Capsicum is a nutritious vegetable and its cultivation in farms is getting popular in Bangladesh. Although many efforts have lain to explore better yielding and nutritionally rich cultivars with suitable modern cultiv...Capsicum is a nutritious vegetable and its cultivation in farms is getting popular in Bangladesh. Although many efforts have lain to explore better yielding and nutritionally rich cultivars with suitable modern cultivation techniques but still have to find the desired outcome. Thus, it’s necessary to conduct further research to identify the high-yielding and nutritious capsicum cultivars in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022 at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) research field with three cultivars of capsicum: B<sub>0</sub> = California Wonder, B<sub>1</sub> = BARI Misti Morich-1 and B<sub>2</sub> = BARI Misti Morich-2 and three mulching: T<sub>0</sub> = No mulching, T<sub>1</sub> = Water hyacinth, T<sub>2</sub> = Poly Mulching in randomized complete block design with three replications to identify better quality capsicum cultivar and suitable mulching material. Among cultivars the BARI Misti Morich-2 (B<sub>2</sub>) showed increased agronomic parameters like number of branches and effective branches per plant, leaves length and width, consequently yield and yield contributing traits were also enhanced like fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per plant (25.97%, 4.54%, 3.64% and 21.43%, respectively). Poly Mulching (T<sub>2</sub>) increased agronomic traits, yield traits and yield (0.61 kg) than BARI Misti Morich-1 (T<sub>1</sub>). The combined effect of B<sub>2</sub>T<sub>2</sub> increased the number of branches per plant, effective branches per plant, leaves length and breadth by 40%, 90%, 15.57% and 26.22%, respectively, hence resulting in an increased yield of 20%. BARI Misti Morich-2 cultivar showed an increase in Fe, Zn and Vitamin-C content of 26.24% and 23.10%, 8.82% and 5.14%, and 6.03% and 5.74% than B0 and B1 cultivars, respectively. Therefore, BARI Misti Morich-2 exhibited the improved agronomic, yield and nutritional traits of capsicum under poly mulching among other cultivars in Bangladesh.展开更多
Hot pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is consumed as one of the oldest domesticated crops all over the world.Although mutation breeding using radiation has been performed in hot peppers,little is known about the comparative a...Hot pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is consumed as one of the oldest domesticated crops all over the world.Although mutation breeding using radiation has been performed in hot peppers,little is known about the comparative analysis of mutagenic effects at the molecular level by ion beam irradiation.To comprehend the response mechanism of hot pepper to the ion beam,we used a mutant with favorable economic characteristics induced by lithium-ion beam irradiation to investigate the biological effects.The results indicated that the lithium-ion beam had a positive effect on important agronomic traits,particularly yield unit,but had a negligible effect on the photosynthetic rate of hot pepper,with a specific influence on chlorophyll b rather than chlorophyll a.By RNA-Seq analysis,671 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes were identified as differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between irradiated and unirradiated hot pepper.Based on GO and KEGG network analysis,the auxin metabolic process was the common pathway in these two networks.A total of 118 potential reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging genes and 262 signal transduction genes were identified,suggesting a balance between antioxidant enzymes and enhanced ROS transduction.The amounts of 15 metabolite,involved in GABA pathways,secondary metabolism,carbohydrate metabolism,shikimate pathways,TCA cycles,nitrogen metabolism,glycerol metabolism and acetate pathways,were significantly changed in the ion beam irradiated sample.These results highlighted that the enriched pathways could play important roles in response to ion beam irradiation in hot pepper plants.In summary,these data provide valuable information for future research on ion beam irradiation and genomic studies in hot pepper.展开更多
[Objectives] The paper was to explore the mechanism of capsicum ( Capsicum annuum L.) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and search for new targets. [Methods] The active ingredients of capsicum were queried f...[Objectives] The paper was to explore the mechanism of capsicum ( Capsicum annuum L.) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and search for new targets. [Methods] The active ingredients of capsicum were queried from TCMSP database to obtain the corresponding target proteins. The related targets of T2DM were screened from GeneCards database, and the target intersection of active ingredients of capsicum and diabetes mellitus was obtained via Venny software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the compounds was constructed using STRING database, and the GO bio-function and KEGG pathway enrichment were further analyzed using Metascape database. [Results] Through TCMSP database query and conditional screening, 14 candidate active molecules, 93 potential targets and 225 related pathways were obtained. [Conclusions] The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis show that the main active ingredients of capsicum play a role in the treatment of T2DM by regulating cancer pathways, chemical carcinogenesis—receptor activation, proteoglycans in cancer, and prostate cancer pathways, which will provide an important theoretical basis for subsequent research.展开更多
The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexi...The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico.Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa,Nayarit,Oaxaca,Tabasco,and Yucatán in two agroecosystems:Backyard-garden and monoculture.Fifteen phenotypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and multivariate analyses of principal components analysis(PCA)and hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method.The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment.A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics.Of the total variation,13.0%was distributed among species,27.9%among morphotypes,8.1%among populations,and 51.0%within populations.Because plants grew in a uniform environment,these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species,morphotypes,and populations have a genetic basis.Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes,suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsicum.The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation.The first two components explained 59.64%of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90%of the total variation.Among the measured characteristics,number of seed per fruit,weight of the fruit,width of the fruit,length of the fruit,stem diameter,days to flowering,and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation,whereas width of the leaf,length of the leaf,and number of locules,number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2.The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups.One group consisted of populations collected in monoculture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions.The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer,wider,and higher weight fruits,plants were of less height,had smaller stem diameters,and lower number of fruits than the populations collected from the backyard-garden conditions.The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species,considered wild or semi-domesticated,constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.展开更多
Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-t...Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.展开更多
To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtai...To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtained from the anthers of a Capsicum annuum nuclear male-fertile line. Sequence analysis indicated that the full length of CaMF5 was 747 bp, containing a maximum opening reading frame of 447 bp.Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaMF5 shared approximately 37%–77% homology with a series of uncharacterized or hypothetical proteins and late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) proteins from other plants. However, no LEA structural domain was detected in CaMF5, which indicated that it might be a new type of LEA gene. CaMF5 was only expressed in flower buds at stages 7 and 8 and in open flowers of the male-fertile line, whereas it exhibited no expression in any examined organs of the male-sterile line. In addition, CaMF5 showed the highest transcript abundance in the anthers of the male-fertile line, with no expression being detected in any other examined organs, such as the sepals, petals, pistils, roots, stems, or leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMF5 is an anther-specific gene that might encode a new type of LEA protein related to anther and/or pollen development in C. annuum.展开更多
Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology ...Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.展开更多
Pepper species(Capsicum spp.)are widely used as food,spice,decoration,and medicine.Despite the recent old-world culinary impact,more than 50 commercially recognized pod types have been recorded worldwide from three ta...Pepper species(Capsicum spp.)are widely used as food,spice,decoration,and medicine.Despite the recent old-world culinary impact,more than 50 commercially recognized pod types have been recorded worldwide from three taxonomic complexes(A,B,and P).The current study aimed to apply a pan-plastome approach to resolve the plastomic boundaries among those complexes and identify effective loci for the taxonomical resolution and molecular identification of the studied species/varieties.High-resolution pan-plastomes of five species and two varieties were assembled and compared from 321 accessions.Phyloplastomic and network analyses clarified the taxonomic position of the studied species/varieties and revealed a pronounced number of accessions to be the rare and endemic species,C.galapagoense,that were mistakenly labeled as C.annuum var.glabriusculum among others.Similarly,some NCBIdeposited plastomes were clustered differently from their labels.The rpl23-trnI intergenic spacer contained a 44 bp tandem repeat that,in addition to other InDels,was capable of discriminating the investigated Capsicum species/varieties.The rps16-trnQ/rbcL-accD/ycf3-trnS gene set was determined to be sufficiently polymorphic to retrieve the complete phyloplastomic signal among the studied Capsicum spp.The pan-plastome approach was shown to be useful in resolving the taxonomical complexes,settling the incomplete lineage sorting conflict and developing a molecular marker set for Capsicum spp.identification.展开更多
Their high bioactive compounds content and importance as dietary antioxidants has increased interest in Capsicum fruit. The fruit of seven Capsicum chinense Jacq. var. habanero genotypes grown in Yucatan, Mexico, were...Their high bioactive compounds content and importance as dietary antioxidants has increased interest in Capsicum fruit. The fruit of seven Capsicum chinense Jacq. var. habanero genotypes grown in Yucatan, Mexico, were analyzed to quantify their phenolic compounds, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents, and to measure their free radical scavenging (ABTS assay) and antioxidant activities (β-carotene/linoleic acid assay). Phenolics (20.54 to 20.75 mg/100 g sample), carotenoids (1.00 to 1.26 mg/100 g sample) and ascorbic acid contents (187.24 to 281.73 mg/100 g sample) varied between genotypes. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) ranged from 1.55 to 3.23 mM/mg sample. During the 120-min decolorization trial, antioxidant capacity decreased over time in the studied genotypes. Values ranged from 36%to 57% β-carotene bleaching during the first 30 minutes. Fruit from all seven studied genotypes are good antioxidant sources and hold promise as natural ingredients in functional foods.展开更多
Capsicum annuum is the most widely cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in the world. For culinary purposes, its fruits are used for pungency (capsaicin) and also color (capsanthin). Capsaicin is also used for medi...Capsicum annuum is the most widely cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in the world. For culinary purposes, its fruits are used for pungency (capsaicin) and also color (capsanthin). Capsaicin is also used for medicinal purposes particularly in anti-inflammatory formulations. Genetic divergence among 38 accessions collected from diverse locations in India (28 from Uttar Pradesh, 5 from Assam, 3 from Maharashtra and 2 from Uttaranchal), was estimated from the data pooled over 3 consecutive years for 15 morphological, growth and chemotypic characters that included days to first and second flowering, fruit onset, plant height, primary, secondary and tertiary branches, leaf surface area, fruit length and diameter, fruit surface area, fresh and dry fruit weight, capsaicin and capsanthin content. Based on this characterization the plants could be grouped into 7 clusters wherein substantial diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values (752.901 - 1918683.00). Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization combining desirable traits. The accessions labeled number 38, 27, 26, 14 and 24 to high capsaicin content (%);35, 23, 3, 16, 29 and 11 for high capsanthin content (%) and 26 and 27 for dual purpose had characteristics desirable. Above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.展开更多
Different food operations have been intensified through assisting them by instant controlled pressure drop DIC treatment. Such processes should be defined in order to preserve the main nutritional and sensorial conten...Different food operations have been intensified through assisting them by instant controlled pressure drop DIC treatment. Such processes should be defined in order to preserve the main nutritional and sensorial contents of the raw material. The present paper is dedicated to study the evolution of the main bioactive compounds (total phenolics and flavonoids) and functional properties such as the antioxidant activity of processed samples in the case of Green “Poblano” Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Results issued from DIC-assisted hot air drying, and DIC-assisted freezing, allowed to identifying the impact of DIC studied operating parameters, which were the saturated steam pressure and the processing time, and the best DIC treatment correlated with the considered operation.展开更多
The participation of O-methyltransferase (COMT) in phenylpropanoid-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis has long been proposed. Ferulic acid, a phenylpropanoid intermediate, is a precursor of capsaicinoid biosynthesis a...The participation of O-methyltransferase (COMT) in phenylpropanoid-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis has long been proposed. Ferulic acid, a phenylpropanoid intermediate, is a precursor of capsaicinoid biosynthesis and is produced from caffeic acid by the action of COMT. As previously reported that silencing Comt expression caused a drastic decrease in capsaicinoid accumulation, it was presumed that a Comt loss-of-function mutation would cause loss of pungency in Capsicum. This hypothesis was tested by cloning Comt1 and Comt2 from the placenta tissue of the pungent cultivar Habanero. The phylogenetic analysis and comparison of critical amino-acid residues for enzyme function showed that the two COMTs had high similarity with the COMTs of other plant species. Moreover, as the two Comts were both expressed in placenta tissue and expressed prior to the accumulation of capsaicinoids, the two genes could be candidates for capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Second, Comt1 loss-of-function mutants were screened from the germplasm. A truncated Comt1 transcript was expressed in non-pungent pepper No.3341 caused by deletion of the genomic region. The predicted No.3341 COMT1 lacked His-265, which was absolutely necessary for enzymatic activity. Contrary to our expectations, the Comt1 mutation was not related to non-pungency of No.3341, as the deletion of Comt1 did not co-segregate with non-pungency in the F2 population obtained from crossing No.3341 with Habanero. This result was confirmed by screening several pungent accessions harboring the same Comt1 deletion mutation. Although the participation of COMT in phenylpropanoid-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis has long been proposed, our present study shows that Comt1 can not be a target for controlling fruit pungency.展开更多
Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum which possesses enormous wealth of genetic diversity. Extent of genetic diversity determines the success level of crop improvement programme. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the...Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum which possesses enormous wealth of genetic diversity. Extent of genetic diversity determines the success level of crop improvement programme. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the most widely used marker system for molecular diversity analysis especially in cultivated species. The aim of our present study was to assess the molecular genetic diversity of 20 local chilli genotypes of Bangladesh using SSR markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves and PCR reactions were performed. Eleven SSR primers were used in PCR amplification. Total 10 alleles were detected for the five polymorphic SSR loci, with a mean of 2.00 alleles per primer. Gene diversity ranged from 0.333 to 1.00 with an average of 0.567. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of the SSR primers ranged from 0.255 to 0.500 with an average value of 0.371. The similarity index matrix ranged from 0.00 to 1.000. It was highest in several germplasms viz. Pop-2 vs Pop-18;Pop-3 vs Pop-5 vs Pop-19 vs Pop-20 and the lowest in the germplasm Pop-8 vs Pop-18. Dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance using Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) indicated the segregation of 20 chilli genotypes into two main clusters. The SSR markers showed genetic variability in the studied pepper genotypes and they are powerful tools for estimating molecular diversity of chilli. The findings of the present study have potential applications in future breeding programme for the genetic improvement of chilli.展开更多
The field experiment was conducted in the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between September to December 2012. Four accessions of pepper (Capsicum spp.), obtained from Moor plantation in Ibadan and ...The field experiment was conducted in the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between September to December 2012. Four accessions of pepper (Capsicum spp.), obtained from Moor plantation in Ibadan and LUTH (Lagos University Teaching Hospital) vegetable garden, Idi-Araba Lagos were evaluated to investigate the morpho-agronomic variability and interaction of accession × treatment × days after transplant in treatment combinations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus clarum) and cowdung. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The combined analysis of variance showed significant accession, treatment, days after transplant, and accession × treatment interactive effect for most of the growth characters at P 0.01 and P 0.05. The result also showed significant difference in yield related traits of fruits for pepper accessions. The number of leaves per plant was significant and positively associated with plant height (r = 0.516;P 0.05), and highly significant and positively correlated with the number of branches (r = 0.836;P 0.01), but negative and non-significantly related with stem girth. Glomus clarum treated plants responded significantly with higher growth and yield. It suggested that G. clarum treatment had higher potential in influencing crop yield compared to cowdung and untreated plants. This study further explored the relationship between G.展开更多
文摘Capsicum is a nutritious vegetable and its cultivation in farms is getting popular in Bangladesh. Although many efforts have lain to explore better yielding and nutritionally rich cultivars with suitable modern cultivation techniques but still have to find the desired outcome. Thus, it’s necessary to conduct further research to identify the high-yielding and nutritious capsicum cultivars in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022 at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) research field with three cultivars of capsicum: B<sub>0</sub> = California Wonder, B<sub>1</sub> = BARI Misti Morich-1 and B<sub>2</sub> = BARI Misti Morich-2 and three mulching: T<sub>0</sub> = No mulching, T<sub>1</sub> = Water hyacinth, T<sub>2</sub> = Poly Mulching in randomized complete block design with three replications to identify better quality capsicum cultivar and suitable mulching material. Among cultivars the BARI Misti Morich-2 (B<sub>2</sub>) showed increased agronomic parameters like number of branches and effective branches per plant, leaves length and width, consequently yield and yield contributing traits were also enhanced like fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per plant (25.97%, 4.54%, 3.64% and 21.43%, respectively). Poly Mulching (T<sub>2</sub>) increased agronomic traits, yield traits and yield (0.61 kg) than BARI Misti Morich-1 (T<sub>1</sub>). The combined effect of B<sub>2</sub>T<sub>2</sub> increased the number of branches per plant, effective branches per plant, leaves length and breadth by 40%, 90%, 15.57% and 26.22%, respectively, hence resulting in an increased yield of 20%. BARI Misti Morich-2 cultivar showed an increase in Fe, Zn and Vitamin-C content of 26.24% and 23.10%, 8.82% and 5.14%, and 6.03% and 5.74% than B0 and B1 cultivars, respectively. Therefore, BARI Misti Morich-2 exhibited the improved agronomic, yield and nutritional traits of capsicum under poly mulching among other cultivars in Bangladesh.
基金supported by the China Atomic Energy Authority(Crop Varietal Improvement and Insect Pests Control by Nuclear Radiation)Key Technological Innovation Key Project of Agricultural Science and Technology Breakthrough in Heilongjiang Province-Breakthrough Variety Breeding and Industrial Application of Vegetables。
文摘Hot pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is consumed as one of the oldest domesticated crops all over the world.Although mutation breeding using radiation has been performed in hot peppers,little is known about the comparative analysis of mutagenic effects at the molecular level by ion beam irradiation.To comprehend the response mechanism of hot pepper to the ion beam,we used a mutant with favorable economic characteristics induced by lithium-ion beam irradiation to investigate the biological effects.The results indicated that the lithium-ion beam had a positive effect on important agronomic traits,particularly yield unit,but had a negligible effect on the photosynthetic rate of hot pepper,with a specific influence on chlorophyll b rather than chlorophyll a.By RNA-Seq analysis,671 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes were identified as differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between irradiated and unirradiated hot pepper.Based on GO and KEGG network analysis,the auxin metabolic process was the common pathway in these two networks.A total of 118 potential reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging genes and 262 signal transduction genes were identified,suggesting a balance between antioxidant enzymes and enhanced ROS transduction.The amounts of 15 metabolite,involved in GABA pathways,secondary metabolism,carbohydrate metabolism,shikimate pathways,TCA cycles,nitrogen metabolism,glycerol metabolism and acetate pathways,were significantly changed in the ion beam irradiated sample.These results highlighted that the enriched pathways could play important roles in response to ion beam irradiation in hot pepper plants.In summary,these data provide valuable information for future research on ion beam irradiation and genomic studies in hot pepper.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81560702)Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2022LHMS08021).
文摘[Objectives] The paper was to explore the mechanism of capsicum ( Capsicum annuum L.) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and search for new targets. [Methods] The active ingredients of capsicum were queried from TCMSP database to obtain the corresponding target proteins. The related targets of T2DM were screened from GeneCards database, and the target intersection of active ingredients of capsicum and diabetes mellitus was obtained via Venny software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the compounds was constructed using STRING database, and the GO bio-function and KEGG pathway enrichment were further analyzed using Metascape database. [Results] Through TCMSP database query and conditional screening, 14 candidate active molecules, 93 potential targets and 225 related pathways were obtained. [Conclusions] The results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis show that the main active ingredients of capsicum play a role in the treatment of T2DM by regulating cancer pathways, chemical carcinogenesis—receptor activation, proteoglycans in cancer, and prostate cancer pathways, which will provide an important theoretical basis for subsequent research.
基金This research was funded by the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa(Project PROFAPI 2015/123).
文摘The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species,morphotypes,and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico.Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa,Nayarit,Oaxaca,Tabasco,and Yucatán in two agroecosystems:Backyard-garden and monoculture.Fifteen phenotypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and multivariate analyses of principal components analysis(PCA)and hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method.The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment.A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics.Of the total variation,13.0%was distributed among species,27.9%among morphotypes,8.1%among populations,and 51.0%within populations.Because plants grew in a uniform environment,these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species,morphotypes,and populations have a genetic basis.Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes,suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsicum.The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation.The first two components explained 59.64%of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90%of the total variation.Among the measured characteristics,number of seed per fruit,weight of the fruit,width of the fruit,length of the fruit,stem diameter,days to flowering,and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation,whereas width of the leaf,length of the leaf,and number of locules,number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2.The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups.One group consisted of populations collected in monoculture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions.The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer,wider,and higher weight fruits,plants were of less height,had smaller stem diameters,and lower number of fruits than the populations collected from the backyard-garden conditions.The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species,considered wild or semi-domesticated,constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100200 and 2016YFD0101700)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25 and CARS-24-A-01)+1 种基金the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1610032011011)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS)
文摘Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.
基金supported by the Guangdong Key Research and Development Program (2018B020202010)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31572124)+1 种基金Key Project of Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2015B020202009)the Key Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (201508030021)
文摘To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtained from the anthers of a Capsicum annuum nuclear male-fertile line. Sequence analysis indicated that the full length of CaMF5 was 747 bp, containing a maximum opening reading frame of 447 bp.Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaMF5 shared approximately 37%–77% homology with a series of uncharacterized or hypothetical proteins and late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) proteins from other plants. However, no LEA structural domain was detected in CaMF5, which indicated that it might be a new type of LEA gene. CaMF5 was only expressed in flower buds at stages 7 and 8 and in open flowers of the male-fertile line, whereas it exhibited no expression in any examined organs of the male-sterile line. In addition, CaMF5 showed the highest transcript abundance in the anthers of the male-fertile line, with no expression being detected in any other examined organs, such as the sepals, petals, pistils, roots, stems, or leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMF5 is an anther-specific gene that might encode a new type of LEA protein related to anther and/or pollen development in C. annuum.
基金This work was supported by research grants provided by Enza Zaden and Rijk ZwaanLibrary preparation and sequencing costs were provided by 10x GenomicsAdditional support was from the UC Davis Seed Biotechnology Center and USDA-ARS Project#6066-21310-004-00-D.
文摘Linked-Read sequencing technology has recently been employed successfully for de novo assembly of human genomes,however,the utility of this technology for complex plant genomes is unproven.We evaluated the technology for this purpose by sequencing the 3.5-gigabase(Gb)diploid pepper(Capsicum annuum)genome with a single Linked-Read library.Plant genomes,including pepper,are characterized by long,highly similar repetitive sequences.Accordingly,significant effort is used to ensure that the sequenced plant is highly homozygous and the resulting assembly is a haploid consensus.With a phased assembly approach,we targeted a heterozygous F1 derived from a wide cross to assess the ability to derive both haplotypes and characterize a pungency gene with a large insertion/deletion.The Supernova software generated a highly ordered,more contiguous sequence assembly than all currently available C.annuum reference genomes.Over 83%of the final assembly was anchored and oriented using four publicly available de novo linkage maps.A comparison of the annotation of conserved eukaryotic genes indicated the completeness of assembly.The validity of the phased assembly is further demonstrated with the complete recovery of both 2.5-Kb insertion/deletion haplotypes of the PUN1 locus in the F1 sample that represents pungent and nonpungent peppers,as well as nearly full recovery of the BUSCO2 gene set within each of the two haplotypes.The most contiguous pepper genome assembly to date has been generated which demonstrates that Linked-Read library technology provides a tool to de novo assemble complex highly repetitive heterozygous plant genomes.This technology can provide an opportunity to cost-effectively develop high-quality genome assemblies for other complex plants and compare structural and gene differences through accurate haplotype reconstruction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101704)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662017PY036)M.M.was supported by the China Post-Doc Organization(Post-Doctoral grant no.192704).
文摘Pepper species(Capsicum spp.)are widely used as food,spice,decoration,and medicine.Despite the recent old-world culinary impact,more than 50 commercially recognized pod types have been recorded worldwide from three taxonomic complexes(A,B,and P).The current study aimed to apply a pan-plastome approach to resolve the plastomic boundaries among those complexes and identify effective loci for the taxonomical resolution and molecular identification of the studied species/varieties.High-resolution pan-plastomes of five species and two varieties were assembled and compared from 321 accessions.Phyloplastomic and network analyses clarified the taxonomic position of the studied species/varieties and revealed a pronounced number of accessions to be the rare and endemic species,C.galapagoense,that were mistakenly labeled as C.annuum var.glabriusculum among others.Similarly,some NCBIdeposited plastomes were clustered differently from their labels.The rpl23-trnI intergenic spacer contained a 44 bp tandem repeat that,in addition to other InDels,was capable of discriminating the investigated Capsicum species/varieties.The rps16-trnQ/rbcL-accD/ycf3-trnS gene set was determined to be sufficiently polymorphic to retrieve the complete phyloplastomic signal among the studied Capsicum spp.The pan-plastome approach was shown to be useful in resolving the taxonomical complexes,settling the incomplete lineage sorting conflict and developing a molecular marker set for Capsicum spp.identification.
基金This research was supported by the Fundación PRO-DUCE AC-Yucatán,México(Project“Determinación de las propiedades funcionales del chile habanero”).
文摘Their high bioactive compounds content and importance as dietary antioxidants has increased interest in Capsicum fruit. The fruit of seven Capsicum chinense Jacq. var. habanero genotypes grown in Yucatan, Mexico, were analyzed to quantify their phenolic compounds, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents, and to measure their free radical scavenging (ABTS assay) and antioxidant activities (β-carotene/linoleic acid assay). Phenolics (20.54 to 20.75 mg/100 g sample), carotenoids (1.00 to 1.26 mg/100 g sample) and ascorbic acid contents (187.24 to 281.73 mg/100 g sample) varied between genotypes. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) ranged from 1.55 to 3.23 mM/mg sample. During the 120-min decolorization trial, antioxidant capacity decreased over time in the studied genotypes. Values ranged from 36%to 57% β-carotene bleaching during the first 30 minutes. Fruit from all seven studied genotypes are good antioxidant sources and hold promise as natural ingredients in functional foods.
文摘Capsicum annuum is the most widely cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in the world. For culinary purposes, its fruits are used for pungency (capsaicin) and also color (capsanthin). Capsaicin is also used for medicinal purposes particularly in anti-inflammatory formulations. Genetic divergence among 38 accessions collected from diverse locations in India (28 from Uttar Pradesh, 5 from Assam, 3 from Maharashtra and 2 from Uttaranchal), was estimated from the data pooled over 3 consecutive years for 15 morphological, growth and chemotypic characters that included days to first and second flowering, fruit onset, plant height, primary, secondary and tertiary branches, leaf surface area, fruit length and diameter, fruit surface area, fresh and dry fruit weight, capsaicin and capsanthin content. Based on this characterization the plants could be grouped into 7 clusters wherein substantial diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values (752.901 - 1918683.00). Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization combining desirable traits. The accessions labeled number 38, 27, 26, 14 and 24 to high capsaicin content (%);35, 23, 3, 16, 29 and 11 for high capsanthin content (%) and 26 and 27 for dual purpose had characteristics desirable. Above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.
文摘Different food operations have been intensified through assisting them by instant controlled pressure drop DIC treatment. Such processes should be defined in order to preserve the main nutritional and sensorial contents of the raw material. The present paper is dedicated to study the evolution of the main bioactive compounds (total phenolics and flavonoids) and functional properties such as the antioxidant activity of processed samples in the case of Green “Poblano” Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Results issued from DIC-assisted hot air drying, and DIC-assisted freezing, allowed to identifying the impact of DIC studied operating parameters, which were the saturated steam pressure and the processing time, and the best DIC treatment correlated with the considered operation.
文摘The participation of O-methyltransferase (COMT) in phenylpropanoid-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis has long been proposed. Ferulic acid, a phenylpropanoid intermediate, is a precursor of capsaicinoid biosynthesis and is produced from caffeic acid by the action of COMT. As previously reported that silencing Comt expression caused a drastic decrease in capsaicinoid accumulation, it was presumed that a Comt loss-of-function mutation would cause loss of pungency in Capsicum. This hypothesis was tested by cloning Comt1 and Comt2 from the placenta tissue of the pungent cultivar Habanero. The phylogenetic analysis and comparison of critical amino-acid residues for enzyme function showed that the two COMTs had high similarity with the COMTs of other plant species. Moreover, as the two Comts were both expressed in placenta tissue and expressed prior to the accumulation of capsaicinoids, the two genes could be candidates for capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Second, Comt1 loss-of-function mutants were screened from the germplasm. A truncated Comt1 transcript was expressed in non-pungent pepper No.3341 caused by deletion of the genomic region. The predicted No.3341 COMT1 lacked His-265, which was absolutely necessary for enzymatic activity. Contrary to our expectations, the Comt1 mutation was not related to non-pungency of No.3341, as the deletion of Comt1 did not co-segregate with non-pungency in the F2 population obtained from crossing No.3341 with Habanero. This result was confirmed by screening several pungent accessions harboring the same Comt1 deletion mutation. Although the participation of COMT in phenylpropanoid-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis has long been proposed, our present study shows that Comt1 can not be a target for controlling fruit pungency.
文摘Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum which possesses enormous wealth of genetic diversity. Extent of genetic diversity determines the success level of crop improvement programme. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the most widely used marker system for molecular diversity analysis especially in cultivated species. The aim of our present study was to assess the molecular genetic diversity of 20 local chilli genotypes of Bangladesh using SSR markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves and PCR reactions were performed. Eleven SSR primers were used in PCR amplification. Total 10 alleles were detected for the five polymorphic SSR loci, with a mean of 2.00 alleles per primer. Gene diversity ranged from 0.333 to 1.00 with an average of 0.567. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of the SSR primers ranged from 0.255 to 0.500 with an average value of 0.371. The similarity index matrix ranged from 0.00 to 1.000. It was highest in several germplasms viz. Pop-2 vs Pop-18;Pop-3 vs Pop-5 vs Pop-19 vs Pop-20 and the lowest in the germplasm Pop-8 vs Pop-18. Dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance using Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) indicated the segregation of 20 chilli genotypes into two main clusters. The SSR markers showed genetic variability in the studied pepper genotypes and they are powerful tools for estimating molecular diversity of chilli. The findings of the present study have potential applications in future breeding programme for the genetic improvement of chilli.
文摘The field experiment was conducted in the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between September to December 2012. Four accessions of pepper (Capsicum spp.), obtained from Moor plantation in Ibadan and LUTH (Lagos University Teaching Hospital) vegetable garden, Idi-Araba Lagos were evaluated to investigate the morpho-agronomic variability and interaction of accession × treatment × days after transplant in treatment combinations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus clarum) and cowdung. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The combined analysis of variance showed significant accession, treatment, days after transplant, and accession × treatment interactive effect for most of the growth characters at P 0.01 and P 0.05. The result also showed significant difference in yield related traits of fruits for pepper accessions. The number of leaves per plant was significant and positively associated with plant height (r = 0.516;P 0.05), and highly significant and positively correlated with the number of branches (r = 0.836;P 0.01), but negative and non-significantly related with stem girth. Glomus clarum treated plants responded significantly with higher growth and yield. It suggested that G. clarum treatment had higher potential in influencing crop yield compared to cowdung and untreated plants. This study further explored the relationship between G.
