of the rumen. Real-time q PCR was used to quantify m RNA transcripts of 26 genes associated with ruminal epithelial function. Volatile fatty acid analysis of rumen fluid from individual animals was conducted using gas chromatography.Results： Diet × period interactions were evident for genes involved in ketogenesis（BDH2, P = 0.017）, pyruvate metabolism（LDHa, P = 0.048; PDHA1, P = 0.015） and cellular transport and structure（DSG1, P = 0.019; CACT, P = 0.027）. Ruminal concentrations of propionic acid（P = 0.018） and n-valeric acid（P = 0.029） were lower in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, throughout the experiment. There was also a strong tendency（P = 0.064）toward a diet × period interaction for n-butyric with higher concentrations in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, during Period 1.Conclusions： These data suggest that following nutrient restriction, the structural integrity of the rumen wall is compromised and there is upregulation of genes involved in the production of ketone bodies and breakdown of pyruvate for cellular energy. These results provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanisms regulating ruminal epithelial absorptive metabolism and growth following nutrient restriction and subsequent compensatory growth.
文摘Background Compensatory sweating （CS） is one of the most common postoperative complications after thoracic sympathectomy, sympathicotomy or endoscopic sympathetic block （ESB） for palmar hyperhidrosis. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between CS and the sympathetic segment being transected in the surgical treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis, and thus to detect the potential mechanism of the occurrence of CS. Methods Between October 2004 and June 2006, 163 patients with primary hyperhidrosis were randomly divided into two groups, T3 sympathicotomy （78 patients） and T4 sympathicotomy（85）, who were operated upon under general anesthesia via single lumen intubation and intercostal video-mediastinoscopy （VM）. Results No morbidity or mortality occurred. Palmar hyperhidrosis was cured in all patients. Follow-up（mean （13.8i-6.2） months） showed no recurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis. The difference of rates of mild CS in groups T3 and T4 was of no statistical significance. The rate of moderate CS was significantly lower in group T4 than in group T3. No severe CS occurred. Conclusion The rates of occurrence and severity of CS are lowered with the lower sympathetic chain being transected.
文摘Background Video-assisted thoracic sympathetic block is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. The purpose of this study was to decide which one of using electrocautery hook and titanium clip is the appropriate procedure for primary palmar hyperhidrosis by assessing the compensatory sweating （CS） and quality of life （QOL） of patients after sympathetic block. Methods Between October 2007 to August 2010, 120 patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis were randomly divided into two groups, electrocautery hook group （60 patients） and titanium clip group （60 patients）. All patients were treated by sympathetic block at T4 level. The CS was graded based on severity and location; the QOL was classified to 5 different levels based upon the summed total scores （range from 20 to 100） before and after surgery. The variables were compared. Results The postoperative follow-up period was 2 months. All patients were cured. Three patients in electrocautery hook group and 1 patient in titanium clip group had a unilateral pneumothorax on chest X-ray, but none of them was necessary to have chest drainage. Neither perioperative mortality nor serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmia or arrest were observed during the operation. No bradycardia or Horner＇s syndrome occured. CS was not more common in patients in titanium clip group than in those in electrocautery hook group （P=0.001）. Moderate and severe CS was few in all patients, and there was no significant difference between two groups （P=0.193）. Most of the patients feel a notable improvement of the the QOL; nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the groups （P=0.588）. Conclusions Both electrocautery hook and titanium clip used for sympathetic block at the T4 level are effective, safe, and minimally invasive for palmar hyperhidrosis. Because of the lower severity of CS and the similar improvements in the QOL after operation, we prefer to use of titanium clip for treating palmar hyperhidrosis.
基金This work was supported partly by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81822013,81671665)Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Talents(No.ZDRCA2016085)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province of China(BE2016610)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1300500–504)Jiangsu Province Key Medical Discipline(ZDXKA2016020).
文摘Background Subjective cognitive decline(SCD)is a preclinical stage along the Alzheimer’s disease(AD)continuum.However,little is known about the aberrant patterns of connectivity and topological alterations of the brain functional connectome and their diagnostic value in SCD.Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory analyses were used to investigate the alterations of the functional connectome in 66 SCD individuals and 64 healthy controls(HC).Pearson correlation analysis was computed to assess the relationships among network metrics,neuropsychological performance and pathological biomarkers.Finally,we used the multiple kernel learning-support vector machine(MKL-SVM)to differentiate the SCD and HC individuals.Results SCD individuals showed higher nodal topological properties(including nodal strength,nodal global efficiency and nodal local efficiency)associated with amyloid-βlevels and memory function than the HC,and these regions were mainly located in the default mode network(DMN).Moreover,increased local and medium-range connectivity mainly between the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus(PHG)and other DMN-related regions was found in SCD individuals compared with HC individuals.These aberrant functional network measures exhibited good classification performance in the differentiation of SCD individuals from HC individuals at an accuracy up to 79.23%.Conclusion The findings of this study provide insight into the compensatory mechanism of the functional connectome underlying SCD.The proposed classification method highlights the potential of connectome-based metrics for the identification of the preclinical stage of AD.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[31901394]the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research[2019QZKK0307]Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST[2019QNRC001].
文摘Degradation of meadow ecosystems in the largest alpine region of the world,i.e.,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),is a crucial ecological issue that has ardently discussed in recent years.Many factors,such as livestock overgrazing,climate change and overpopulation of small mammals are treated as important factors that cause the degradation of meadow ecosystems in the QTP.However,there are few hypotheses focus on the potential role of plant compensatory growth on meadow degradation.We proposed a compensatory growth-related hypothesis to understand the potential degradation process of meadow ecosystems in the QTP.We discussed that there are two stages of meadow degradation,i.e.the beginning stage of meadow degradation that is triggered by high-strength overcompensation;and the intensification stage of meadow degradation,which are driven by external factors such as climate warming,small mammals and thawing of permafrost.The mechanism of meadow degradation driven by plant compensatory growth is the asynchronism of plant consumption and the availability of soil nutrients.Our hypothesis that plant compensatory growth drives meadow degradation under the overgrazing condition requires re-examination and modification by testing the balance between soil nutrient cycling rates and the strength of plant compensatory growth in alpine regions.
