To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS metho...To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.展开更多
Callus induction effects of nine varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were compared by taking stem segments and cotyledons of C. quinoa as the ex- plants. At the same time, callus JnductJon of stem segments was opti...Callus induction effects of nine varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were compared by taking stem segments and cotyledons of C. quinoa as the ex- plants. At the same time, callus JnductJon of stem segments was optimized, as well as the callus proliferation system. Research results showed that the optimal explant for callus induction was stem segment. The average callus induction rate of nine varieties reached 90% in culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. In the callus opti- mization test, treatment VI （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D ＋ 0.5 mg/L KT ＋ 0.5 mg/L NAA） and treatment II （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D） had close induction rate, but the callus morphology was greatly different. The latter had loose, glossy and yellowish white calluses. Therefore, culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D was the optimal for callus induction. And using 2, 4-D together with KT and NAA could significantly increase the proliferation rate of calluses.展开更多
The research reviewed biological characters and nutritional value of Chenopodium quinoa and concluded status quo of domestic cultivation and problems at promotion, as wel as application prospect in order to provide re...The research reviewed biological characters and nutritional value of Chenopodium quinoa and concluded status quo of domestic cultivation and problems at promotion, as wel as application prospect in order to provide references for re-search and development of Chenopodium quinoa.展开更多
The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in ...The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.展开更多
In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C...In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C.quinoa Willd.varieties needs to be strengthened;second,it is insufficient to master the training environment and cultivation techniques;third,the large-scale planting of C.quinoa Willd.is not enough;fourth,the degree of mechanization of C.quinoa Willd.planting is not enough.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward the following effective suggestions to strengthen the large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.:the first is to increase the investment in C.quinoa Willd.variety research;the second is to strengthen the analysis of introduction and screening of C.quinoa Willd.varieties;the third is to study the best planting environment and cultivation techniques of C.quinoa Willd.;the fourth is to increase the scale of mechanized production of C.quinoa Willd.;the fifth is to increase the research and development of C.quinoa Willd.related products and their deep processing technology.展开更多
This study was conducted to find a method for rapid determination of fat content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic...This study was conducted to find a method for rapid determination of fat content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra, so as to perform prediction. The results showed that within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm ^-1 , the quantification model of fat content built by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r cv^ 2 ） of 0.939 3 and a determination coefficient of validation （ rval^2 ） of 0.923 5. The near infrared spectral model of fat could be used for rapid detection of fat contents in quinoa.展开更多
This study was conducted to establish a method for rapid determination of crude starch content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, an...This study was conducted to establish a method for rapid determination of crude starch content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm^-1 by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing. The results showed that the quantification model of starch content had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r^2 cv ） of 0.914 7 and a determination coefficient of validation （ r^2 val ） of 0.903 1. The determination of starch content in complete quinoa seeds by near infrared spectroscopy is totally feasible.展开更多
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a staple food produced mainly by small-scale subsistence farmers in Peru’s highland. Dry seeds (cv. Pasankalla) were irradiated with doses of 150 Gy, 250 Gy and 350 Gy. In the M1...Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a staple food produced mainly by small-scale subsistence farmers in Peru’s highland. Dry seeds (cv. Pasankalla) were irradiated with doses of 150 Gy, 250 Gy and 350 Gy. In the M1 generation, the germination process was delayed with increasing radiation dose;seedling height, root length and leaf development were most reduced at 250 Gy and at 350 Gy, no plants survived. In M2, the maximum spectrum of chlorophyll mutations corresponded to 150 Gy and the maximum frequency to 250 Gy. The chlorine mutation was predominant, followed by xantha. Changes were registered for branch number, pedicel length, plant height, life-cycle duration, stem and foliage colour, and leaf morphology at the two doses, with improvements in plant type. More than one mutation per plant was found, especially at 250 Gy. In M3, the same spectrum of mutations was observed, along with a valuable change in grain colour.展开更多
Soil salinity is a wo rldwide issue and a major threat to global food security.Salinity tolerance is a complex mechanism that is conferred by numerous molecular,physiological,and biochemical traits.Of critical importa...Soil salinity is a wo rldwide issue and a major threat to global food security.Salinity tolerance is a complex mechanism that is conferred by numerous molecular,physiological,and biochemical traits.Of critical importance are plant's ability to regulate redox balance without compromising reactive oxygen species(ROS)signalling and maintain cytosolic ion homeostasis.In this study,the mechanistic basis of H^(+) retention ability in leaf mesophyll(an important but highly sensitive plant tissue)was compared between halophytic quinoa and glycophytic spinach.Phenotypic data showed quinoa outperformed spinach under 100 to 500 mmol L^(-1) NaCl salinity.The major difference behind this differential salinity sensitivity was a differential H^(+) uptake in leaf mesophyll.Electrophysiological and molecular experiments revealed that a superior ability of mesophyll H^(+) retention in quinoa was conferred by three complementary mechanisms:(ⅰ)an intrinsically lower H^(+)-ATPase activity in quinoa(potentially as an energy saving strategy);(ⅱ)reduced sensitivity of H^(+) transporters to ROS;and(ⅲ)increased sensitivity of ROS-inducible Ca^(2+)-permeable channels,Moreover,the sensitivity of H^(+)-transport systems to ROS was further examined in NaCl-acclimated quinoa and spinach plants.The key factors differentiating between H^(+) retention in acclimated leaf mesophyll was associated with the reduced sensitivity and gene expression of H^(+)-permeable outward rectifying channel(GORK),Arabidopsis potassium transporter 1(AKT1),and high affinity potassium transporter 5(HAK5)to additional NaCl and ROS stress,along with the upregulation of ROS scavenging system.Taken together,our results showed that the tissue-specific and ROS-specific regulation of H^(+) retention are important for conferring salinity tolerant at least in the halophyte quinoa.展开更多
The biofiltering capacity, distribution patterns and degradation of the antimicrobial sulfamethazine(SMT) by halophyte Chenopodium quinoa under hydroponic conditions and its further biodegradation through anaerobic di...The biofiltering capacity, distribution patterns and degradation of the antimicrobial sulfamethazine(SMT) by halophyte Chenopodium quinoa under hydroponic conditions and its further biodegradation through anaerobic digestion were evaluated. C. quinoa was cultivated for a complete life cycle under different concentrations of SMT(0, 2 and 5 mg/L) and sodium chloride(0 and 15 g/L). C. quinoa is able to uptake and partially degrade SMT. The higher the SMT concentration in the culture medium, the higher the SMT content in the plant tissue. SMT has different distribution patterns within the plant organs, and no SMT is found in the seeds.Dry crop residues containing SMT have a great potential to produce methane through anaerobic digestion and, in addition, SMT is further biodegraded. The highest specific methane yields are obtained using crop residues of the plants cultivated in the presence of salt and SMT with concentrations between 0 and 2 mg/L.展开更多
[Objective] To explore a rapid determination method for fiber content in grains of quinoa. [Method] Near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected. The predicted models for quantitative analysis of fiber c...[Objective] To explore a rapid determination method for fiber content in grains of quinoa. [Method] Near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected. The predicted models for quantitative analysis of fiber contents in the grains were built using near infrared transmittance spectroscopy （NITS）. [Result] In the wavelength range of 10 000-4 000 cm-1, the near infrared quantitative model of quinoa crude fiber was set up via first derivative ＋ vector normalization preprocessing and combining with the data from chemical methods. The calibration and prediction effect were best, and then the cross validation determination coefficient （FFcv） and external validation determination coefficient （FFval） of fiber by near in- frared quantitative model were 0.884 8 and 0.876 1, respectively. [Conclusion] the model of NITS about complete grains quinoa fiber can be available for fast detecting quinoa fiber content.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301372)Key Project of Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province(2011C12030)Innovation Training Project of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University(201301004)~~
文摘To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.
基金Supported by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(31301372)the Major Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(2011C12030)the Haixi Prefecture science and technology project of Qinghai Province(2012-Y01)~~
文摘Callus induction effects of nine varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were compared by taking stem segments and cotyledons of C. quinoa as the ex- plants. At the same time, callus JnductJon of stem segments was optimized, as well as the callus proliferation system. Research results showed that the optimal explant for callus induction was stem segment. The average callus induction rate of nine varieties reached 90% in culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. In the callus opti- mization test, treatment VI （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D ＋ 0.5 mg/L KT ＋ 0.5 mg/L NAA） and treatment II （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D） had close induction rate, but the callus morphology was greatly different. The latter had loose, glossy and yellowish white calluses. Therefore, culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D was the optimal for callus induction. And using 2, 4-D together with KT and NAA could significantly increase the proliferation rate of calluses.
基金Supported by Coarse Cereal Innovation Team of Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Technology SystemYouth Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2014QNM09)~~
文摘The research reviewed biological characters and nutritional value of Chenopodium quinoa and concluded status quo of domestic cultivation and problems at promotion, as wel as application prospect in order to provide references for re-search and development of Chenopodium quinoa.
基金Financial support received from Department of Biotechnology,Government of India vide grant No.BT/PR-8953/BCE/08/533/2007project sanctioned against grant No.BT/04/NE/2009financial support from Department of Science&Technology,Government of India in the form of a research fellowship under the INSPIRE program
文摘The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.
文摘In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C.quinoa Willd.varieties needs to be strengthened;second,it is insufficient to master the training environment and cultivation techniques;third,the large-scale planting of C.quinoa Willd.is not enough;fourth,the degree of mechanization of C.quinoa Willd.planting is not enough.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward the following effective suggestions to strengthen the large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.:the first is to increase the investment in C.quinoa Willd.variety research;the second is to strengthen the analysis of introduction and screening of C.quinoa Willd.varieties;the third is to study the best planting environment and cultivation techniques of C.quinoa Willd.;the fourth is to increase the scale of mechanized production of C.quinoa Willd.;the fifth is to increase the research and development of C.quinoa Willd.related products and their deep processing technology.
基金Supported by Special Fund for the Protection and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture(2017NWB036-20)Key Project of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(YGG17064)Key Research Plan Project of Shanxi Province(201603D21102)
文摘This study was conducted to find a method for rapid determination of fat content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra, so as to perform prediction. The results showed that within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm ^-1 , the quantification model of fat content built by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r cv^ 2 ） of 0.939 3 and a determination coefficient of validation （ rval^2 ） of 0.923 5. The near infrared spectral model of fat could be used for rapid detection of fat contents in quinoa.
基金Supported by Special Fund for the Protection and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture(2017NWB036-20)Key Project of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(YGG17064)Key Research Plan Project of Shanxi Province(201603D21102)
文摘This study was conducted to establish a method for rapid determination of crude starch content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm^-1 by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing. The results showed that the quantification model of starch content had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r^2 cv ） of 0.914 7 and a determination coefficient of validation （ r^2 val ） of 0.903 1. The determination of starch content in complete quinoa seeds by near infrared spectroscopy is totally feasible.
文摘Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a staple food produced mainly by small-scale subsistence farmers in Peru’s highland. Dry seeds (cv. Pasankalla) were irradiated with doses of 150 Gy, 250 Gy and 350 Gy. In the M1 generation, the germination process was delayed with increasing radiation dose;seedling height, root length and leaf development were most reduced at 250 Gy and at 350 Gy, no plants survived. In M2, the maximum spectrum of chlorophyll mutations corresponded to 150 Gy and the maximum frequency to 250 Gy. The chlorine mutation was predominant, followed by xantha. Changes were registered for branch number, pedicel length, plant height, life-cycle duration, stem and foliage colour, and leaf morphology at the two doses, with improvements in plant type. More than one mutation per plant was found, especially at 250 Gy. In M3, the same spectrum of mutations was observed, along with a valuable change in grain colour.
基金supported by the Grassland Ecological Restoration and Management Project of General Grassland Station of Xinjiang (XJCYZZ202102)。
文摘Soil salinity is a wo rldwide issue and a major threat to global food security.Salinity tolerance is a complex mechanism that is conferred by numerous molecular,physiological,and biochemical traits.Of critical importance are plant's ability to regulate redox balance without compromising reactive oxygen species(ROS)signalling and maintain cytosolic ion homeostasis.In this study,the mechanistic basis of H^(+) retention ability in leaf mesophyll(an important but highly sensitive plant tissue)was compared between halophytic quinoa and glycophytic spinach.Phenotypic data showed quinoa outperformed spinach under 100 to 500 mmol L^(-1) NaCl salinity.The major difference behind this differential salinity sensitivity was a differential H^(+) uptake in leaf mesophyll.Electrophysiological and molecular experiments revealed that a superior ability of mesophyll H^(+) retention in quinoa was conferred by three complementary mechanisms:(ⅰ)an intrinsically lower H^(+)-ATPase activity in quinoa(potentially as an energy saving strategy);(ⅱ)reduced sensitivity of H^(+) transporters to ROS;and(ⅲ)increased sensitivity of ROS-inducible Ca^(2+)-permeable channels,Moreover,the sensitivity of H^(+)-transport systems to ROS was further examined in NaCl-acclimated quinoa and spinach plants.The key factors differentiating between H^(+) retention in acclimated leaf mesophyll was associated with the reduced sensitivity and gene expression of H^(+)-permeable outward rectifying channel(GORK),Arabidopsis potassium transporter 1(AKT1),and high affinity potassium transporter 5(HAK5)to additional NaCl and ROS stress,along with the upregulation of ROS scavenging system.Taken together,our results showed that the tissue-specific and ROS-specific regulation of H^(+) retention are important for conferring salinity tolerant at least in the halophyte quinoa.
文摘The biofiltering capacity, distribution patterns and degradation of the antimicrobial sulfamethazine(SMT) by halophyte Chenopodium quinoa under hydroponic conditions and its further biodegradation through anaerobic digestion were evaluated. C. quinoa was cultivated for a complete life cycle under different concentrations of SMT(0, 2 and 5 mg/L) and sodium chloride(0 and 15 g/L). C. quinoa is able to uptake and partially degrade SMT. The higher the SMT concentration in the culture medium, the higher the SMT content in the plant tissue. SMT has different distribution patterns within the plant organs, and no SMT is found in the seeds.Dry crop residues containing SMT have a great potential to produce methane through anaerobic digestion and, in addition, SMT is further biodegraded. The highest specific methane yields are obtained using crop residues of the plants cultivated in the presence of salt and SMT with concentrations between 0 and 2 mg/L.
基金Supported by the Collection and Arrangement of Crop Germplasm Resources in Shanxi Province(2016zzcx-17)the Special Fund for the Protection and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture(2015NWB030-07)+1 种基金the Project of the National Science and Technology Infrastructure of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance(NICGR2015-026)the Special Fund for Seed Industry of Shanxi Province(2016zyzx41)~~
文摘[Objective] To explore a rapid determination method for fiber content in grains of quinoa. [Method] Near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected. The predicted models for quantitative analysis of fiber contents in the grains were built using near infrared transmittance spectroscopy （NITS）. [Result] In the wavelength range of 10 000-4 000 cm-1, the near infrared quantitative model of quinoa crude fiber was set up via first derivative ＋ vector normalization preprocessing and combining with the data from chemical methods. The calibration and prediction effect were best, and then the cross validation determination coefficient （FFcv） and external validation determination coefficient （FFval） of fiber by near in- frared quantitative model were 0.884 8 and 0.876 1, respectively. [Conclusion] the model of NITS about complete grains quinoa fiber can be available for fast detecting quinoa fiber content.
