This paper initially delineates the symptoms,characteristics,and hazards associated with Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle,as well as the transmission and infection pathways of the disease.Additionally,it proposes the p...This paper initially delineates the symptoms,characteristics,and hazards associated with Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle,as well as the transmission and infection pathways of the disease.Additionally,it proposes the prevention and control strategies of the disease,including rigorous investigation and monitoring of the disease,enhanced monitoring of seedlings and scions,and integrated disease management techniques to promote the tree s health and vitality.These strategies serve to inform the prevention and control of Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle in production.展开更多
To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fengh...To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was studied through a single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the best formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was composed of 4.5 g of tea,1.5 g of tea powder,60 g of milk and 5 g of white sugar.The Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce made under these conditions was light brown,and had suitable viscosity,delicate and rich taste.It had the fragrance of Fenghuang Dancong tea and the sweet aroma of chestnuts.展开更多
[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestn...[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestnuts, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation, introduction, and scientific planting of high-quality chestnuts. [Methods] The ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts in four orchards located in Qianxi, Qianan, Funing, and Qinglong of Hebei Science and Technology Normal University were selected. The climate and soil nutrient conditions of the four orchards were investigated. Growth indicators such as branch length and diameter, nut weight, and internal quality indicators such as starch, fat, and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was conducted on nine climate factors and twelve soil factors in the four chestnut orchards to identify the most closely related ecological factors influencing chestnut growth and quality. [Results] (i) Different orchards had varying climate conditions, with Qianan orchard having higher rainfall than the others, Funing orchard having the highest number of sunshine hours in the growing season, and Qinglong orchard experiencing the greatest temperature difference during the growing season. (ii) Significant differences were found in soil nutrient content among the orchards, with the coefficient of variation for organic matter and mineral elements ranging from 19.1% (S) to 80.3% (available phosphorus). (iii) The main ecological factor influencing chestnut growth was the photosynthetic factor, while fruit quality was influenced by a combination of climatic factors, photosynthetic factors, and nutrient factors. Key ecological factor indicators included: annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, growing season precipitation, growing season sunshine hours, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkali nitrogen, copper, zinc, available boron, and sulfur. Soluble solids were significantly positively correlated with growing season sunshine hours, and fat was significantly positively correlated with available potassium and alkali nitrogen, and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. [Conclusions] Orchards with high growing season precipitation, long sunshine hours, and high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content in the soil are more conducive to promoting the growth of ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts and improving fruit quality.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the differences of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of different varieties(strains),which will provide a theoretical basis for high photosynthesis effici...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the differences of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of different varieties(strains),which will provide a theoretical basis for high photosynthesis efficiency breeding and application in Chinese chestnut.[Methods]Six Chinese chestnut varieties of Castanea mollissima‘Yanbao’,C.mollissima‘Yanqiu’,C.mollissima‘Yanchang’,C.mollissima‘Yanjia’,C.mollissima‘Qianxi 37’,and C.mollissima‘Hybrid 22’were used as the materials.Using the portable photosynthesis system Li-6400,we measured the photosynthetic characteristics and diurnal variation of leaf samples of six different chestnut varieties or strains.We fitted the light response curves and photosynthetic parameters using the leaf floating model.Additionally,we determined the chlorophyll content in the leaves using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.[Results]Among the six chestnut varieties or strains,‘Yanqiu’exhibited a significantly higher photosynthetic light saturation point(P LSP)compared to other five varieties,and‘Hybrid 22’ranked second,indicating that these two varieties had the strongest adaptation to high light intensity.The photosynthetic light compensation point(P LCP)of‘Yanchang’was significantly higher than other five varieties,and"Qianxi 37"ranked second,indicating that these two varieties had the strongest adaptation to low light intensity.Additionally,they exhibited higher chlorophyll content and maintained good photosynthetic characteristics even in shaded environments with weak light stress.Varieties‘Yanbao’and‘Yanjia’showed higher P LSP and lower P LCP,indicating that these two varieties have a wider range of adaptation to light intensity.They were capable of efficiently utilizing light across a broader spectrum of intensities.‘Yanqiu’had the highest maximum net photosynthetic rate(P n,max)and the lowest dark respiration rate(R d),along with the highest chlorophyll content.It indicated that‘Yanqiu’has strong photosynthetic capacity and organic matter accumulation ability.It also had the highest P LSP,enabling it to fully utilize the high light environment of the Yanshan Mountains and possessed high light efficiency characteristics.The P n,max of‘Yanqiu’was significantly higher than other varieties.‘Hybrid 22’and‘Yanbao’also exhibited significantly higher P n,max compared with‘Yanjia’and‘Qianxi 37’.‘Yanchang’had the lowest P n,max.The order of P n,max among the six chestnut varieties or strains was as follows:‘Yanqiu’>‘Hybrid 22’>‘Yanbao’>‘Yanjia’>‘Qianxi 37’>‘Yanchang’.[Conclusions]展开更多
Chestnut leaves and bran were evenly mixed according to different mass ratios,and the mixtures were sprayed and inoculated with a certain amount of prepared EM microbial liquid,and then compressed into 70 cm×40 c...Chestnut leaves and bran were evenly mixed according to different mass ratios,and the mixtures were sprayed and inoculated with a certain amount of prepared EM microbial liquid,and then compressed into 70 cm×40 cm×30 cm blocks by a fully automatic yellow-storage block compression and packaging machine.The obtained blocks were packaged and sealed with plastic film,and placed in a freely ventilated place for more than 15 d of anaerobic fermentation,so as to obtain compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed.[Results]Through the detection and analysis of nutritional components in the compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed in the laboratory,the protein content was equal to or greater than 10.2%,which was 44.68%higher than that of unfermented chestnut leaf feed;the tannin content was equal to or greater than 638 mg/kg,which was 18.41%lower than that of the original feed;and the crude fiber content was equal to or greater than 19.5%,which was 14.09%lower than that of the original feed.[Conclusions]This study improves the palatability of chestnut leaf feed,increases the use efficiency of feed and reduces feeding cost.It is worth popularizing.展开更多
Non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract,chestnut wood tannin extract,have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions inv...Non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract,chestnut wood tannin extract,have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved.This method is based on two main steps:the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine.The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions.The carbohydrate skeleton of the hydrolysable tannin is also able to participate through its hydroxyl groups to the same two reactions rendering the whole molecular complex able to react to form NIPUs.The analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization(MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C NMR)to further investigate the reaction mechanisms involved revealed the unsuspected complexity of chestnut hydrolysable tannin,with different fragments reacting in different manners forming a hardened network of considerable complexity.As the morphology and performance of these types of foams changes slightly with the change in the amount of glutaraldehyde and hexamine hardeners,the best performing foam formulation previously determined was scanned by SEM and analysed chemically for the structures formed.展开更多
Chestnut is a high nutritional value food that has been widely used as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine.As an emerging functional food ingredient,Chinese chestnuts are rich in a range of bioactive nutrients suc...Chestnut is a high nutritional value food that has been widely used as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine.As an emerging functional food ingredient,Chinese chestnuts are rich in a range of bioactive nutrients such as starch,dietary fiber,fat,protein,trace metal element and vitamins A,B,C,D and other nutrients.In our study,Chinese chestnut powder(CCP)were added into bread formulation at 2%-6%levels(based on flour weight)to produce fresh bread with enhanced anti-staling characteristics and starch digestion inhibitory ability.The texture properties,retrogradation enthalpy,water distribution,and estimated glycemic index(eGI)of wheat bread containing CCP as a functional additive were also investigated.The results showed that incorporation of CCP apparently affected bread texture,resulting in increased hardness,as well as decreased the specific volume of wheat bread.These influences were generally proportional to the amount of CCP used.It was found that adding too much CCP resulted in a dark red color,showing increased significantly higher total color difference(ΔE)and L values.Conversely,addition of CCP significantly reduced starch digestion rate and digestion extent in bread,and the reduction degree was positively related to the amount of CCP applied.The greatest reduction in eGI value from 79.40(control)to 75.02(6%CPP bread)was observed.Meanwhile,the content of resistant starch of 6%CPP bread was about 1.36 times higher than that of control bread.CCP also reduced crumb water loss and drove the water shift from the bound to the mobile state after stored for 7 days.The retrogradation enthalpy analyses further confirmed that CCP inhibited starch retrogradation and recrystallization.These results suggested that Chinese chestnut powder could be incorporated into fresh bread to provide health functions,such as lowering potential glycaemic response and improving anti-staling characteristics of bread.展开更多
Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied ...Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied that adult characteristics are associated with the probability of extra-pair paternity(EPP),but it differs between species.Moreover,there are relatively few examples of the adaptive rationale for females’engagement in EPCs based on an examination of these more traditionally recorded traits,in combination with female flight-mediated traits such as wing length.We investigated whether EPP existed in the wild Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)population during three breeding seasons(2019–2021),and whether paternity was related to morphological traits of males and females.Eight highly variable microsatellite loci were used to identify paternity,and generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between paternity and morphological traits.We found that EPP existed in the Chestnut Thrush.53.3%(N=41/77)of the broods contained at least one extra-pair offspring(EPO),and 34.6%(N=72/208)of the nestlings were EPO.We also found that male wing length was negatively associated with the probability of EPP and the proportion of EPO.Female body length was positively related to the probability of EPP.Both female body condition and mass were negatively associated with the proportion of EPO.While other traits of male and female did not relate to the probability of EPP or the proportion of EPO.Extra-pair males had better body condition compared to the males they cuckolded.EPO did not differ from their half-siblings in terms of body size or body condition.The results suggest that body size and body condition were associated with EPP in the Chestnut Thrush.This study provides fundamental information for further studies on the evolution and maintenance of EPP in the Chestnut Thrush,and it is also useful for the comparison of EPP among Turdus species.展开更多
In this study,we investigated the preferable explant types and sterilization method for tissue culture in Chinese chestnut,in order to provide a technical support for the asexual reproduction of Chinese chestnut.The b...In this study,we investigated the preferable explant types and sterilization method for tissue culture in Chinese chestnut,in order to provide a technical support for the asexual reproduction of Chinese chestnut.The base,middle and apex parts of annual shoots with buds in Chinese chestnut were sampled and cut to 2-3 cm stem segments each with one bud,then sterilized orderly with different duration in 2%NaClO plus 0.1%HgCl_(2)solutions.The results indicated that the duration of 2%NaClO for 20 min+0.1%HgCl_(2)for 15 min exerted an effective disinfection property on the middle parts of annual shoots with buds,and achieved a contamination rate under 5%and a survival rate over 90%.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivat...[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivated water chestnut,wild chestnut,Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt were analyzed by RAPD technology. [Result] Among the screened random primers 841,842,807 and 840,the polymorphism of amplification product of 841 was evident,and the obtained bands in electrophoresis were clear and showed good repeatability. Cluster analysis result showed that the affinity of cultivated water chestnut and wild water chestnut was nearer than that between Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for cultivating high-quality new varieties of water chestnut.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L)...This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L) sodium hydrosulfide (NariS) on the photosynthesis of 'Hongli 2' chestnut seedlings and the chlorophyll content, proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in chestnut leaves under 100 mM NaCI stress were investigated. According to the results, spraying exogenous NariS had positive effects on photosynthesis of chestnut leaves. The application of NariS could alleviate the damage caused by salt stress on the leaves of chestnut seedlings to different degrees. Compared with the sole treatment with 100 mmol/L NaCI, the chlorophyll content and the proline content were improved. Moreover, MDA content had a significant drop, which effectively reduced the damage of cell membrane under salt stress, The alleviating effect was not obvious with the in- crease of treatment concentration, and the 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L NariS treatments exhibited better effects.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowe...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowering law and stamen and pistil growth were investigated in an artificial pollination experiment. [Result] Stamens and pistils reached their full bloom stages when the flower stalk lengths were approximate 37.0 and 46.9 cm, respectively, with a height difference of 9.84 cm and time difference of 28.5 h; and 9:00-11:00 a.m. was the optimal period for artificial pollination. Seven hours after artificial pollination, pistils wilted rapidly. The seed setting rates under artificial pollination and a natural condition was 43% and 15.5%, respectively. [Conclusion} The time difference between the full bloom stages of stamens and pistils is crucial to the success of artificial pollination of Chinese water chestnut. The seed setting rate under artificial pollination is much higher than that under a natural condition.展开更多
[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic ...[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic acid(99.5%),phosphoric acid(85%),hydrochloric acid(37%),sulfuric acid(98%).The research had analyzed the liquefaction effects of chestnut shells in presence of phenol and at liquefaction temperatures of 130,150 and 170 ℃,in which the proportion of added quantities of concentrated sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid,concentrated hydrochloric acid to phenol were 1%-6%.Properties of phenolic resin made from formaldehyde and phenol-liquefied products of chestnut shells catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃(WPF)were analyzed and compared with traditional phenolic formaldehyde resin(PF).[Result]Acid catalysts were better than alkaline ones in the phenol-liquefaction of chestnut shells,and the liquefaction ratio increased with the increasing of acidic intensity.The liquefaction ratio had attained the maximum as 92.11 % when catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃.The phenolic resin made from the liquefied products of chestnut shells was basically in accordance with the standard of GB/T 14732-93 when the mass ratio of chestnut shells powders to phenol was 1∶3.[Conclusion]It was possible to produce phenolic resin with liquefied chestnut shells.展开更多
[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relati...[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows: ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1:30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.展开更多
[Objective] The aims was to construct peak sweet processing suitability evaluation model and determine the suitable varieties of peak sweet processing in chestnut. [Method] "Zaofeng", "Yah Long" etc. 15 chestnut v...[Objective] The aims was to construct peak sweet processing suitability evaluation model and determine the suitable varieties of peak sweet processing in chestnut. [Method] "Zaofeng", "Yah Long" etc. 15 chestnut varieties in Yan Shan area were taken as research objects and investigated the sensory, physicochemical nutrition and processing indexes. The correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were adopted to simplify and calculate the evaluation index, and set up the mathematical model. [Result] Obvious differences in different varieties of raw materials and products of each index and some indicators existed significant correlation relationship; principal component analysis determined the five principal components: hardness, b value, moisture content, total sugar, browning degree and edible rate or the core indicators of quality evaluation in peak sweet chestnut, and the establishment of products comprehensive value scoring model: Y=0.033 509 hardness +0.033 509 b value +0.f85 1'73 moisture content +0.208 983 total sugar +0.108 499 browning degree +0.430 327 ratio of feed, peak sweet chestnut quality and raw material associated model: Y=-1.109+0.015 ratio of good fruit -0.018 kernel hardness +0.008 starch, [Conclusion] Peak sweet chestnut processing suitability evaluation model can provide the basis for chestnut processing and the suitable processing of the chestnut breeding; "Yanguang", "Yan Long", "Yankui", are very suitable, and "Zibo", "Yah Ping" are more appropriate for peak sweet processing.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well ...[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well as the relationship between occurrence and surroundings in field.[Result] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata has one generation each year in Yunhe County,Zhejiang Province,and overwinters by laying eggs in chestnut trunk with diameter of 5.0 cm.Adults and the nymphs feed on Glochidion puberum leaves,adults damage trunks of young chestnut by oviposition.Nymphs hatch in early April,adults moult in last June and lay eggs in middle July.[Conclusion] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata could be controlled by eliminating shrubs such asGlochidion puberum.,cutting the eggs in dormancy by an knife,spraying pesticides in middle April or June and July,coating stem in winter etc.展开更多
The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type (from three different pigs ifnishing diets:concentrate (CO), mixed ...The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type (from three different pigs ifnishing diets:concentrate (CO), mixed (MI) and chestnut (CH)) were used. Volatiles were extracted using a purge-and-trap method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified in dry-cured Celta ham samples. Most abundant volatiles in ham samples were aldehydes, which represented respectively, 53% (CO), 51% (MI) and 46% (CH) of the total volatile composition. With the exception of 2-butenal, 2-methyl, all aldehydes were affected by feeding system. On the other hand, hydrocarbons n-alkanes were the second major group in the volatile proifle of dry-cured Celta hams and represented 28.9, 35.7 and 32.4%of the total volatile composition for CO, MI and CH groups, respectively. Ham samples from chestnut group showed a higher content of alcohols and this result could be related with the inclusion of chestnut in the ifnishing diet of pigs. Principal component analysis showed a good separation among groups. The discriminant analysis selected eight variables (butanoic acid, hexanal, octanal, nonenal (E), decenal (E), tetradecane, decane trimethyl and pyridine 2-methyl) and calculated two discriminating functions to predict if chestnut has been included in the ifnishing diet. Thus, it was possible to discriminate between groups fed with ifnishing diets containing chestnuts in their composition (mixed and chestnut group).展开更多
Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and p...Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake (peanut oil pressing residue), on chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.展开更多
Somatic embryogenesis(SE)is an effective approach of in vitro regeneration that depends on plant cell totipotency.However,largely unknown of molecular mechanisms of SE in woody plants such as Chinese chestnut(Castanea...Somatic embryogenesis(SE)is an effective approach of in vitro regeneration that depends on plant cell totipotency.However,largely unknown of molecular mechanisms of SE in woody plants such as Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima Blume),limits the development of the woody plant industry.Here,we report the MADS-box transcription factor Cm AGL11 in Chinese chestnut.Cm AGL11 transcripts specifically accumulated in the globular embryo.Overexpression of Cm AGL11 in chestnut callus enhanced its SE capacity,and the development of somatic embryos occurred significantly faster than in the control.RNA-seq results showed that Cm AGL11 affects the expression of several genes related to the gibberellin,auxin,and ethylene pathways.Moreover,the analysis of DNA methylation status indicated that the promoter methylation plays a role in regulation of Cm AGL11 expression during SE.Our results demonstrated that Cm AGL11 plays an important role in the SE process in Chinese chestnut,possibly by regulating gibberellin,auxin,and ethylene pathways.It will help establish an efficient platform to accelerate genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in Chinese chestnut.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Demonstration Base Construction Project—Demonstration Base of Green and Efficient Production Technology for Chestnut in Yanshan Mountain Area.
文摘This paper initially delineates the symptoms,characteristics,and hazards associated with Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle,as well as the transmission and infection pathways of the disease.Additionally,it proposes the prevention and control strategies of the disease,including rigorous investigation and monitoring of the disease,enhanced monitoring of seedlings and scions,and integrated disease management techniques to promote the tree s health and vitality.These strategies serve to inform the prevention and control of Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle in production.
基金Supported by the Teaching Reform and Practice Project of Continuing Education in Guangdong Province in 2022(JXJYGC2022GX516).
文摘To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was studied through a single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the best formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was composed of 4.5 g of tea,1.5 g of tea powder,60 g of milk and 5 g of white sugar.The Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce made under these conditions was light brown,and had suitable viscosity,delicate and rich taste.It had the fragrance of Fenghuang Dancong tea and the sweet aroma of chestnuts.
基金Supported by Sub-project of National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2200405-4)。
文摘[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestnuts, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation, introduction, and scientific planting of high-quality chestnuts. [Methods] The ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts in four orchards located in Qianxi, Qianan, Funing, and Qinglong of Hebei Science and Technology Normal University were selected. The climate and soil nutrient conditions of the four orchards were investigated. Growth indicators such as branch length and diameter, nut weight, and internal quality indicators such as starch, fat, and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was conducted on nine climate factors and twelve soil factors in the four chestnut orchards to identify the most closely related ecological factors influencing chestnut growth and quality. [Results] (i) Different orchards had varying climate conditions, with Qianan orchard having higher rainfall than the others, Funing orchard having the highest number of sunshine hours in the growing season, and Qinglong orchard experiencing the greatest temperature difference during the growing season. (ii) Significant differences were found in soil nutrient content among the orchards, with the coefficient of variation for organic matter and mineral elements ranging from 19.1% (S) to 80.3% (available phosphorus). (iii) The main ecological factor influencing chestnut growth was the photosynthetic factor, while fruit quality was influenced by a combination of climatic factors, photosynthetic factors, and nutrient factors. Key ecological factor indicators included: annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, growing season precipitation, growing season sunshine hours, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkali nitrogen, copper, zinc, available boron, and sulfur. Soluble solids were significantly positively correlated with growing season sunshine hours, and fat was significantly positively correlated with available potassium and alkali nitrogen, and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. [Conclusions] Orchards with high growing season precipitation, long sunshine hours, and high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content in the soil are more conducive to promoting the growth of ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts and improving fruit quality.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD2200400)Doctoral Started Fund of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology (2023YB026)Hebei Qinglong Chinese Chestnut Technological Yard.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the differences of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of different varieties(strains),which will provide a theoretical basis for high photosynthesis efficiency breeding and application in Chinese chestnut.[Methods]Six Chinese chestnut varieties of Castanea mollissima‘Yanbao’,C.mollissima‘Yanqiu’,C.mollissima‘Yanchang’,C.mollissima‘Yanjia’,C.mollissima‘Qianxi 37’,and C.mollissima‘Hybrid 22’were used as the materials.Using the portable photosynthesis system Li-6400,we measured the photosynthetic characteristics and diurnal variation of leaf samples of six different chestnut varieties or strains.We fitted the light response curves and photosynthetic parameters using the leaf floating model.Additionally,we determined the chlorophyll content in the leaves using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.[Results]Among the six chestnut varieties or strains,‘Yanqiu’exhibited a significantly higher photosynthetic light saturation point(P LSP)compared to other five varieties,and‘Hybrid 22’ranked second,indicating that these two varieties had the strongest adaptation to high light intensity.The photosynthetic light compensation point(P LCP)of‘Yanchang’was significantly higher than other five varieties,and"Qianxi 37"ranked second,indicating that these two varieties had the strongest adaptation to low light intensity.Additionally,they exhibited higher chlorophyll content and maintained good photosynthetic characteristics even in shaded environments with weak light stress.Varieties‘Yanbao’and‘Yanjia’showed higher P LSP and lower P LCP,indicating that these two varieties have a wider range of adaptation to light intensity.They were capable of efficiently utilizing light across a broader spectrum of intensities.‘Yanqiu’had the highest maximum net photosynthetic rate(P n,max)and the lowest dark respiration rate(R d),along with the highest chlorophyll content.It indicated that‘Yanqiu’has strong photosynthetic capacity and organic matter accumulation ability.It also had the highest P LSP,enabling it to fully utilize the high light environment of the Yanshan Mountains and possessed high light efficiency characteristics.The P n,max of‘Yanqiu’was significantly higher than other varieties.‘Hybrid 22’and‘Yanbao’also exhibited significantly higher P n,max compared with‘Yanjia’and‘Qianxi 37’.‘Yanchang’had the lowest P n,max.The order of P n,max among the six chestnut varieties or strains was as follows:‘Yanqiu’>‘Hybrid 22’>‘Yanbao’>‘Yanjia’>‘Qianxi 37’>‘Yanchang’.[Conclusions]
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei ProvinceCentral Government-guided Local Science and Technology Development Project(226Z5504G)+1 种基金Tangshan Talent Funding Project(A202202005)Agricultural Science and Technology Achievement Promotion Project of Hebei Province(JNK 24083).
文摘Chestnut leaves and bran were evenly mixed according to different mass ratios,and the mixtures were sprayed and inoculated with a certain amount of prepared EM microbial liquid,and then compressed into 70 cm×40 cm×30 cm blocks by a fully automatic yellow-storage block compression and packaging machine.The obtained blocks were packaged and sealed with plastic film,and placed in a freely ventilated place for more than 15 d of anaerobic fermentation,so as to obtain compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed.[Results]Through the detection and analysis of nutritional components in the compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed in the laboratory,the protein content was equal to or greater than 10.2%,which was 44.68%higher than that of unfermented chestnut leaf feed;the tannin content was equal to or greater than 638 mg/kg,which was 18.41%lower than that of the original feed;and the crude fiber content was equal to or greater than 19.5%,which was 14.09%lower than that of the original feed.[Conclusions]This study improves the palatability of chestnut leaf feed,increases the use efficiency of feed and reduces feeding cost.It is worth popularizing.
文摘Non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract,chestnut wood tannin extract,have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved.This method is based on two main steps:the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine.The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions.The carbohydrate skeleton of the hydrolysable tannin is also able to participate through its hydroxyl groups to the same two reactions rendering the whole molecular complex able to react to form NIPUs.The analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization(MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C NMR)to further investigate the reaction mechanisms involved revealed the unsuspected complexity of chestnut hydrolysable tannin,with different fragments reacting in different manners forming a hardened network of considerable complexity.As the morphology and performance of these types of foams changes slightly with the change in the amount of glutaraldehyde and hexamine hardeners,the best performing foam formulation previously determined was scanned by SEM and analysed chemically for the structures formed.
基金This research has been financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1002300)Open Project Program of Grain,Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province,Henan University of Technology(GO202216)+1 种基金Doctor Foundation of Henan University of Technology(2019BS057)Cultivation Programme for Young Backbone Teachers in Henan University of Technology for financial support(21420187).
文摘Chestnut is a high nutritional value food that has been widely used as a tonic in traditional Chinese medicine.As an emerging functional food ingredient,Chinese chestnuts are rich in a range of bioactive nutrients such as starch,dietary fiber,fat,protein,trace metal element and vitamins A,B,C,D and other nutrients.In our study,Chinese chestnut powder(CCP)were added into bread formulation at 2%-6%levels(based on flour weight)to produce fresh bread with enhanced anti-staling characteristics and starch digestion inhibitory ability.The texture properties,retrogradation enthalpy,water distribution,and estimated glycemic index(eGI)of wheat bread containing CCP as a functional additive were also investigated.The results showed that incorporation of CCP apparently affected bread texture,resulting in increased hardness,as well as decreased the specific volume of wheat bread.These influences were generally proportional to the amount of CCP used.It was found that adding too much CCP resulted in a dark red color,showing increased significantly higher total color difference(ΔE)and L values.Conversely,addition of CCP significantly reduced starch digestion rate and digestion extent in bread,and the reduction degree was positively related to the amount of CCP applied.The greatest reduction in eGI value from 79.40(control)to 75.02(6%CPP bread)was observed.Meanwhile,the content of resistant starch of 6%CPP bread was about 1.36 times higher than that of control bread.CCP also reduced crumb water loss and drove the water shift from the bound to the mobile state after stored for 7 days.The retrogradation enthalpy analyses further confirmed that CCP inhibited starch retrogradation and recrystallization.These results suggested that Chinese chestnut powder could be incorporated into fresh bread to provide health functions,such as lowering potential glycaemic response and improving anti-staling characteristics of bread.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project 32070452).
文摘Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied that adult characteristics are associated with the probability of extra-pair paternity(EPP),but it differs between species.Moreover,there are relatively few examples of the adaptive rationale for females’engagement in EPCs based on an examination of these more traditionally recorded traits,in combination with female flight-mediated traits such as wing length.We investigated whether EPP existed in the wild Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)population during three breeding seasons(2019–2021),and whether paternity was related to morphological traits of males and females.Eight highly variable microsatellite loci were used to identify paternity,and generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between paternity and morphological traits.We found that EPP existed in the Chestnut Thrush.53.3%(N=41/77)of the broods contained at least one extra-pair offspring(EPO),and 34.6%(N=72/208)of the nestlings were EPO.We also found that male wing length was negatively associated with the probability of EPP and the proportion of EPO.Female body length was positively related to the probability of EPP.Both female body condition and mass were negatively associated with the proportion of EPO.While other traits of male and female did not relate to the probability of EPP or the proportion of EPO.Extra-pair males had better body condition compared to the males they cuckolded.EPO did not differ from their half-siblings in terms of body size or body condition.The results suggest that body size and body condition were associated with EPP in the Chestnut Thrush.This study provides fundamental information for further studies on the evolution and maintenance of EPP in the Chestnut Thrush,and it is also useful for the comparison of EPP among Turdus species.
基金Supported by The Sub-project of Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Chestnut Industry(202202)The Sub-project of Research and Development Center of Horticultural Crop Breeding Application Technology of Hebei University(YF201404)+1 种基金Chestnut Science and Technology Backyard of Hebei QinglongChina Rural Special Technology Association。
文摘In this study,we investigated the preferable explant types and sterilization method for tissue culture in Chinese chestnut,in order to provide a technical support for the asexual reproduction of Chinese chestnut.The base,middle and apex parts of annual shoots with buds in Chinese chestnut were sampled and cut to 2-3 cm stem segments each with one bud,then sterilized orderly with different duration in 2%NaClO plus 0.1%HgCl_(2)solutions.The results indicated that the duration of 2%NaClO for 20 min+0.1%HgCl_(2)for 15 min exerted an effective disinfection property on the middle parts of annual shoots with buds,and achieved a contamination rate under 5%and a survival rate over 90%.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2005ABA084)Major Projects of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (04Z002)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivated water chestnut,wild chestnut,Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt were analyzed by RAPD technology. [Result] Among the screened random primers 841,842,807 and 840,the polymorphism of amplification product of 841 was evident,and the obtained bands in electrophoresis were clear and showed good repeatability. Cluster analysis result showed that the affinity of cultivated water chestnut and wild water chestnut was nearer than that between Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for cultivating high-quality new varieties of water chestnut.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301733,31501742)Youth Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016YQN29)the Special Fund for Agricultural Fine Seed Project in Shandong Province(2016LZGC012)~~
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L) sodium hydrosulfide (NariS) on the photosynthesis of 'Hongli 2' chestnut seedlings and the chlorophyll content, proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in chestnut leaves under 100 mM NaCI stress were investigated. According to the results, spraying exogenous NariS had positive effects on photosynthesis of chestnut leaves. The application of NariS could alleviate the damage caused by salt stress on the leaves of chestnut seedlings to different degrees. Compared with the sole treatment with 100 mmol/L NaCI, the chlorophyll content and the proline content were improved. Moreover, MDA content had a significant drop, which effectively reduced the damage of cell membrane under salt stress, The alleviating effect was not obvious with the in- crease of treatment concentration, and the 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L NariS treatments exhibited better effects.
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowering law and stamen and pistil growth were investigated in an artificial pollination experiment. [Result] Stamens and pistils reached their full bloom stages when the flower stalk lengths were approximate 37.0 and 46.9 cm, respectively, with a height difference of 9.84 cm and time difference of 28.5 h; and 9:00-11:00 a.m. was the optimal period for artificial pollination. Seven hours after artificial pollination, pistils wilted rapidly. The seed setting rates under artificial pollination and a natural condition was 43% and 15.5%, respectively. [Conclusion} The time difference between the full bloom stages of stamens and pistils is crucial to the success of artificial pollination of Chinese water chestnut. The seed setting rate under artificial pollination is much higher than that under a natural condition.
基金Supported by Project of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z07090500550704)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(102102210447)~~
文摘[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic acid(99.5%),phosphoric acid(85%),hydrochloric acid(37%),sulfuric acid(98%).The research had analyzed the liquefaction effects of chestnut shells in presence of phenol and at liquefaction temperatures of 130,150 and 170 ℃,in which the proportion of added quantities of concentrated sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid,concentrated hydrochloric acid to phenol were 1%-6%.Properties of phenolic resin made from formaldehyde and phenol-liquefied products of chestnut shells catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃(WPF)were analyzed and compared with traditional phenolic formaldehyde resin(PF).[Result]Acid catalysts were better than alkaline ones in the phenol-liquefaction of chestnut shells,and the liquefaction ratio increased with the increasing of acidic intensity.The liquefaction ratio had attained the maximum as 92.11 % when catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃.The phenolic resin made from the liquefied products of chestnut shells was basically in accordance with the standard of GB/T 14732-93 when the mass ratio of chestnut shells powders to phenol was 1∶3.[Conclusion]It was possible to produce phenolic resin with liquefied chestnut shells.
文摘[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows: ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1:30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.
基金Supported by the Forestry Public Welfare Industry Research Special Fund Project of China(201304708)
文摘[Objective] The aims was to construct peak sweet processing suitability evaluation model and determine the suitable varieties of peak sweet processing in chestnut. [Method] "Zaofeng", "Yah Long" etc. 15 chestnut varieties in Yan Shan area were taken as research objects and investigated the sensory, physicochemical nutrition and processing indexes. The correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were adopted to simplify and calculate the evaluation index, and set up the mathematical model. [Result] Obvious differences in different varieties of raw materials and products of each index and some indicators existed significant correlation relationship; principal component analysis determined the five principal components: hardness, b value, moisture content, total sugar, browning degree and edible rate or the core indicators of quality evaluation in peak sweet chestnut, and the establishment of products comprehensive value scoring model: Y=0.033 509 hardness +0.033 509 b value +0.f85 1'73 moisture content +0.208 983 total sugar +0.108 499 browning degree +0.430 327 ratio of feed, peak sweet chestnut quality and raw material associated model: Y=-1.109+0.015 ratio of good fruit -0.018 kernel hardness +0.008 starch, [Conclusion] Peak sweet chestnut processing suitability evaluation model can provide the basis for chestnut processing and the suitable processing of the chestnut breeding; "Yanguang", "Yan Long", "Yankui", are very suitable, and "Zibo", "Yah Ping" are more appropriate for peak sweet processing.
基金Supported by the Project of Lishui Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province(2001206)~~
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well as the relationship between occurrence and surroundings in field.[Result] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata has one generation each year in Yunhe County,Zhejiang Province,and overwinters by laying eggs in chestnut trunk with diameter of 5.0 cm.Adults and the nymphs feed on Glochidion puberum leaves,adults damage trunks of young chestnut by oviposition.Nymphs hatch in early April,adults moult in last June and lay eggs in middle July.[Conclusion] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata could be controlled by eliminating shrubs such asGlochidion puberum.,cutting the eggs in dormancy by an knife,spraying pesticides in middle April or June and July,coating stem in winter etc.
基金financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(AGL2008-05274-C02-01/ALI)
文摘The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type (from three different pigs ifnishing diets:concentrate (CO), mixed (MI) and chestnut (CH)) were used. Volatiles were extracted using a purge-and-trap method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified in dry-cured Celta ham samples. Most abundant volatiles in ham samples were aldehydes, which represented respectively, 53% (CO), 51% (MI) and 46% (CH) of the total volatile composition. With the exception of 2-butenal, 2-methyl, all aldehydes were affected by feeding system. On the other hand, hydrocarbons n-alkanes were the second major group in the volatile proifle of dry-cured Celta hams and represented 28.9, 35.7 and 32.4%of the total volatile composition for CO, MI and CH groups, respectively. Ham samples from chestnut group showed a higher content of alcohols and this result could be related with the inclusion of chestnut in the ifnishing diet of pigs. Principal component analysis showed a good separation among groups. The discriminant analysis selected eight variables (butanoic acid, hexanal, octanal, nonenal (E), decenal (E), tetradecane, decane trimethyl and pyridine 2-methyl) and calculated two discriminating functions to predict if chestnut has been included in the ifnishing diet. Thus, it was possible to discriminate between groups fed with ifnishing diets containing chestnuts in their composition (mixed and chestnut group).
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Department of Guang-dong Province (No: 2004B33301007)the Rockefeller Brothers Fund
文摘Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake (peanut oil pressing residue), on chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2018YFD1000605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870671 and 31672135)+1 种基金the Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges under Beijing Municipality,China(IDHT20180509)the Supporting Plan for Cultivating High Level Teachers in Colleges and Universities in Beijing,China(CIT&TCD20180317)。
文摘Somatic embryogenesis(SE)is an effective approach of in vitro regeneration that depends on plant cell totipotency.However,largely unknown of molecular mechanisms of SE in woody plants such as Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima Blume),limits the development of the woody plant industry.Here,we report the MADS-box transcription factor Cm AGL11 in Chinese chestnut.Cm AGL11 transcripts specifically accumulated in the globular embryo.Overexpression of Cm AGL11 in chestnut callus enhanced its SE capacity,and the development of somatic embryos occurred significantly faster than in the control.RNA-seq results showed that Cm AGL11 affects the expression of several genes related to the gibberellin,auxin,and ethylene pathways.Moreover,the analysis of DNA methylation status indicated that the promoter methylation plays a role in regulation of Cm AGL11 expression during SE.Our results demonstrated that Cm AGL11 plays an important role in the SE process in Chinese chestnut,possibly by regulating gibberellin,auxin,and ethylene pathways.It will help establish an efficient platform to accelerate genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in Chinese chestnut.