Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis infections constitute a major public health problem, particularly in women. The objective of this study is to identify Chlamydia trachomatis to improve the health of women in the De...Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis infections constitute a major public health problem, particularly in women. The objective of this study is to identify Chlamydia trachomatis to improve the health of women in the Department of Mayo-Boneye. Methodology: This is a prospective observational study that took place from October to December 2021, including 168 patients with their sociodemographic characteristics. The venous blood of the patients was collected in dry tubes and centrifuged to obtain the serum. The Chlamydia IgG Rapid Test Cassette was used for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia infection. The Epi Info 7<sup>TM</sup> software was used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: A total of 168 patients were included in this study. The average age was 26.36 ± 9.21 years, the median was 25.5 years with the extremes of 14 years and 70 years. Among these patients, 46.43% were illiterate, 5.95% and 20.83% were primary and secondary school students, respectively, and 26.79% university students. For marital status, 66.67% were single, 16.67% married, 10.71% divorced and 5.95% widowed. Regarding the profession, 26.79% were traders, 8.93% were employees and 64.29% unemployed. In this study, the 168 patients had performed Chlamydia trachomatis serology among whom 02 (1.19%) were excluded for invalid results and 10.71% presented positive cases. The city of Bongor was the most infected with 61% of cases. Among these patients, 54.22% were linked to risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis. The most infected age group was between 25 and 35 with a seroprevalence of 5.36% of cases. Conclusion: In this study, Chlamydia trachomatis was positive for 10.71% of diagnosed cases. The most affected age groups are young, sexually active women. The State should emphasize the screening of women, the awareness of students and academics.展开更多
AIM: To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) infection in non-high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS: This was a single-center, nonrandomize...AIM: To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) infection in non-high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS: This was a single-center, nonrandomized,prospective, case-control study. One hundred and four patients were divided into a study group with RRD(n =63) and a control group with traumatic retinal detachment(n =41). Samples of subretinal fluid(SFR), conjunctival,urethral/cervical swabs, and blood were collected. The frequency of detection of CT infection in SRF samples was determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR),direct fluorescence assay(DFA) and cell culture, whereas that in conjunctival swabs was determined by PCR and DFA, and those in urethral/cervical swabs and blood were determined by DFA. Yates Chi-square test(with Bonferroni correction) and two-tailed Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: SRF CT infection was detected more frequently in the study group(50.8%-71.4%) than in the control group(9.8%-12.2%) by all the methods used(P <0.01). The frequency of detection of conjunctival CT infection by DFA was higher in the RRD patients compared with the controls(81.0% vs 24.4%, P =0.004).The PCR detected conjunctival CT infection more often in the study group than in the controls(46.0% vs 9.8%, P =0.007). The DFA detected CT in blood specimens almost as frequently as in urogenital specimens, for the RRD patients(61.2% vs 63.5%) and the controls(7.3% vs 9.8%). CONCLUSION: CT infection is detected with high frequency in non-high myopes with RRD.展开更多
Genital tract infections with ureaplasma urealyticum(UU) and chlamydia trachomatis(CT) are the most frequent sexually-transmitted disease worldwide. UU and CT infections are considered to be the leading cause for infe...Genital tract infections with ureaplasma urealyticum(UU) and chlamydia trachomatis(CT) are the most frequent sexually-transmitted disease worldwide. UU and CT infections are considered to be the leading cause for infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known about the specific effect of cervical UU and CT infections on the etiology of female infertility, as well as the pregnancy outcomes of the patients undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer(IVF/ICSI-ET). In order to find the association between cervical UU and/or CT infection and pregnancy outcomes, we conducted a retrospective case-control study on the patients undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET with cervical UU and/or CT infection. A total of 2208 patients who received IVF/ICSI-ET were enrolled in this study. Data on the general conditions, pregnancy history and clinical pregnant outcomes were analyzed in terms of the cervical UU and CT detection. Our results revealed that cervical UU and CT infections were the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor-induced infertility. Moreover, the pregnancy rate, abortion rate, ectopic pregnancy rate and premature birth rate in patients with UU and/or CT infections showed no significant difference when compared with the control group. We recommend that cervical UU and CT detection should be an optional item for infertility patients and clinical UU detection should differentiate the subtypes of cervical UU. Positive cervical UU and CT infections should not be taken as strict contraindications for IVF/ICSI-ET.展开更多
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection can induce host cells to produce numerous cytokines.Cytokines play important roles in inflammatory response. Although inflammation can protect the body, persistent inflammation can...Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection can induce host cells to produce numerous cytokines.Cytokines play important roles in inflammatory response. Although inflammation can protect the body, persistent inflammation can lead to pathological changes and tissue damages. Further research should determine whether cytokine production directly affects development and outcomes of inflammation. This study summarizes Ct infection and related cytokines.展开更多
Objectives: To evaluate the Vidas Chlamydia(CHL)assay for detecting C.Trachomatis with swabs and first catch urine(FCU) specimens from STD patients and high risk populations. Methods: A total of 383 patients were test...Objectives: To evaluate the Vidas Chlamydia(CHL)assay for detecting C.Trachomatis with swabs and first catch urine(FCU) specimens from STD patients and high risk populations. Methods: A total of 383 patients were tested with tissue culture (TC), Vidas CHL and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)for C.trachomatis on male and female swabs, with Vidas CHL testing male FCU specimens. CHL positive and equivocal results were confirmed with a blocking assay (CHB). True positive were defined as either TC positive, or TC negtive but CHL and PCR positive. The performance of TC, CHL and PCR were evaluated according to this expanded gold standard. Results: Compared with the expanded gold standard, 54 of the 232 male specimens were true positive results. For male swabs, TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 90.7%, 96.3% and 94.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.3% and 97.2%,respectively. Differences were not statistically significant. For male FCU specimens, CHL sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 98.3%; there was little difference between these results and that of matched swabs. Compared with the expanded gold standard, 28 of the 151 female swabs were true positive; TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 82.1%, 100% and 96.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.4% and 97.6%,respectively. The difference was also not significant. Conclusions: Vidas CHL assay is very sensitive and specific for C.trachomatis detection with swab specimens of male andfemale STD patients. For male FCU specimens, the assay also had high sensitivity and specificity. CHB may not be needed inthe routine detection of Chlamydia infections. Population swith higher incidence of C.trachomatis infection.展开更多
Summary: Risk factors for genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection were investigated using an STD relative risk factor questionnaire among 176 patients and their regular sexual partners. Twenty-four independ...Summary: Risk factors for genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection were investigated using an STD relative risk factor questionnaire among 176 patients and their regular sexual partners. Twenty-four independent variables were selected for analysis, nine of which were confirmed as factors associated with C. trachomatis. Four of the nine factorswere significantly correlated to infection using a multifactorialunconditional logistic regression model which included: levelof education ( odds ratios [ORs]: 2.144 for below junior middleschool ), number of sexual partners ( ORs: 4.503 for≥5 ),number of regular partner's sexual partner ( ORs: 16.333 for≥5 ), STD history of regular partner ( ORs: 18.417 for theirSTD history ). These data demonstrate that regular partner'ssexual behaviors are also an important risk factor for Ctinfection among, STD clinic clients.展开更多
From 1992 to 1993, 1 389 cases of pregnancy at 12-20 gestational weeks were investigated. At first antenatal visit the samples of cervical secretion were taken for chlamydia trachomatis antigen test and blood samples ...From 1992 to 1993, 1 389 cases of pregnancy at 12-20 gestational weeks were investigated. At first antenatal visit the samples of cervical secretion were taken for chlamydia trachomatis antigen test and blood samples were tested for antidody simultaneously. Micro immunofluorescence展开更多
AIM: To determine the association between chlamydial conjunctivitis and genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Candida albicans, in addition to the possible relationship between cultured...AIM: To determine the association between chlamydial conjunctivitis and genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Candida albicans, in addition to the possible relationship between cultured bacterial pathogens and oculogenital chlamydial infection.METHODS: This study was performed on 100(50 symptomatic and 50 asymptomatic) women attending the Gynecological and Obstetric outpatient clinic of Alzahra hospital, Alazhar University. Simultaneously a conjunctival swab was taken from these patients.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was done on DNA extracted from both vaginal and conjunctival swab samples. Culture for both vaginal and conjunctival swabs was also done.RESULTS: Candida albicans was the predominant organism isolated by culture in 20% and 40% of conjunctival and vaginal swabs respectively. By the PCR method, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was present in 60% of symptomatic women, while genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection was present in 30% of symptomatic women. The results of this method also indicated that 25/50(50%) vaginal swabs were positive with PCR for Candida albicans versus 15/50(30%) were PCR positive in conjunctival swab. Mycoplasma genitalium was present in only 10% of vaginal swabs.Concomitant oculogenital PCR positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans were 30% and 28% respectively.CONCLUSION: Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with genital Chlamydia trachomatis in a high percentage of women followed by Candida albicans.Cultured bacterial organisms do not play a role in enhancement of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.展开更多
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. However, unlikethat in female infertility, the role of CT infection in male infertility remains controversia...Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. However, unlikethat in female infertility, the role of CT infection in male infertility remains controversial. The objective of this retrospective studywas to explore the impacts of CT infection in the genital tract on sperm quality, sperm acrosin activity, antisperm antibody levels,and inflammation in a large cohort of infertile males in China. A total of 7154 semen samples were collected from infertile malesubjects, 416 of whom were CT positive (CT+ group) and 6738 of whom were CT negative (CT− group), in our hospital betweenJanuary 2016 and December 2018. Routine semen parameters (semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, viability, motility,morphology, etc.), granulocyte elastase levels, antisperm antibody levels, and sperm acrosin activity were compared between theCT+ and CT− groups. Our results showed that CT infection was significantly correlated with an abnormally low semen volume, aswell as an increased white blood cell count and granulocyte elastase level (all P < 0.05) in the semen of infertile males;otherroutine semen parameters were not negatively impacted. The antisperm antibody level and sperm acrosin activity were not affectedby CT infection. These findings suggested that CT infection might contribute to inflammation and hypospermia but does not impairsperm viability, motility morphology, and acrosin activity or generate antisperm antibodies in the infertile males of China.展开更多
Male genital tract inflammation/infection and its impact on male fertility are still widely neglected in the workup of male fertility disturbances.Apart from inconsistent definitions of such inflammatory conditions wh...Male genital tract inflammation/infection and its impact on male fertility are still widely neglected in the workup of male fertility disturbances.Apart from inconsistent definitions of such inflammatory conditions which allow no adequate diagnosis and,consequently,no rational therapeutic approach,the role of bacterial infection,in particular by Chlamydia trachomatis,is also controversially discussed.One reason for that may be insufficient tools of sperm analysis in many laboratories that only rely on basic semen parameters as sperm number,motility,and morphology,in best cases accompanied by determination of the concentration of leukocytes.展开更多
To the Editor:Chlamydia trachomatis(C.trachomatis)is obligate intracellular pathogens,often resulting in development of chronic disease and tissue damage as a consequence of the host inflammatory immune response as we...To the Editor:Chlamydia trachomatis(C.trachomatis)is obligate intracellular pathogens,often resulting in development of chronic disease and tissue damage as a consequence of the host inflammatory immune response as well as persistent infections,[1]which is associated with the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)mediated by Toll-like receptors(TLRs)and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88).[2]Furthermore,C.trachomatis has evolved the ability to block the apoptosis of its host cells involving the interaction of autophagy and apoptosis.[3]Novel strategies to prevent and treat C.trachomatis infection effectively are needed.展开更多
Object: To investigate the relationship between chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and urogenital infection. Method: Positive rate of CT in patients with inflammation of urogenital tract was significantly higher than those wi...Object: To investigate the relationship between chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and urogenital infection. Method: Positive rate of CT in patients with inflammation of urogenital tract was significantly higher than those without inflammation (P<0.05). Result: There was statistical difference in the males nomatter they were patients with inflammation of urogenital tract or not (P>0.05), while there was no statistical difference in females (P>0.05). The incidence of the infection was highamong those aging from 21-50 years old. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of CT infection were obscure, so we should examine CT in patients who have no symptoms, especially in females and those of high-risk population.展开更多
AIM:To determine the possibility of the development of dry eye disease(DED) as a result of persistent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the conjunctiva of patients.METHODS: This study ...AIM:To determine the possibility of the development of dry eye disease(DED) as a result of persistent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the conjunctiva of patients.METHODS: This study was conducted on 58 patients of age range 20-50 y,diagnosed with DED confirmed by Schirmer I test and tear breakup time.The non-dry eye control group included 27 subjects of the same age.Ocular specimens were collected as conjunctival scrapings and swabs divided into three groups: the first used for bacterial culture,the second and third taken to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by direct fluorescent antibody(DFA) assay and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. RESULTS: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 65.5% and 76% of DED patients by DFA and PCR methods respectively.Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in 44.8% of DED infected patients using the PCR method.Both organisms were identified in only 37.9% of DED patients found to be infected.Control subjects had a 22%detection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis by DFA assay versus a 7% detection rate by PCR; while Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 3.7% of the controls by PCR method.The conjunctival culture revealed that gram positive microorganisms represented 75% of isolates with coagulase negative Staphylococci the most common(50%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus(20%),whereas gram negative microorganisms occurred in 25% of cases,isolating Moraxella spp.as the most frequent organism. CONCLUSION: Our results tend to point out that Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were detected in a moderate percentage of patients with DED,and could be a fair possibility for its development.PCR is more reliable in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis than DFA technique.The presence of isolated conjunctival bacterial microflora can be of some potential value.展开更多
Aim：To relate thepresence of anti-Chlamydial trachomatis IgA in semen with sperm lipid membrane peroxidation and changes in seminal parameters.Methods:Semen samples of the male partners of 52 couples assessed for und...Aim：To relate thepresence of anti-Chlamydial trachomatis IgA in semen with sperm lipid membrane peroxidation and changes in seminal parameters.Methods:Semen samples of the male partners of 52 couples assessed for undiagnosed infertility were examined for the presence of IgA antibody against C.trachomatis.The level of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation was estimated by determining the malondialdehyde(MDA) formation.Results:Sperm membrane of infertile males with positive IgA antibodies against C.trachomatis showed a higher level of lipid peroxidation than that of infertile males with negative IgA antibody(P<0.05).There was a positive correlation(P<0.01) between the level of C.trachomatis antibody and the magnitude of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation.All the other tested semen parameters were found to be similar in the two groups.Conclusion:The activation of immune system by C.trachomatis may promote lipid peroxidation of the sperm membrane.This could be the way by which C.trachomatis affects fertility.展开更多
Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing seri...Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.展开更多
Background: Pharyngeal and anorectal reservoirs of gonorrhea(GC) and chlamydia(CT) are increasingly recognized among heterosexual women. While a number of studies performed at sexually transmitted disease(STD) clinics...Background: Pharyngeal and anorectal reservoirs of gonorrhea(GC) and chlamydia(CT) are increasingly recognized among heterosexual women. While a number of studies performed at sexually transmitted disease(STD) clinics have found a high prevalence of extragenital GC/CT infection, such screening is typically not offered during routine primary care visits for women. We sought to define the prevalence of and factors associated with extragenital GC/CT among women in the U.S. Navy.Methods: We recruited servicewomen stationed in San Diego, California, between the ages of 18 and 25 who presented for an annual physical exam between January and September, 2017. Nucleic acid amplification testing was performed on swabs collected at endocervical, oropharyngeal and anorectal sites to assess the presence of GC/CT. An anonymous behavioral questionnaire was also administered to characterize sexual risk. Descriptive statistics were used to compare women with and without a prior history of any sexually transmitted infection(STI)(self-report) along with a current GC/CT diagnosis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences.Results: Of the 75 patients who were approached, 60 subjects were enrolled in the study, including white 20(33.3%), black/African American 18(31.0%), Hispanic/Latina 13(21.7%) and Asian/Pacific Islander 9(15.5%) women. Among all the women, six(10.0%) were diagnosed with CT infection, all via endocervical exam. Of these, five(8.3%) had concurrent anorectal infection, including two cases(3.3%) accompanied by pharyngeal infection. Of the subjects, 15(25.0%) reported anal intercourse in their most recent sexual encounter, most of which was condomless(13/15, 86.7%). A high number of women who reported sex with a casual male partner(19/45, 42.2%) reported rarely or never using condoms;last, 41.7% consuming at least 3 drinks on a typical drinking day, and one-third of the reported drinking more than once per week.Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of anorectal CT infection, although no infections were detected without concurrent endocervical involvement. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse reported by participants argues for further study and ongoing consideration of extragenital screening among high-risk patients. Behavioral interventions are also warranted given the high prevalence of sexual and related risk factors.展开更多
To clone and construct the recombinant plasmid containing the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and to express the fusion protein in E.coli BL21, the MOMP gene was ampli...To clone and construct the recombinant plasmid containing the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and to express the fusion protein in E.coli BL21, the MOMP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genome of C.trachomatis serovar D. The fragment was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b(+) after digestion with BamHⅠ and NotⅠ and transformed into E.coli XL1-Blue. Recombinants were selected by enzyme digestion and sequencing and the recombinant plasmid with MOMP gene was then transformed into E.coli BL21 with IPTG to express the target gene. The expression recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. It was found that a 1.2?kb MOMP gene was isolated. The DNA sequence of MOMP was found to be just the same as the sequence published by GenBank. A recombinant plasmid containing MOMP gene was constructed to express the fusion proteins in E.coli. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 47?kDa that was consistent with the theoretical predicted value, and the specificity of the expressed protein was conformed by Western blot. It concluded that the MOMP gene could be expressed in the prokaryotic system, by which it provided the foundation for the future studies on the biological activities of C.trachomatis and for the development of vaccine against this pathogen.展开更多
AIM:To determine if and how a loop region in the peptide deformylase(PDF)of Chlamydia trachomatis regulates enzyme function. METHODS:Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study a structural model of the chlamydial...AIM:To determine if and how a loop region in the peptide deformylase(PDF)of Chlamydia trachomatis regulates enzyme function. METHODS:Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study a structural model of the chlamydial PDF(cPDF) and predict the temperature factor per residue for the protein backbone atoms.Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to construct cPDF variants.Catalytic properties of the resulting variants were determined by an enzyme assay using formyl-Met-Ala-Ser as a substrate. RESULTS:In silico analysis predicted a significant increase in atomic motion in the DGELV sequence(residues 68-72)of a loop region in a cPDF mutant,which isresistant to PDF inhibitors due to two amino acid substitutions near the active site,as compared to wild-type cPDF.The D68R and D68R/E70R cPDF variants demonstrated significantly increased catalytic efficiency.The E70R mutant showed only slightly decreased efficiency. Although deletion of residues 68-72 resulted in a nearly threefold loss in substrate binding,this deficiency was compensated for by increased catalytic efficiency. CONCLUSION:Movement of the DGELV loop region is involved in a rate-limiting conformational change of the enzyme during catalysis.However,there is no stringent sequence requirement for this region for cPDF enzyme activity.展开更多
Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a pros...Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a prospective case-control study of 85 cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and 100 cases of second trimester on-going intrauterine pregnant controls presenting in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) between September 2009 and March 2010. Study Site: This was at the gynaecological emergency room and antenatal clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Ethical approval was sought and granted by the ethics review committee of LASUTH. Study Participants: Patients presenting with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were recruited as cases while the controls were made up of those with uncomplicated second trimester intrauterine pregnancy. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was administered following informed consent. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each participant and tested for?Lymphogranuloma Venerum?(LGV) type 2 broadly reacting antigen of?Chlamydia trachomatis.?Data Analysis: Data gathered from the case notes and laboratories were imputed into the computer and analyzed using the statistical package?Epi-Info 3.51, Atlanta, USA. Frequency tables were generated for continuous variables and?chi-square analysis used to determine association between variables, with p values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: There were 91 cases of ectopic pregnancy among a total of 2468 deliveries giving an incidence of 3.68% or 1 in 27 deliveries. Factors which significantly contributed to increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in this study were: level of education (p = 0.001), socio-economic status (p = 0.001), parity (p = 0.005), early age of sexual debut (p = 0.001), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.001), previous pelvic inflammatory disease (p = 0.003), previous induced abortion (p = 0.013) and previous?postabortal/puerperal sepsis (p = 0.013). The seropositivity of?Chlamydia IgG (62.4%) in the cases was significantly higher than that of 29% in the control (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a high incidence of ectopic during the period of study and the seropositivity of Chlamydia IgG antibody was significantly higher amongst the cases. Risk factors identified were low level of education, low socio-economic status, low parity, early age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous induced abortion and previous postabortal/puerperal sepsis.展开更多
Chlamydial and gonococcal infections are recognized as two of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection which may lead to infertility. In this cross sectional study, we aimed to determine th...Chlamydial and gonococcal infections are recognized as two of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection which may lead to infertility. In this cross sectional study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis among Egyptian women using different microbiological methods. One hundred and fifty cervical swabs were collected, of which 100 were from infertile women. Culture and ELISA technique were used for screening of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis individually. In addition, PCR was used for all examined samples. For C. trachomatis, 3 cases were positive for antigen detection by ELISA. Moreover, in obtained results of PCR, DNA was detected in 4 samples, and three of them from infertile group. So based on PCR results, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 75% and 100% respectively. Furthermore, 3 samples were positive for gonococcal infections by PCR, and two of them were taken from infertile women. Positive results of two samples were verified by culture. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of culture method were 66.7% and 100% respectively. Results of this study indicate that PCR is a valuable method for detection of gonococcal and chlamydial infection and it is suitable for the confirmation of ELISA results for C. trachomatis diagnosis. Culture method is less sensitive than PCR for detection of N. gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of such infections is higher among infertile women.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis infections constitute a major public health problem, particularly in women. The objective of this study is to identify Chlamydia trachomatis to improve the health of women in the Department of Mayo-Boneye. Methodology: This is a prospective observational study that took place from October to December 2021, including 168 patients with their sociodemographic characteristics. The venous blood of the patients was collected in dry tubes and centrifuged to obtain the serum. The Chlamydia IgG Rapid Test Cassette was used for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia infection. The Epi Info 7<sup>TM</sup> software was used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: A total of 168 patients were included in this study. The average age was 26.36 ± 9.21 years, the median was 25.5 years with the extremes of 14 years and 70 years. Among these patients, 46.43% were illiterate, 5.95% and 20.83% were primary and secondary school students, respectively, and 26.79% university students. For marital status, 66.67% were single, 16.67% married, 10.71% divorced and 5.95% widowed. Regarding the profession, 26.79% were traders, 8.93% were employees and 64.29% unemployed. In this study, the 168 patients had performed Chlamydia trachomatis serology among whom 02 (1.19%) were excluded for invalid results and 10.71% presented positive cases. The city of Bongor was the most infected with 61% of cases. Among these patients, 54.22% were linked to risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis. The most infected age group was between 25 and 35 with a seroprevalence of 5.36% of cases. Conclusion: In this study, Chlamydia trachomatis was positive for 10.71% of diagnosed cases. The most affected age groups are young, sexually active women. The State should emphasize the screening of women, the awareness of students and academics.
文摘AIM: To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) infection in non-high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD).METHODS: This was a single-center, nonrandomized,prospective, case-control study. One hundred and four patients were divided into a study group with RRD(n =63) and a control group with traumatic retinal detachment(n =41). Samples of subretinal fluid(SFR), conjunctival,urethral/cervical swabs, and blood were collected. The frequency of detection of CT infection in SRF samples was determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR),direct fluorescence assay(DFA) and cell culture, whereas that in conjunctival swabs was determined by PCR and DFA, and those in urethral/cervical swabs and blood were determined by DFA. Yates Chi-square test(with Bonferroni correction) and two-tailed Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: SRF CT infection was detected more frequently in the study group(50.8%-71.4%) than in the control group(9.8%-12.2%) by all the methods used(P <0.01). The frequency of detection of conjunctival CT infection by DFA was higher in the RRD patients compared with the controls(81.0% vs 24.4%, P =0.004).The PCR detected conjunctival CT infection more often in the study group than in the controls(46.0% vs 9.8%, P =0.007). The DFA detected CT in blood specimens almost as frequently as in urogenital specimens, for the RRD patients(61.2% vs 63.5%) and the controls(7.3% vs 9.8%). CONCLUSION: CT infection is detected with high frequency in non-high myopes with RRD.
基金supported by a research program on the Hubei provincial population and family planning(No.JS-2012011)
文摘Genital tract infections with ureaplasma urealyticum(UU) and chlamydia trachomatis(CT) are the most frequent sexually-transmitted disease worldwide. UU and CT infections are considered to be the leading cause for infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known about the specific effect of cervical UU and CT infections on the etiology of female infertility, as well as the pregnancy outcomes of the patients undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer(IVF/ICSI-ET). In order to find the association between cervical UU and/or CT infection and pregnancy outcomes, we conducted a retrospective case-control study on the patients undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET with cervical UU and/or CT infection. A total of 2208 patients who received IVF/ICSI-ET were enrolled in this study. Data on the general conditions, pregnancy history and clinical pregnant outcomes were analyzed in terms of the cervical UU and CT detection. Our results revealed that cervical UU and CT infections were the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor-induced infertility. Moreover, the pregnancy rate, abortion rate, ectopic pregnancy rate and premature birth rate in patients with UU and/or CT infections showed no significant difference when compared with the control group. We recommend that cervical UU and CT detection should be an optional item for infertility patients and clinical UU detection should differentiate the subtypes of cervical UU. Positive cervical UU and CT infections should not be taken as strict contraindications for IVF/ICSI-ET.
文摘Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection can induce host cells to produce numerous cytokines.Cytokines play important roles in inflammatory response. Although inflammation can protect the body, persistent inflammation can lead to pathological changes and tissue damages. Further research should determine whether cytokine production directly affects development and outcomes of inflammation. This study summarizes Ct infection and related cytokines.
文摘Objectives: To evaluate the Vidas Chlamydia(CHL)assay for detecting C.Trachomatis with swabs and first catch urine(FCU) specimens from STD patients and high risk populations. Methods: A total of 383 patients were tested with tissue culture (TC), Vidas CHL and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)for C.trachomatis on male and female swabs, with Vidas CHL testing male FCU specimens. CHL positive and equivocal results were confirmed with a blocking assay (CHB). True positive were defined as either TC positive, or TC negtive but CHL and PCR positive. The performance of TC, CHL and PCR were evaluated according to this expanded gold standard. Results: Compared with the expanded gold standard, 54 of the 232 male specimens were true positive results. For male swabs, TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 90.7%, 96.3% and 94.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.3% and 97.2%,respectively. Differences were not statistically significant. For male FCU specimens, CHL sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 98.3%; there was little difference between these results and that of matched swabs. Compared with the expanded gold standard, 28 of the 151 female swabs were true positive; TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 82.1%, 100% and 96.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.4% and 97.6%,respectively. The difference was also not significant. Conclusions: Vidas CHL assay is very sensitive and specific for C.trachomatis detection with swab specimens of male andfemale STD patients. For male FCU specimens, the assay also had high sensitivity and specificity. CHB may not be needed inthe routine detection of Chlamydia infections. Population swith higher incidence of C.trachomatis infection.
文摘Summary: Risk factors for genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection were investigated using an STD relative risk factor questionnaire among 176 patients and their regular sexual partners. Twenty-four independent variables were selected for analysis, nine of which were confirmed as factors associated with C. trachomatis. Four of the nine factorswere significantly correlated to infection using a multifactorialunconditional logistic regression model which included: levelof education ( odds ratios [ORs]: 2.144 for below junior middleschool ), number of sexual partners ( ORs: 4.503 for≥5 ),number of regular partner's sexual partner ( ORs: 16.333 for≥5 ), STD history of regular partner ( ORs: 18.417 for theirSTD history ). These data demonstrate that regular partner'ssexual behaviors are also an important risk factor for Ctinfection among, STD clinic clients.
文摘From 1992 to 1993, 1 389 cases of pregnancy at 12-20 gestational weeks were investigated. At first antenatal visit the samples of cervical secretion were taken for chlamydia trachomatis antigen test and blood samples were tested for antidody simultaneously. Micro immunofluorescence
文摘AIM: To determine the association between chlamydial conjunctivitis and genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Candida albicans, in addition to the possible relationship between cultured bacterial pathogens and oculogenital chlamydial infection.METHODS: This study was performed on 100(50 symptomatic and 50 asymptomatic) women attending the Gynecological and Obstetric outpatient clinic of Alzahra hospital, Alazhar University. Simultaneously a conjunctival swab was taken from these patients.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was done on DNA extracted from both vaginal and conjunctival swab samples. Culture for both vaginal and conjunctival swabs was also done.RESULTS: Candida albicans was the predominant organism isolated by culture in 20% and 40% of conjunctival and vaginal swabs respectively. By the PCR method, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was present in 60% of symptomatic women, while genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection was present in 30% of symptomatic women. The results of this method also indicated that 25/50(50%) vaginal swabs were positive with PCR for Candida albicans versus 15/50(30%) were PCR positive in conjunctival swab. Mycoplasma genitalium was present in only 10% of vaginal swabs.Concomitant oculogenital PCR positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans were 30% and 28% respectively.CONCLUSION: Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with genital Chlamydia trachomatis in a high percentage of women followed by Candida albicans.Cultured bacterial organisms do not play a role in enhancement of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Guangzhou City Science,Technology and Innovation Commission(No.201804010340 and 202002030077)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82002774 and 81401206)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010065)Guangdong Province Outstanding Youth Medical Talent Program(No.110217110)Liwan District Science and Technology Planning Project(No.201804013)The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Elite Talent Fund Project(No.110217103).
文摘Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. However, unlikethat in female infertility, the role of CT infection in male infertility remains controversial. The objective of this retrospective studywas to explore the impacts of CT infection in the genital tract on sperm quality, sperm acrosin activity, antisperm antibody levels,and inflammation in a large cohort of infertile males in China. A total of 7154 semen samples were collected from infertile malesubjects, 416 of whom were CT positive (CT+ group) and 6738 of whom were CT negative (CT− group), in our hospital betweenJanuary 2016 and December 2018. Routine semen parameters (semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, viability, motility,morphology, etc.), granulocyte elastase levels, antisperm antibody levels, and sperm acrosin activity were compared between theCT+ and CT− groups. Our results showed that CT infection was significantly correlated with an abnormally low semen volume, aswell as an increased white blood cell count and granulocyte elastase level (all P < 0.05) in the semen of infertile males;otherroutine semen parameters were not negatively impacted. The antisperm antibody level and sperm acrosin activity were not affectedby CT infection. These findings suggested that CT infection might contribute to inflammation and hypospermia but does not impairsperm viability, motility morphology, and acrosin activity or generate antisperm antibodies in the infertile males of China.
文摘Male genital tract inflammation/infection and its impact on male fertility are still widely neglected in the workup of male fertility disturbances.Apart from inconsistent definitions of such inflammatory conditions which allow no adequate diagnosis and,consequently,no rational therapeutic approach,the role of bacterial infection,in particular by Chlamydia trachomatis,is also controversially discussed.One reason for that may be insufficient tools of sperm analysis in many laboratories that only rely on basic semen parameters as sperm number,motility,and morphology,in best cases accompanied by determination of the concentration of leukocytes.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.cstc2020jcyjmsxmX1030)the Xinglin Scholar Research Premotion Project of Chengdu University of TCM(No.YYZX20180049)the Chongqing Science and Technology Department Project(No.cstc2018jxjll30065).
文摘To the Editor:Chlamydia trachomatis(C.trachomatis)is obligate intracellular pathogens,often resulting in development of chronic disease and tissue damage as a consequence of the host inflammatory immune response as well as persistent infections,[1]which is associated with the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)mediated by Toll-like receptors(TLRs)and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88).[2]Furthermore,C.trachomatis has evolved the ability to block the apoptosis of its host cells involving the interaction of autophagy and apoptosis.[3]Novel strategies to prevent and treat C.trachomatis infection effectively are needed.
文摘Object: To investigate the relationship between chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and urogenital infection. Method: Positive rate of CT in patients with inflammation of urogenital tract was significantly higher than those without inflammation (P<0.05). Result: There was statistical difference in the males nomatter they were patients with inflammation of urogenital tract or not (P>0.05), while there was no statistical difference in females (P>0.05). The incidence of the infection was highamong those aging from 21-50 years old. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of CT infection were obscure, so we should examine CT in patients who have no symptoms, especially in females and those of high-risk population.
文摘AIM:To determine the possibility of the development of dry eye disease(DED) as a result of persistent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the conjunctiva of patients.METHODS: This study was conducted on 58 patients of age range 20-50 y,diagnosed with DED confirmed by Schirmer I test and tear breakup time.The non-dry eye control group included 27 subjects of the same age.Ocular specimens were collected as conjunctival scrapings and swabs divided into three groups: the first used for bacterial culture,the second and third taken to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by direct fluorescent antibody(DFA) assay and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. RESULTS: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 65.5% and 76% of DED patients by DFA and PCR methods respectively.Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in 44.8% of DED infected patients using the PCR method.Both organisms were identified in only 37.9% of DED patients found to be infected.Control subjects had a 22%detection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis by DFA assay versus a 7% detection rate by PCR; while Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 3.7% of the controls by PCR method.The conjunctival culture revealed that gram positive microorganisms represented 75% of isolates with coagulase negative Staphylococci the most common(50%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus(20%),whereas gram negative microorganisms occurred in 25% of cases,isolating Moraxella spp.as the most frequent organism. CONCLUSION: Our results tend to point out that Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were detected in a moderate percentage of patients with DED,and could be a fair possibility for its development.PCR is more reliable in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis than DFA technique.The presence of isolated conjunctival bacterial microflora can be of some potential value.
文摘Aim：To relate thepresence of anti-Chlamydial trachomatis IgA in semen with sperm lipid membrane peroxidation and changes in seminal parameters.Methods:Semen samples of the male partners of 52 couples assessed for undiagnosed infertility were examined for the presence of IgA antibody against C.trachomatis.The level of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation was estimated by determining the malondialdehyde(MDA) formation.Results:Sperm membrane of infertile males with positive IgA antibodies against C.trachomatis showed a higher level of lipid peroxidation than that of infertile males with negative IgA antibody(P<0.05).There was a positive correlation(P<0.01) between the level of C.trachomatis antibody and the magnitude of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation.All the other tested semen parameters were found to be similar in the two groups.Conclusion:The activation of immune system by C.trachomatis may promote lipid peroxidation of the sperm membrane.This could be the way by which C.trachomatis affects fertility.
基金This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),Grant#551245/2007-7.
文摘Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.
基金(IDCRP-092)supported by the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program(IDCRP)a Department of Defense(DoD)program executed through the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences(USUHS)+1 种基金federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,National Institutes of Health(NIH)under InterAgency Agreement(Y1-AI5072)
文摘Background: Pharyngeal and anorectal reservoirs of gonorrhea(GC) and chlamydia(CT) are increasingly recognized among heterosexual women. While a number of studies performed at sexually transmitted disease(STD) clinics have found a high prevalence of extragenital GC/CT infection, such screening is typically not offered during routine primary care visits for women. We sought to define the prevalence of and factors associated with extragenital GC/CT among women in the U.S. Navy.Methods: We recruited servicewomen stationed in San Diego, California, between the ages of 18 and 25 who presented for an annual physical exam between January and September, 2017. Nucleic acid amplification testing was performed on swabs collected at endocervical, oropharyngeal and anorectal sites to assess the presence of GC/CT. An anonymous behavioral questionnaire was also administered to characterize sexual risk. Descriptive statistics were used to compare women with and without a prior history of any sexually transmitted infection(STI)(self-report) along with a current GC/CT diagnosis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences.Results: Of the 75 patients who were approached, 60 subjects were enrolled in the study, including white 20(33.3%), black/African American 18(31.0%), Hispanic/Latina 13(21.7%) and Asian/Pacific Islander 9(15.5%) women. Among all the women, six(10.0%) were diagnosed with CT infection, all via endocervical exam. Of these, five(8.3%) had concurrent anorectal infection, including two cases(3.3%) accompanied by pharyngeal infection. Of the subjects, 15(25.0%) reported anal intercourse in their most recent sexual encounter, most of which was condomless(13/15, 86.7%). A high number of women who reported sex with a casual male partner(19/45, 42.2%) reported rarely or never using condoms;last, 41.7% consuming at least 3 drinks on a typical drinking day, and one-third of the reported drinking more than once per week.Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of anorectal CT infection, although no infections were detected without concurrent endocervical involvement. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse reported by participants argues for further study and ongoing consideration of extragenital screening among high-risk patients. Behavioral interventions are also warranted given the high prevalence of sexual and related risk factors.
文摘To clone and construct the recombinant plasmid containing the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and to express the fusion protein in E.coli BL21, the MOMP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genome of C.trachomatis serovar D. The fragment was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b(+) after digestion with BamHⅠ and NotⅠ and transformed into E.coli XL1-Blue. Recombinants were selected by enzyme digestion and sequencing and the recombinant plasmid with MOMP gene was then transformed into E.coli BL21 with IPTG to express the target gene. The expression recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. It was found that a 1.2?kb MOMP gene was isolated. The DNA sequence of MOMP was found to be just the same as the sequence published by GenBank. A recombinant plasmid containing MOMP gene was constructed to express the fusion proteins in E.coli. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 47?kDa that was consistent with the theoretical predicted value, and the specificity of the expressed protein was conformed by Western blot. It concluded that the MOMP gene could be expressed in the prokaryotic system, by which it provided the foundation for the future studies on the biological activities of C.trachomatis and for the development of vaccine against this pathogen.
基金Supported by A grant from the National Institutes of Health (AI071954)to Fan H
文摘AIM:To determine if and how a loop region in the peptide deformylase(PDF)of Chlamydia trachomatis regulates enzyme function. METHODS:Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study a structural model of the chlamydial PDF(cPDF) and predict the temperature factor per residue for the protein backbone atoms.Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to construct cPDF variants.Catalytic properties of the resulting variants were determined by an enzyme assay using formyl-Met-Ala-Ser as a substrate. RESULTS:In silico analysis predicted a significant increase in atomic motion in the DGELV sequence(residues 68-72)of a loop region in a cPDF mutant,which isresistant to PDF inhibitors due to two amino acid substitutions near the active site,as compared to wild-type cPDF.The D68R and D68R/E70R cPDF variants demonstrated significantly increased catalytic efficiency.The E70R mutant showed only slightly decreased efficiency. Although deletion of residues 68-72 resulted in a nearly threefold loss in substrate binding,this deficiency was compensated for by increased catalytic efficiency. CONCLUSION:Movement of the DGELV loop region is involved in a rate-limiting conformational change of the enzyme during catalysis.However,there is no stringent sequence requirement for this region for cPDF enzyme activity.
文摘Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of Chlamydia antibody in patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy compared to normal pregnant women and the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: This was a prospective case-control study of 85 cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and 100 cases of second trimester on-going intrauterine pregnant controls presenting in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) between September 2009 and March 2010. Study Site: This was at the gynaecological emergency room and antenatal clinic in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Ethical approval was sought and granted by the ethics review committee of LASUTH. Study Participants: Patients presenting with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were recruited as cases while the controls were made up of those with uncomplicated second trimester intrauterine pregnancy. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was administered following informed consent. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each participant and tested for?Lymphogranuloma Venerum?(LGV) type 2 broadly reacting antigen of?Chlamydia trachomatis.?Data Analysis: Data gathered from the case notes and laboratories were imputed into the computer and analyzed using the statistical package?Epi-Info 3.51, Atlanta, USA. Frequency tables were generated for continuous variables and?chi-square analysis used to determine association between variables, with p values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: There were 91 cases of ectopic pregnancy among a total of 2468 deliveries giving an incidence of 3.68% or 1 in 27 deliveries. Factors which significantly contributed to increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in this study were: level of education (p = 0.001), socio-economic status (p = 0.001), parity (p = 0.005), early age of sexual debut (p = 0.001), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.001), previous pelvic inflammatory disease (p = 0.003), previous induced abortion (p = 0.013) and previous?postabortal/puerperal sepsis (p = 0.013). The seropositivity of?Chlamydia IgG (62.4%) in the cases was significantly higher than that of 29% in the control (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a high incidence of ectopic during the period of study and the seropositivity of Chlamydia IgG antibody was significantly higher amongst the cases. Risk factors identified were low level of education, low socio-economic status, low parity, early age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous induced abortion and previous postabortal/puerperal sepsis.
文摘Chlamydial and gonococcal infections are recognized as two of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection which may lead to infertility. In this cross sectional study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis among Egyptian women using different microbiological methods. One hundred and fifty cervical swabs were collected, of which 100 were from infertile women. Culture and ELISA technique were used for screening of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis individually. In addition, PCR was used for all examined samples. For C. trachomatis, 3 cases were positive for antigen detection by ELISA. Moreover, in obtained results of PCR, DNA was detected in 4 samples, and three of them from infertile group. So based on PCR results, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 75% and 100% respectively. Furthermore, 3 samples were positive for gonococcal infections by PCR, and two of them were taken from infertile women. Positive results of two samples were verified by culture. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of culture method were 66.7% and 100% respectively. Results of this study indicate that PCR is a valuable method for detection of gonococcal and chlamydial infection and it is suitable for the confirmation of ELISA results for C. trachomatis diagnosis. Culture method is less sensitive than PCR for detection of N. gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of such infections is higher among infertile women.
