Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some f...Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some facts any more） and a communication-comprehensive impasse （within its limits, some facts are not communicable or understandable）. In order to endorse his theory of evolutionism, Darwin develops an argumentative communicating science based on two axes： the facts and the axiomatics. His communicating science follows the next structure： （1） a relation with the starting thesis is established; （2） some evidence are promoted; （3） as the base of the evidence, a motivation is emphasized; （4） as a reason, an axiomatics is assigned to this base; and （5） finally, the facts and the quantifiers are explained by valid conclusions.展开更多
On August 9,Shandong became the first province in China to abolish performance evaluations based on the number of prosecutions and'cases solved'by police departments.Although the move is ostensibly intended to...On August 9,Shandong became the first province in China to abolish performance evaluations based on the number of prosecutions and'cases solved'by police departments.Although the move is ostensibly intended to'redirect energy to public security,crime-prevention,and public assistance,'some lawyers hope it could also improve the'objectivity'of law enforcement in a country where police and prosecutors almost never fail to win in court.展开更多
Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqian...Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqiang was thrown into prison in 1994, leaving a heavy burden on his family. Apart from a heap of debts, there are two young children. His elder son dropped school dne to inability to pay tuition. Li felt very much downhearted in prison. Knowing this, the prison warders volunteer to contribute money and clothing. In just five days, the展开更多
I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. I...I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. In terms of natural attribute, the convicted are people, despite the fact that they have been sentenced to crmainal punishments. So they should still enjoy human rights. In terms of social attribute, criminals are a special group of people because they have received a negative appraisal by the criminal law due to their criminal behavior （in most cases, a crime is a serious violation of human rights） and, therefore, they enjoy a special legal status, which has made it impossible and improper for them to enjoy the complete human rights just like ordinary people.展开更多
This paper explores a theoretical framework for demystifying the causes of the dysfunction and disorder of the present Chinese market economy.It is posited that Max Weber’s classification of the two potentially confl...This paper explores a theoretical framework for demystifying the causes of the dysfunction and disorder of the present Chinese market economy.It is posited that Max Weber’s classification of the two potentially conflicting ethics he associates with the behaviour of politicians,the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility offers the basis for a more thorough and accurate account of the dysfunction and disorder within China’s current markets and political economy.Indeed,this paper contends that cultural determinism and neo-institutional economics fail to capture the contextual factors influencing the transition from the Maoist era of state control to contemporary China’s market led economy(following the opening-up of the country since 1978)than a wider reaching Weberian analysis of the contextual factors involved might achieve.This paper proposes that the distinct ethical foundation for the Chinese market economy is based upon the ethic of conviction,which is the continuity of the philosophical underpinnings of the national ideology during the Maoist era.In turn,this has led to the distortion of the incentives for firms in China to provide high-quality goods and services.This paper also conducts a study of the ethical foundations of the present Chinese economy from the comparative perspectives of Smith’s concept of the market economy and from a Confucian perspective.Through this comparative examination,it will be demonstrated that the ethical feature of the modern market economy,stemming from Smith and Confucianism,is based on the ethic of responsibility,which is a mutually opposed concept to the ethic of conviction;therefore,firms whose business ethics are founded upon the ethic of“responsibility”are less prone to deceive consumers as they adhere to a contractual“responsibility”towards the consumer that many Chinese firms still see as of secondary importance as the ethic of“conviction”still dominating the policies,society and culture of the centralist economic post-Maoist state.This paper further reveals that larger firms tend to have more corporate social responsibility due to their established branding effect,thus reflecting a more pervasive sense of the ethic of responsibility and vice versa for firms of a smaller size.This paper concludes with an economic model acting as a quantitative framework which further supports the theories proposed.展开更多
Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1...Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1） determine if urea can function as a disturbance cue in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout and （2） determine if the background level of urea influences the behavioral response to a subsequent pulse of urea （＇background noise＇ hypothesis）. In the first series of trials, juve- nile cichlids and trout were exposed to urea at varying concentrations （0 to 0.5 mg L-1 for cichlids and 0 to 1.0 mg L1 for trout）. Our results suggest that both cichilds and trout exhibited functionally similar responses to urea and conspecific disturbance cues and that increasing the concentration of urea results in an increase intensity of antipredator behaviour. In the second series of trials, we pre-exposed cichlids or trout to intermediate or high concentrations of urea （or a distilled water control） and then tested for the response to a second pulse of urea at at intermediate or high concentrations （versus a distilled water control）. Our results demon- strate that pre-exposure to urea reduces or eliminates the response to a second pulse of urea, supporting the background noise hy- pothesis. Together, our results suggest that pulses of urea, released by disturbed or stressed individuals, may function as an early warning signal in freshwater prey species展开更多
In order to conserve and culture the cichlid fish Archocentrus nigrofasciatus,more information about its reproductive biology and its larval behavior and morphogenesis is necessary.Currently,temperatures ranging from ...In order to conserve and culture the cichlid fish Archocentrus nigrofasciatus,more information about its reproductive biology and its larval behavior and morphogenesis is necessary.Currently,temperatures ranging from 21 to 27°C are used in ornamental aquaculture hatcheries.Lower temperatures are preferred to reduce the costs of water heating,and 23°C is usually the selected temperature.However,there is limited information on culturing protocols for ornamental species and most of the information generated on this topic remains scarce.Thus,the present study examines the morphological development of Archocentrus nigrofasciatus during the yolk-sac period up to the age of 100 h post-hatching in relation to 2 temperature regimes used in ornamental aquaculture:a temperature of 27°C(thermal optimum)and a decreased temperature of 23°C(thermal tolerance).The results of this study suggest that the 27°C temperature generates intense morphological changes in yolk-sac development in a shorter period.This has advantages as it reduces the time of yolk-sac larval development,and,thus,minimizes the transition phase to exogenous feeding and maximizes the efficiency at which yolk is converted into body tissues.The present paper provides necessary information to produce freshwater ornamental fish with better practices so as to increase larval survival and capitalize on time for growth.展开更多
文摘Charles Darwin discovers that the theory of the species＇ creation by a miraculous being has reached a double impasse, due to the science ＂speech＂ evolution. There is an expositive impasse （it can＇t explain some facts any more） and a communication-comprehensive impasse （within its limits, some facts are not communicable or understandable）. In order to endorse his theory of evolutionism, Darwin develops an argumentative communicating science based on two axes： the facts and the axiomatics. His communicating science follows the next structure： （1） a relation with the starting thesis is established; （2） some evidence are promoted; （3） as the base of the evidence, a motivation is emphasized; （4） as a reason, an axiomatics is assigned to this base; and （5） finally, the facts and the quantifiers are explained by valid conclusions.
文摘On August 9,Shandong became the first province in China to abolish performance evaluations based on the number of prosecutions and'cases solved'by police departments.Although the move is ostensibly intended to'redirect energy to public security,crime-prevention,and public assistance,'some lawyers hope it could also improve the'objectivity'of law enforcement in a country where police and prosecutors almost never fail to win in court.
文摘Incredible ! Prisons have extended financial or material help to convicts’ families in difficulty. But it is tree. That is what the Chifeng Prison in North China initiated. See the following cases: Convict Li Guoqiang was thrown into prison in 1994, leaving a heavy burden on his family. Apart from a heap of debts, there are two young children. His elder son dropped school dne to inability to pay tuition. Li felt very much downhearted in prison. Knowing this, the prison warders volunteer to contribute money and clothing. In just five days, the
文摘I. Protection of Human Rights of the Convicted Human rights of the convicted refer to the rights enjoyed or due to be enjoyed by people subject to criminal punishment by virtue of its natural and social attributes. In terms of natural attribute, the convicted are people, despite the fact that they have been sentenced to crmainal punishments. So they should still enjoy human rights. In terms of social attribute, criminals are a special group of people because they have received a negative appraisal by the criminal law due to their criminal behavior （in most cases, a crime is a serious violation of human rights） and, therefore, they enjoy a special legal status, which has made it impossible and improper for them to enjoy the complete human rights just like ordinary people.
文摘This paper explores a theoretical framework for demystifying the causes of the dysfunction and disorder of the present Chinese market economy.It is posited that Max Weber’s classification of the two potentially conflicting ethics he associates with the behaviour of politicians,the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility offers the basis for a more thorough and accurate account of the dysfunction and disorder within China’s current markets and political economy.Indeed,this paper contends that cultural determinism and neo-institutional economics fail to capture the contextual factors influencing the transition from the Maoist era of state control to contemporary China’s market led economy(following the opening-up of the country since 1978)than a wider reaching Weberian analysis of the contextual factors involved might achieve.This paper proposes that the distinct ethical foundation for the Chinese market economy is based upon the ethic of conviction,which is the continuity of the philosophical underpinnings of the national ideology during the Maoist era.In turn,this has led to the distortion of the incentives for firms in China to provide high-quality goods and services.This paper also conducts a study of the ethical foundations of the present Chinese economy from the comparative perspectives of Smith’s concept of the market economy and from a Confucian perspective.Through this comparative examination,it will be demonstrated that the ethical feature of the modern market economy,stemming from Smith and Confucianism,is based on the ethic of responsibility,which is a mutually opposed concept to the ethic of conviction;therefore,firms whose business ethics are founded upon the ethic of“responsibility”are less prone to deceive consumers as they adhere to a contractual“responsibility”towards the consumer that many Chinese firms still see as of secondary importance as the ethic of“conviction”still dominating the policies,society and culture of the centralist economic post-Maoist state.This paper further reveals that larger firms tend to have more corporate social responsibility due to their established branding effect,thus reflecting a more pervasive sense of the ethic of responsibility and vice versa for firms of a smaller size.This paper concludes with an economic model acting as a quantitative framework which further supports the theories proposed.
文摘Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate prey species commonly rely on chemosensory information, including non-injury released disturbance cues, to assess local predation threats. We conducted laboratory studies to （1） determine if urea can function as a disturbance cue in juvenile convict cichlids and rainbow trout and （2） determine if the background level of urea influences the behavioral response to a subsequent pulse of urea （＇background noise＇ hypothesis）. In the first series of trials, juve- nile cichlids and trout were exposed to urea at varying concentrations （0 to 0.5 mg L-1 for cichlids and 0 to 1.0 mg L1 for trout）. Our results suggest that both cichilds and trout exhibited functionally similar responses to urea and conspecific disturbance cues and that increasing the concentration of urea results in an increase intensity of antipredator behaviour. In the second series of trials, we pre-exposed cichlids or trout to intermediate or high concentrations of urea （or a distilled water control） and then tested for the response to a second pulse of urea at at intermediate or high concentrations （versus a distilled water control）. Our results demon- strate that pre-exposure to urea reduces or eliminates the response to a second pulse of urea, supporting the background noise hy- pothesis. Together, our results suggest that pulses of urea, released by disturbed or stressed individuals, may function as an early warning signal in freshwater prey species
基金The authors wish to thank Dr.R.Calado for useful discussions.
文摘In order to conserve and culture the cichlid fish Archocentrus nigrofasciatus,more information about its reproductive biology and its larval behavior and morphogenesis is necessary.Currently,temperatures ranging from 21 to 27°C are used in ornamental aquaculture hatcheries.Lower temperatures are preferred to reduce the costs of water heating,and 23°C is usually the selected temperature.However,there is limited information on culturing protocols for ornamental species and most of the information generated on this topic remains scarce.Thus,the present study examines the morphological development of Archocentrus nigrofasciatus during the yolk-sac period up to the age of 100 h post-hatching in relation to 2 temperature regimes used in ornamental aquaculture:a temperature of 27°C(thermal optimum)and a decreased temperature of 23°C(thermal tolerance).The results of this study suggest that the 27°C temperature generates intense morphological changes in yolk-sac development in a shorter period.This has advantages as it reduces the time of yolk-sac larval development,and,thus,minimizes the transition phase to exogenous feeding and maximizes the efficiency at which yolk is converted into body tissues.The present paper provides necessary information to produce freshwater ornamental fish with better practices so as to increase larval survival and capitalize on time for growth.
