In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy stora...In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.展开更多
Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chlo...Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chloride ion is studied.The results show that the hydration products of soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement are mainly 5-phase,gypsum and brucite,which exist in the matrix in needle rod shape,long plate shape and hexagonal plate shape,respectively.When the molar ratio of MgO/MgCl_(2) is 8:1,the concentration of MgSO_(4) is 29%,and the mass ratio of soda residue:magnesium oxide:magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is 45.8:36.4:17.8.The chloride ion consolidation effect of the sample is the best,and the chloride ion consolidation content of the 7 d sample is about 93%.The chloride ion consolidation content of the 28 d sample is about 96%.展开更多
Corrosion attack of aluminium and magnesium based alloys is a major issue worldwide.The corrosion degradation of an uncoated and atmospheric plasma sprayed alumina(APS)coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigate...Corrosion attack of aluminium and magnesium based alloys is a major issue worldwide.The corrosion degradation of an uncoated and atmospheric plasma sprayed alumina(APS)coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated using immersion corrosion test in NaCl solutions of different chloride ion concentrations viz.,0.01 M,0.2 M,0.6 M and 1 M.The corroded surface was characterized by an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the corrosion deterioration of uncoated and coated samples were significantly influenced by chloride ion concentration.The uncoated magnesium and alumina coatings were found to offer a superior corrosion resistance in lower chloride ion concentration NaCl solutions(0.01 M and 0.2 M NaCl).On the other hand the coatings and Mg alloy substrate were found to be highly susceptible to localized damage,and could not provide an effective corrosion protection in solutions containing higher chloride concentrations(0.6 M and 1 M).It was found that the corrosion resistance of the ceramic coatings and base metal gets deteriorated with the increase in the chloride concentrations.展开更多
The influence of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the anticorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarizati...The influence of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the anticorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization curves. The results show that the film resistance increases with the solution temperature but decreases after 8 days' immersion, which indicates that the film formed at higher temperature has inferior anticorrosion behavior; Chloride ions and sulfide ions have remarkable effects on the electrochemical property of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water and the pitting potential declines with the concentration of chloride ions; the passivation current has no obvious effect; the rise of the concentration of sulfide ions obviously increases the passivation current, but the pitting potential changes little, which indicates that the two types of ions may have different effects on destructing passive film of stainless steel. The critical concentration of chloride ions causing anodic potential curve's change in simulated cooling water is 250 mg/L for 316 L stainless. The effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion resistance behavior of stainless steel is increasing the passivation current density Ip. The addition of 6 mg/L sulfide ions to the solution makes Ip of 316 L increase by 0.5 times.展开更多
Stable isotopes and chloride ion of precipitation are ideal environmental tracers to explain and reveal the formation and evolution mechanisms of water bodies. It is crucial to investigate the stable isotopes and chlo...Stable isotopes and chloride ion of precipitation are ideal environmental tracers to explain and reveal the formation and evolution mechanisms of water bodies. It is crucial to investigate the stable isotopes and chloride in precipitation events in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau(NETP) due to the limitation of available data. This study sampled each event of precipitation during the period from July 2018 to June 2019 and the monthly dustfall in the NETP to investigate the temporal changes of stable isotopes and chloride in precipitation, and to reveal the moisture source of precipitation over the NETP using a back trajectory model. Results showed that the δ^(2)H values of precipitation ranged from-183.51‰ to 17.75‰, and the δ^(18)O values ranged from-25.18‰ to 0.48‰. The slope of the Local Meteoric Water Line was slightly lower than 8 due to the effect of belowcloud secondary evaporation on the precipitation process. Most d-excess values were higher than 10‰ because moisture recycled from the continent and Qinghai Lake surface mixed with precipitation. The chloride in precipitation accounted for 86.5% of the annual total deposition mass of chloride(1329.64 mg/m2), indicating that precipitation was the main source of chloride in the NETP. The temperature and amount effects of stable isotope in the precipitation were obvious in the NETP. The precipitation was predominantly derived from the Westerly Circulation from September through May and the East Asian Monsoon from June to August, with precipitation amounts of 246.5 mm and 178.0 mm, respectively, indicating that the precipitation over the NETP brought by the Westerly Circulation was more than that brought by the East Asian Monsoon. The air mass over the NETP transited in late May and early September, and a slight change in transition period would mainly be related to the intensity of the East Asian Monsoon, which is strongly influenced by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation. These results provide not only baseline data for hydrological and climatological studies of the NETP but also valuable insights into the hydrological process in the inland arid area of Asia.展开更多
To investigate the transport characteristics of chloride ions in cement-based materials, the Mori-Tanaka (M-T) prediction scheme of the effective diffusion coefficient in composites containing single-phase and multi-p...To investigate the transport characteristics of chloride ions in cement-based materials, the Mori-Tanaka (M-T) prediction scheme of the effective diffusion coefficient in composites containing single-phase and multi-phase inclusions is systematically deduced based on the theory of composite mechanics and porous medium. The volume fraction, morphology and distribution of aggregates, as well as the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) are fully taken into consideration in this proposed model. The results show that the algorithm of M-T prediction scheme with high accuracy is relatively simple.展开更多
The impact of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%,3.5wt%,and 5.5wt%were studied by microstructure observation,immersion test,and electroch...The impact of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%,3.5wt%,and 5.5wt%were studied by microstructure observation,immersion test,and electrochemical test.The combined impacts of magnetic field and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys with various electrode potential phases were discussed.The results indicate that Al-3.0Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys corrode faster and have a higher pitting corrosion potential in the NaCl solution with a higher concentration.In addition,a magnetic field can lower the pitting sensitivity and corrosion rate of Al-3.0Mg and Al-3.0Mg-0.2R_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solution with different concentrations.However,at a higher concentration of NaCl solution,the magnetic field has a weaker inhibiting effect on corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity.In NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%and 3.5wt%,the corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity of Al-3.0Mg-1.0R_(E)/Fe alloys can be reduced by a magnetic field.However,in NaCl solution with the concentration of 5.5wt%,the corrosion rate of the alloys is increased by a magnetic field.展开更多
The durability performance of reinforced concrete(RC)building structures is significantly affected by the corrosion of the steel reinforcement due to chloride penetration,thus,the chloride ion diffusion coefficient sh...The durability performance of reinforced concrete(RC)building structures is significantly affected by the corrosion of the steel reinforcement due to chloride penetration,thus,the chloride ion diffusion coefficient should be investigated through experiments or theoretical equations to assess the durability of an RC structure.This study aims to predict the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete,a heterogeneous material.A convolutional neural network(CNN)-based regression model that learns the condition of the concrete surface through deep learning,is developed to efficiently obtain the chloride ion diffusion coefficient.For the model implementation to determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient,concrete mixes with w/c ratios of 0.33,0.40,0.46,0.50,0.62,and 0.68,are cured for 28 days;subsequently,the surface image data of the specimens are collected.Finally,the proposed model predicts the chloride ion diffusion coefficient using the concrete surface image data and exhibits an error of approximately 1.5E−12 m^(2)/s.The results suggest the applicability of proposed model to the field of facility maintenance for estimating the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete using images.展开更多
Chloride ions interact with aluminium in marine atmosphere to form corrosion cell.Due to this corrosion reaction occurs on their surface,aluminium is oxidized into Al3+.The corrosion reaction accelerates deterioration...Chloride ions interact with aluminium in marine atmosphere to form corrosion cell.Due to this corrosion reaction occurs on their surface,aluminium is oxidized into Al3+.The corrosion reaction accelerates deterioration in metal and it produces galvanic,pitting,stress,crevice,intergranular corrosion.Chloride ions decrease internal and external strength of aluminium metal.It is a very important metal so used in different appliances for e.g.road,water,air transports,housing,railways and other fields.Nanocoating and electrospray techniques used to check the corrosion of aluminium metal.For nanocoating and electrospray materials applied tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and MgO.Both materials formed composite barrier and developed a passive surface for Cl-ions.This barrier reduced the corrosion rate of aluminium.Nozzle spray and chemical vapour deposition technique used for coating process.The corrosion rate of metal was determined by gravimetric method.Corrosion potential and current density were calculated by potentiostat.The composite barrier formation was confirmed by activation energy,heat of adsorption,free energy,enthalpy and entropy.These thermal parameters were obtained by Arrhenius equation,Langmuir isotherm and Transition state equation.The adsorption of tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and MgO electrospray on aluminium surface was depicted by Langmuir,Frundlich and Temkin isotherm.The results of surface coverage area and coating efficiency were noticed that both materials were mitigated the corrosion rate of aluminium in chloride ions environment.展开更多
Due to the shortage of natural raw materials,many practitioners proposed to make concrete from desalinated sea sand.To reduce the risk of abuse of uncleaned sea sand,we proposed a new rapid test bar to detect chloride...Due to the shortage of natural raw materials,many practitioners proposed to make concrete from desalinated sea sand.To reduce the risk of abuse of uncleaned sea sand,we proposed a new rapid test bar to detect chloride ions in fresh concrete quantitatively.The test bars were prepared by mixing silver chromate with cotton fiber.By virtue of the high liquid-absorbent capacity of cotton fiber,the chloride-contained liquid in fresh concrete will rapidly enter into the test bar and react with the silver chromate to finally show a certain coloring height,which corresponds to the actual chloride content.In order to optimize the preparation process,the color rendering,testing time and stability of test rods under different mixing ratios and conditions were investigated.The relationship between color height and chloride content was established,and an auxiliary card is prepared for user-friendly calculation of chloride content.The results showed that the best performance of the test bar was obtained under the following conditions:mass concentration of silver chromate 5.0g/L,soaking time 1 min,drying temperature 50℃and content of discolored silica gel 0.5g/root.展开更多
Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of differe...Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of different low-temperaturecycles (20°C, –80°C, and −160°C) and concrete specimen crack widths (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mm) on the Cl−ion diffusion performance through rapid erosion tests conducted on pre-cracked concrete. The results show thatthe minimum temperature and crack width of freeze-thaw cycles enhance the erosive effect of chloride ions. TheCl− ion concentration and growth rate increased with the increasing crack width. Based on the experimental modeland in accordance with Fick’s second law of diffusion, the Cl− ion diffusion equation was modified by introducingcorrection factors in consideration of the freeze-thaw temperature, crack width, and their coupling effect.The experimental and fitting results obtained from this model can provide excellent reference for practical engineeringapplications.展开更多
This research aims to investigate the effect of frost damage on chloride transportation mechanism in ordinary andfiber concrete with both theoretical and experimental methods.The proposed theoretical model takes into a...This research aims to investigate the effect of frost damage on chloride transportation mechanism in ordinary andfiber concrete with both theoretical and experimental methods.The proposed theoretical model takes into account the varying damage levels caused by concrete cover depth and freeze-thaw cycles,which are the two primary parameters affecting the expression of the chloride diffusion coefficient.In the experiment,three types of concrete were prepared:ordinary Portland concrete(OPC),polypropylenefiber concrete(PFC),and steelfiber concrete(SFC).These were then immersed in NaCl solution for 120 days after undergoing 10,25,and 50 freeze-thaw cycles.The damage coefficient of the tested concrete was determined by measuring the dynamic elas-tic modulus.The results indicated that the relative dynamic elasticity modulus of the specimens decreased with each freeze-thaw cycle,and the chloride diffusion coefficient of the specimens increased as the degree of frost degradation increased.Samples containing steel and polypropylenefibers exhibited greater resistance to cyclic water freezing compared to the controlled concrete withoutfibers.A model has been also developed that takes into account the damage caused by freezing-thawing cycles and the depth of the concrete,which can predict variations in free chloride concentration at different depths.The calculated values were in good agreement with the test results for depths between 10 to 30 mm.This new damage-induced diffusion model can helpfill the gap in research on the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on chloride diffusion.展开更多
Recycled large aggregate self-compacting concrete (RLA-SCC) within multiple weak areas. These weak areas have poor resistance to chloride ion erosion, which affects the service life of RLA-SCC in the marine environmen...Recycled large aggregate self-compacting concrete (RLA-SCC) within multiple weak areas. These weak areas have poor resistance to chloride ion erosion, which affects the service life of RLA-SCC in the marine environment. A three-dimensional multi-phase mesoscopic numerical model of RLA-SCC was established to simulate the chloride ions transportation in concrete. Experiments of RLA-SCC immersing in chloride solution were carried out to verify the simulation results. The effects of recycled large aggregate (RLA) content and RLA particle size on the service life of concrete were explored. The results indicate that the mesoscopic numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. At the same depth, the closer to the surface of the RLA, the greater the chloride ion concentration. The service life of RLA-SCC in marine environment decreases with the increase of RLA content. Compared with the service life of 20% content, the service life of 25% and 30% content decreased by 20% and 42% respectively. Increasing the particle size of RLA can effectively improve the service life of RLA-SCC in chloride environment. Compared with the service life of 50 mm particle size, the service life of 70 mm and 90 mm increased by 61% and 163%, respectively. .展开更多
To clarify the correlation between alloy elements and growth pattern of the rust layers, the rusting evolution of the carbon and weathering steels was investigated by using the gold markers method. The corrosion exper...To clarify the correlation between alloy elements and growth pattern of the rust layers, the rusting evolution of the carbon and weathering steels was investigated by using the gold markers method. The corrosion experiments were carried out in a simulated environment containing chloride ions. The results indicate that Ni, Cu, Cr and Mo elements in the weathering steel suppress the rust crystallization and impede the rust layer growth to an internal development, and the suppression function benefits the formation of a protective rust layer. Moreover, c-FeOOH is mainly located in the outer rust layer, while b-FeOOH is mainly located in the inner rust layer, and the distribution of the rust compounds in the rust layer is closely related to the growth pattern of the rust layer.展开更多
Chloride ion batteries(CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant...Chloride ion batteries(CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant elemental resources and ideal discharge voltage plateau. However, the dissolution and huge volume change of metal chlorides during cycling lead to considerable short lifespan, which limits their potential application for CIBs. Herein, the bismuth chloride nanocrystal is confined in mesocellular carbon foam matrix by a new vacuum impregnation approach. The mesocellular carbon foam with large interconnected pores(15.7 or 23.2 nm) may buffer the large volume variation of bismuth chloride during charge and discharge, giving rise to significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. The as-prepared bismuth chloride@mesocellular carbon foam cathode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 298 m Ah/g and a reversible capacity of 91 m Ah/g after 60 cycles. In contrast, the pure bismuth chloride cathode almost cannot discharge after 30 cycles. This is the first report that the metal chloride cathode can achieve a prolonged cycling in CIBs.展开更多
The porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)nanosheets are successfully synthesized and further modified with nano-sized Ag by a simple wet-chemical process.Intere stingly,the Ag-modified porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(Ag-PCN)nanosheets exhibit...The porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)nanosheets are successfully synthesized and further modified with nano-sized Ag by a simple wet-chemical process.Intere stingly,the Ag-modified porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(Ag-PCN)nanosheets exhibit competitive fluorescence detection performance of chloride ion(Cl)in aqueous solutio n.Under the optimized conditions,the concentration of Cl could be quantitative analyzed with the Ag-PCN in a wide detection range from 0.5 mmol/L to 0.1 mol/L,with a low detection limitation of 0.06 mmol/L.It is confirmed that the fluorescence of PCN could be effectively decayed by the photoinduced charge transfer via the adsorbed Cl for trapping holes,mainly by means of the time-resolved fluorescence and surface photo voltage spectra.The porous structure and modified Ag promote the adsorption of Cl on resulting Ag-PCN,leading to excellent fluorescence detection for Cl.This work provides a feasible route to develop a fluorescence detection of Cl with g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheets in environment water.展开更多
The increasing utilization of titanium alloys in marine environments makes their microbiologically influenced corrosion study a timely matter.This work demonstrated that the corrosion ofTi-6 Al-4 V alloy was accelerat...The increasing utilization of titanium alloys in marine environments makes their microbiologically influenced corrosion study a timely matter.This work demonstrated that the corrosion ofTi-6 Al-4 V alloy was accelerated by a marine bacterium Shewanella algae in 2216 E medium with different Cl-level.Various electrochemical,pitting morphology and passive film analyses demonstrated that S.algae weakened the passive film,which made Cl-more aggressive.The synergy of those two factors caused considerable corrosion acceleration of the titanium alloy,leading to a maximum pit depth of 3.2μm and corrosion current density of 26.5 nA cm_(-2) in 2216 E medium with 3.50%(w/w)Cl^(-).展开更多
In recent years,Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes(PeLEDs)have received considerable attention in academia.However,with the development of PeLEDs,commercial applications of full-color PeLED technology are largely limite...In recent years,Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes(PeLEDs)have received considerable attention in academia.However,with the development of PeLEDs,commercial applications of full-color PeLED technology are largely limited by the progress of blue-emitting devices,due to the uncontrollably accurate composition,unstable properties,and low luminance.In this article,we add Cesium chloride(CsCl)to the quasi-two-dimensional(quasi-2D)perovskite precursor solution and achieve the relatively blue shifts of PeLED emission peak by introducing chloride ions for photoluminescence(PL)and electroluminescence(EL).We also found that the introduction of chlorine ions can make quasi-2D perovskite films thinner with smoother surface of 0.408 nm.It is interesting that the EL peaks and intensities of PeLED are adjustable under different driving voltages in high concentration chlorine-added perovskite devices,and different processes of photo-excited,photo-quenched,and photo-excited occur sequentially with the increasing driving voltage.Our work provides a path for demonstrating full-color screens in the future.展开更多
The induction of oxidative species,driven by oscillating electric field(E),has recently emerged as an effective approach for tumor inhibition,so-called electrodynamic therapy(EDT).While it offers a series of advantage...The induction of oxidative species,driven by oscillating electric field(E),has recently emerged as an effective approach for tumor inhibition,so-called electrodynamic therapy(EDT).While it offers a series of advantages attracting considerable attention,the fundamental mechanism and improvement strategies for EDT approach are being endeavored extensively with the aid of new material explorations.An interesting phenomenon observed in early studies is that the on-site concentration of chloride ion is highly favored for the induction of oxidative species and the efficacy of tumor inhibition.Following this discovery ignored previously,here for the first time,fine Pt/Cu alloy nanoparticles(PtCu_(3) NPs)are integrated with chloride ion transporter(CIT)for EDT-based combinational therapy.In this system,while PtCu_(3) NPs induce oxidative species under an electric field,it also effectively transforms endogenous H_(2)O_(2) into·OH and consumes intracellular glutathione(GSH).More importantly,with the aid of CIT,PtCu_(3)-PEG@CIT NPs promote the intracellular concentration of chloride ion(Cl^(-))by transporting extracellular Cl^(-),facilitating the generation of oxidative species considerably.Meanwhile,CIT delivered intracellularly increases lysosomal pH,leading to the disruption of cellular autophagy and weakening the treatment resistance.In consequence,significant tumor inhibition is enabled both in vitro and in vivo,due to the combination of unique characteristics offered by PtCu_(3)-PEG@CIT.展开更多
Zhoushan City in Zhejiang Province is the focus of China's reclamation area, and it also has a great influence on the groundwater quality. Based on the observed data of groundwater level and chloride ion concentra...Zhoushan City in Zhejiang Province is the focus of China's reclamation area, and it also has a great influence on the groundwater quality. Based on the observed data of groundwater level and chloride ion concentration, groundwater quality in the next 6 years in Zhoushan area is predicted and analyzed by using groundwater numerical simulation software GMS. According to the comparison of observed groundwater level and simulated groundwater level at the end time, it is found that the whole water level in the filling area has the small fluctuation, which is within the range of 1 m. And the highest concentration of chloride ion is in the eastern coastal area. The prediction results indicate that there is no obvious trend of sea water with high chloride ion concentration to land. Under the condition of the current groundwater utilization, the groundwater level in Donggang sea area of Zhoushan is stable, and the chloride ion concentration has a slight decrease trend.展开更多
基金the support of the National Energy-Saving and Low-Carbon Materials Production and Application Demonstration Platform Program (TC220H06N)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51832004,51972259,52127816)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2022CFA087)。
文摘In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.
基金Funded by Science and Technology Support Plan Project of the 13th Five-year Plan (No.2018YFD1101002-03)。
文摘Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chloride ion is studied.The results show that the hydration products of soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement are mainly 5-phase,gypsum and brucite,which exist in the matrix in needle rod shape,long plate shape and hexagonal plate shape,respectively.When the molar ratio of MgO/MgCl_(2) is 8:1,the concentration of MgSO_(4) is 29%,and the mass ratio of soda residue:magnesium oxide:magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is 45.8:36.4:17.8.The chloride ion consolidation effect of the sample is the best,and the chloride ion consolidation content of the 7 d sample is about 93%.The chloride ion consolidation content of the 28 d sample is about 96%.
文摘Corrosion attack of aluminium and magnesium based alloys is a major issue worldwide.The corrosion degradation of an uncoated and atmospheric plasma sprayed alumina(APS)coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated using immersion corrosion test in NaCl solutions of different chloride ion concentrations viz.,0.01 M,0.2 M,0.6 M and 1 M.The corroded surface was characterized by an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the corrosion deterioration of uncoated and coated samples were significantly influenced by chloride ion concentration.The uncoated magnesium and alumina coatings were found to offer a superior corrosion resistance in lower chloride ion concentration NaCl solutions(0.01 M and 0.2 M NaCl).On the other hand the coatings and Mg alloy substrate were found to be highly susceptible to localized damage,and could not provide an effective corrosion protection in solutions containing higher chloride concentrations(0.6 M and 1 M).It was found that the corrosion resistance of the ceramic coatings and base metal gets deteriorated with the increase in the chloride concentrations.
文摘The influence of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the anticorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization curves. The results show that the film resistance increases with the solution temperature but decreases after 8 days' immersion, which indicates that the film formed at higher temperature has inferior anticorrosion behavior; Chloride ions and sulfide ions have remarkable effects on the electrochemical property of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water and the pitting potential declines with the concentration of chloride ions; the passivation current has no obvious effect; the rise of the concentration of sulfide ions obviously increases the passivation current, but the pitting potential changes little, which indicates that the two types of ions may have different effects on destructing passive film of stainless steel. The critical concentration of chloride ions causing anodic potential curve's change in simulated cooling water is 250 mg/L for 316 L stainless. The effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion resistance behavior of stainless steel is increasing the passivation current density Ip. The addition of 6 mg/L sulfide ions to the solution makes Ip of 316 L increase by 0.5 times.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41877157, 41730854)the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG1904)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities of Shandong (2019KJH009)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019MD040)the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (2017-KF-15)。
文摘Stable isotopes and chloride ion of precipitation are ideal environmental tracers to explain and reveal the formation and evolution mechanisms of water bodies. It is crucial to investigate the stable isotopes and chloride in precipitation events in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau(NETP) due to the limitation of available data. This study sampled each event of precipitation during the period from July 2018 to June 2019 and the monthly dustfall in the NETP to investigate the temporal changes of stable isotopes and chloride in precipitation, and to reveal the moisture source of precipitation over the NETP using a back trajectory model. Results showed that the δ^(2)H values of precipitation ranged from-183.51‰ to 17.75‰, and the δ^(18)O values ranged from-25.18‰ to 0.48‰. The slope of the Local Meteoric Water Line was slightly lower than 8 due to the effect of belowcloud secondary evaporation on the precipitation process. Most d-excess values were higher than 10‰ because moisture recycled from the continent and Qinghai Lake surface mixed with precipitation. The chloride in precipitation accounted for 86.5% of the annual total deposition mass of chloride(1329.64 mg/m2), indicating that precipitation was the main source of chloride in the NETP. The temperature and amount effects of stable isotope in the precipitation were obvious in the NETP. The precipitation was predominantly derived from the Westerly Circulation from September through May and the East Asian Monsoon from June to August, with precipitation amounts of 246.5 mm and 178.0 mm, respectively, indicating that the precipitation over the NETP brought by the Westerly Circulation was more than that brought by the East Asian Monsoon. The air mass over the NETP transited in late May and early September, and a slight change in transition period would mainly be related to the intensity of the East Asian Monsoon, which is strongly influenced by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation. These results provide not only baseline data for hydrological and climatological studies of the NETP but also valuable insights into the hydrological process in the inland arid area of Asia.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.51778378,51478278)。
文摘To investigate the transport characteristics of chloride ions in cement-based materials, the Mori-Tanaka (M-T) prediction scheme of the effective diffusion coefficient in composites containing single-phase and multi-phase inclusions is systematically deduced based on the theory of composite mechanics and porous medium. The volume fraction, morphology and distribution of aggregates, as well as the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) are fully taken into consideration in this proposed model. The results show that the algorithm of M-T prediction scheme with high accuracy is relatively simple.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51909071)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20190493)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.B220202040)。
文摘The impact of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%,3.5wt%,and 5.5wt%were studied by microstructure observation,immersion test,and electrochemical test.The combined impacts of magnetic field and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg alloys with various electrode potential phases were discussed.The results indicate that Al-3.0Mg-xR_(E)/Fe alloys corrode faster and have a higher pitting corrosion potential in the NaCl solution with a higher concentration.In addition,a magnetic field can lower the pitting sensitivity and corrosion rate of Al-3.0Mg and Al-3.0Mg-0.2R_(E)/Fe alloys in NaCl solution with different concentrations.However,at a higher concentration of NaCl solution,the magnetic field has a weaker inhibiting effect on corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity.In NaCl solutions with concentrations of 1.5wt%and 3.5wt%,the corrosion rate and pitting sensitivity of Al-3.0Mg-1.0R_(E)/Fe alloys can be reduced by a magnetic field.However,in NaCl solution with the concentration of 5.5wt%,the corrosion rate of the alloys is increased by a magnetic field.
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-2021R1A2C2007904).
文摘The durability performance of reinforced concrete(RC)building structures is significantly affected by the corrosion of the steel reinforcement due to chloride penetration,thus,the chloride ion diffusion coefficient should be investigated through experiments or theoretical equations to assess the durability of an RC structure.This study aims to predict the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete,a heterogeneous material.A convolutional neural network(CNN)-based regression model that learns the condition of the concrete surface through deep learning,is developed to efficiently obtain the chloride ion diffusion coefficient.For the model implementation to determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient,concrete mixes with w/c ratios of 0.33,0.40,0.46,0.50,0.62,and 0.68,are cured for 28 days;subsequently,the surface image data of the specimens are collected.Finally,the proposed model predicts the chloride ion diffusion coefficient using the concrete surface image data and exhibits an error of approximately 1.5E−12 m^(2)/s.The results suggest the applicability of proposed model to the field of facility maintenance for estimating the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete using images.
文摘Chloride ions interact with aluminium in marine atmosphere to form corrosion cell.Due to this corrosion reaction occurs on their surface,aluminium is oxidized into Al3+.The corrosion reaction accelerates deterioration in metal and it produces galvanic,pitting,stress,crevice,intergranular corrosion.Chloride ions decrease internal and external strength of aluminium metal.It is a very important metal so used in different appliances for e.g.road,water,air transports,housing,railways and other fields.Nanocoating and electrospray techniques used to check the corrosion of aluminium metal.For nanocoating and electrospray materials applied tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and MgO.Both materials formed composite barrier and developed a passive surface for Cl-ions.This barrier reduced the corrosion rate of aluminium.Nozzle spray and chemical vapour deposition technique used for coating process.The corrosion rate of metal was determined by gravimetric method.Corrosion potential and current density were calculated by potentiostat.The composite barrier formation was confirmed by activation energy,heat of adsorption,free energy,enthalpy and entropy.These thermal parameters were obtained by Arrhenius equation,Langmuir isotherm and Transition state equation.The adsorption of tetrahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dihydrazone and MgO electrospray on aluminium surface was depicted by Langmuir,Frundlich and Temkin isotherm.The results of surface coverage area and coating efficiency were noticed that both materials were mitigated the corrosion rate of aluminium in chloride ions environment.
文摘Due to the shortage of natural raw materials,many practitioners proposed to make concrete from desalinated sea sand.To reduce the risk of abuse of uncleaned sea sand,we proposed a new rapid test bar to detect chloride ions in fresh concrete quantitatively.The test bars were prepared by mixing silver chromate with cotton fiber.By virtue of the high liquid-absorbent capacity of cotton fiber,the chloride-contained liquid in fresh concrete will rapidly enter into the test bar and react with the silver chromate to finally show a certain coloring height,which corresponds to the actual chloride content.In order to optimize the preparation process,the color rendering,testing time and stability of test rods under different mixing ratios and conditions were investigated.The relationship between color height and chloride content was established,and an auxiliary card is prepared for user-friendly calculation of chloride content.The results showed that the best performance of the test bar was obtained under the following conditions:mass concentration of silver chromate 5.0g/L,soaking time 1 min,drying temperature 50℃and content of discolored silica gel 0.5g/root.
基金the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Lakes,Ministry of Education,Hubei University of Technology(No.2020EJB004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51508171)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2020CFB860).
文摘Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of different low-temperaturecycles (20°C, –80°C, and −160°C) and concrete specimen crack widths (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mm) on the Cl−ion diffusion performance through rapid erosion tests conducted on pre-cracked concrete. The results show thatthe minimum temperature and crack width of freeze-thaw cycles enhance the erosive effect of chloride ions. TheCl− ion concentration and growth rate increased with the increasing crack width. Based on the experimental modeland in accordance with Fick’s second law of diffusion, the Cl− ion diffusion equation was modified by introducingcorrection factors in consideration of the freeze-thaw temperature, crack width, and their coupling effect.The experimental and fitting results obtained from this model can provide excellent reference for practical engineeringapplications.
基金supported by the Graduate Research Innovation Program of Jiangsu University(Si Y.D.,SJCX21_1689)the Foundation from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Yan Y.D.,51608233).
文摘This research aims to investigate the effect of frost damage on chloride transportation mechanism in ordinary andfiber concrete with both theoretical and experimental methods.The proposed theoretical model takes into account the varying damage levels caused by concrete cover depth and freeze-thaw cycles,which are the two primary parameters affecting the expression of the chloride diffusion coefficient.In the experiment,three types of concrete were prepared:ordinary Portland concrete(OPC),polypropylenefiber concrete(PFC),and steelfiber concrete(SFC).These were then immersed in NaCl solution for 120 days after undergoing 10,25,and 50 freeze-thaw cycles.The damage coefficient of the tested concrete was determined by measuring the dynamic elas-tic modulus.The results indicated that the relative dynamic elasticity modulus of the specimens decreased with each freeze-thaw cycle,and the chloride diffusion coefficient of the specimens increased as the degree of frost degradation increased.Samples containing steel and polypropylenefibers exhibited greater resistance to cyclic water freezing compared to the controlled concrete withoutfibers.A model has been also developed that takes into account the damage caused by freezing-thawing cycles and the depth of the concrete,which can predict variations in free chloride concentration at different depths.The calculated values were in good agreement with the test results for depths between 10 to 30 mm.This new damage-induced diffusion model can helpfill the gap in research on the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on chloride diffusion.
文摘Recycled large aggregate self-compacting concrete (RLA-SCC) within multiple weak areas. These weak areas have poor resistance to chloride ion erosion, which affects the service life of RLA-SCC in the marine environment. A three-dimensional multi-phase mesoscopic numerical model of RLA-SCC was established to simulate the chloride ions transportation in concrete. Experiments of RLA-SCC immersing in chloride solution were carried out to verify the simulation results. The effects of recycled large aggregate (RLA) content and RLA particle size on the service life of concrete were explored. The results indicate that the mesoscopic numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. At the same depth, the closer to the surface of the RLA, the greater the chloride ion concentration. The service life of RLA-SCC in marine environment decreases with the increase of RLA content. Compared with the service life of 20% content, the service life of 25% and 30% content decreased by 20% and 42% respectively. Increasing the particle size of RLA can effectively improve the service life of RLA-SCC in chloride environment. Compared with the service life of 50 mm particle size, the service life of 70 mm and 90 mm increased by 61% and 163%, respectively. .
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51304040 and 51275446)Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation (No. E2016203395)+1 种基金Young Teachers Independent Research Program of Yanshan University (No. 14LGB002)Open Research Program of National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling (No. NECSR-201503)
文摘To clarify the correlation between alloy elements and growth pattern of the rust layers, the rusting evolution of the carbon and weathering steels was investigated by using the gold markers method. The corrosion experiments were carried out in a simulated environment containing chloride ions. The results indicate that Ni, Cu, Cr and Mo elements in the weathering steel suppress the rust crystallization and impede the rust layer growth to an internal development, and the suppression function benefits the formation of a protective rust layer. Moreover, c-FeOOH is mainly located in the outer rust layer, while b-FeOOH is mainly located in the inner rust layer, and the distribution of the rust compounds in the rust layer is closely related to the growth pattern of the rust layer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51602150)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)the Opening Project of CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion。
文摘Chloride ion batteries(CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant elemental resources and ideal discharge voltage plateau. However, the dissolution and huge volume change of metal chlorides during cycling lead to considerable short lifespan, which limits their potential application for CIBs. Herein, the bismuth chloride nanocrystal is confined in mesocellular carbon foam matrix by a new vacuum impregnation approach. The mesocellular carbon foam with large interconnected pores(15.7 or 23.2 nm) may buffer the large volume variation of bismuth chloride during charge and discharge, giving rise to significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. The as-prepared bismuth chloride@mesocellular carbon foam cathode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 298 m Ah/g and a reversible capacity of 91 m Ah/g after 60 cycles. In contrast, the pure bismuth chloride cathode almost cannot discharge after 30 cycles. This is the first report that the metal chloride cathode can achieve a prolonged cycling in CIBs.
基金the NSFC project(Nos.U1805255,11704105)Heilongjiang PostdoctoralFund(No.LBH-Z17188)the Fundamental Research Funds of University in Heilongjiang Province(No.2017-KYYWF-0465)。
文摘The porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)nanosheets are successfully synthesized and further modified with nano-sized Ag by a simple wet-chemical process.Intere stingly,the Ag-modified porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(Ag-PCN)nanosheets exhibit competitive fluorescence detection performance of chloride ion(Cl)in aqueous solutio n.Under the optimized conditions,the concentration of Cl could be quantitative analyzed with the Ag-PCN in a wide detection range from 0.5 mmol/L to 0.1 mol/L,with a low detection limitation of 0.06 mmol/L.It is confirmed that the fluorescence of PCN could be effectively decayed by the photoinduced charge transfer via the adsorbed Cl for trapping holes,mainly by means of the time-resolved fluorescence and surface photo voltage spectra.The porous structure and modified Ag promote the adsorption of Cl on resulting Ag-PCN,leading to excellent fluorescence detection for Cl.This work provides a feasible route to develop a fluorescence detection of Cl with g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheets in environment water.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51871050 and 51901039)the Fund of Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Ship and Ocean Engineering+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.20180510041)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1907158)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the Ministry of Education of China(Nos.N180205021,N180203019,and N2002019)。
文摘The increasing utilization of titanium alloys in marine environments makes their microbiologically influenced corrosion study a timely matter.This work demonstrated that the corrosion ofTi-6 Al-4 V alloy was accelerated by a marine bacterium Shewanella algae in 2216 E medium with different Cl-level.Various electrochemical,pitting morphology and passive film analyses demonstrated that S.algae weakened the passive film,which made Cl-more aggressive.The synergy of those two factors caused considerable corrosion acceleration of the titanium alloy,leading to a maximum pit depth of 3.2μm and corrosion current density of 26.5 nA cm_(-2) in 2216 E medium with 3.50%(w/w)Cl^(-).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB2200103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61875186 and 61975196)+2 种基金the Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.Z160002)the Key Research Projects of Beijing Information Science and Technology University(BISTU)(Nos.2019-22,2019-23,2019-27)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors of BISTU(No.2019CGKF007)。
文摘In recent years,Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes(PeLEDs)have received considerable attention in academia.However,with the development of PeLEDs,commercial applications of full-color PeLED technology are largely limited by the progress of blue-emitting devices,due to the uncontrollably accurate composition,unstable properties,and low luminance.In this article,we add Cesium chloride(CsCl)to the quasi-two-dimensional(quasi-2D)perovskite precursor solution and achieve the relatively blue shifts of PeLED emission peak by introducing chloride ions for photoluminescence(PL)and electroluminescence(EL).We also found that the introduction of chlorine ions can make quasi-2D perovskite films thinner with smoother surface of 0.408 nm.It is interesting that the EL peaks and intensities of PeLED are adjustable under different driving voltages in high concentration chlorine-added perovskite devices,and different processes of photo-excited,photo-quenched,and photo-excited occur sequentially with the increasing driving voltage.Our work provides a path for demonstrating full-color screens in the future.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172289)Provincial Key research program of Zhejiang Province(2020C04005)+1 种基金‘111’Program funded by Education Ministry of China and Sate Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs(B16043)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.
文摘The induction of oxidative species,driven by oscillating electric field(E),has recently emerged as an effective approach for tumor inhibition,so-called electrodynamic therapy(EDT).While it offers a series of advantages attracting considerable attention,the fundamental mechanism and improvement strategies for EDT approach are being endeavored extensively with the aid of new material explorations.An interesting phenomenon observed in early studies is that the on-site concentration of chloride ion is highly favored for the induction of oxidative species and the efficacy of tumor inhibition.Following this discovery ignored previously,here for the first time,fine Pt/Cu alloy nanoparticles(PtCu_(3) NPs)are integrated with chloride ion transporter(CIT)for EDT-based combinational therapy.In this system,while PtCu_(3) NPs induce oxidative species under an electric field,it also effectively transforms endogenous H_(2)O_(2) into·OH and consumes intracellular glutathione(GSH).More importantly,with the aid of CIT,PtCu_(3)-PEG@CIT NPs promote the intracellular concentration of chloride ion(Cl^(-))by transporting extracellular Cl^(-),facilitating the generation of oxidative species considerably.Meanwhile,CIT delivered intracellularly increases lysosomal pH,leading to the disruption of cellular autophagy and weakening the treatment resistance.In consequence,significant tumor inhibition is enabled both in vitro and in vivo,due to the combination of unique characteristics offered by PtCu_(3)-PEG@CIT.
基金supported by monitoring and evaluation of groundwater environment in Donggang reclamation area,Zhoushan(42932016001)
文摘Zhoushan City in Zhejiang Province is the focus of China's reclamation area, and it also has a great influence on the groundwater quality. Based on the observed data of groundwater level and chloride ion concentration, groundwater quality in the next 6 years in Zhoushan area is predicted and analyzed by using groundwater numerical simulation software GMS. According to the comparison of observed groundwater level and simulated groundwater level at the end time, it is found that the whole water level in the filling area has the small fluctuation, which is within the range of 1 m. And the highest concentration of chloride ion is in the eastern coastal area. The prediction results indicate that there is no obvious trend of sea water with high chloride ion concentration to land. Under the condition of the current groundwater utilization, the groundwater level in Donggang sea area of Zhoushan is stable, and the chloride ion concentration has a slight decrease trend.
