With the method of dynamic programming, two spatial variables,the expected utility and the probability of success of each crime, are used to model the criminal’s location choices in urban areas in this paper.The mode...With the method of dynamic programming, two spatial variables,the expected utility and the probability of success of each crime, are used to model the criminal’s location choices in urban areas in this paper.The modeling results show that a criminal optimizes his crime locations according to the expected utility and the success probability during his planned period A criminal usually commits his first offense in the district that has the highest probability of success but a lower expected utility, and commits his last crime in the district where the expected utility is the highest and success probability is lower.If a location has both an expected utility and a higher probability of success, the criminal might commit all his offenses in thes place. The model also suggests that crime prevention measures should be adopted in accordance with local conditions. "Covering" measures, such as patrolling, should be taken in the poor residential districts or juvenile delinquency districts, while more sophisticated and advanced measures should be introduced in the richer districts or the districts where professional criminals haunt.展开更多
War Dances, a remarkable collection of brilliant short stories and poems written by Sherman Alexie, is brimming with ingenuity and thrill. This impressive collection of short stories and poems has different characters...War Dances, a remarkable collection of brilliant short stories and poems written by Sherman Alexie, is brimming with ingenuity and thrill. This impressive collection of short stories and poems has different characters that are from all walks of life and have various different roles to play in the society, such as artists, husbands and wives and mistresses, workers, fathers and sons, etc. All these men and women are at the turn of their lives because of the choices and decisions they made, which would steered their lives into a road with no returns. One of the most profound themes of War Dances is about the choices people made when they are tested, which make all the difference about people's identities and exert a significant impact upon their lives in the days to come. This paper seeks to unpack the choices of different people have made that have changed their lives for better or for worse.展开更多
Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,h...Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.展开更多
At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of...At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of complete information static games in the Non-cooperative Game theory,the present research has designed a“Red and Blue Experiment”to explore the psychological influencing factors of the new generation employees’moral choices.The research has conducted psychoanalysis on the new generation employees through experiments and interviews with 118 data sources,and concluded the characteristics in relation to the different stages of psychological processes and moral choices of the experimental population.Through comparative analysis,it is found that:the psychological factors,such as trust,doubt,and guilt will influence the new generation employees’moral choices,guiding them to make choices,such as risk aversion and mutual benefit and win-win,in the process.Additionally,the research has also provided effective scientific evidence for the new generation employees’mental health development and career planning.展开更多
Attention to disease and risk factor management is increasingly a feature of people with intellectual disability (ID) as an augmented life expectancy also exposes a growing number of age-related diseases. An additiona...Attention to disease and risk factor management is increasingly a feature of people with intellectual disability (ID) as an augmented life expectancy also exposes a growing number of age-related diseases. An additional concern is little attention to date to physical activity, nutrition, access to social support and other personal health choices and to environmental issues such as the impact of access to social support and the implications of individual’s living arrangements. Method: Using a sample of 753 persons with ID from the intellectual disability supplement to the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (IDS-TILDA), forty three variables were grouped into environmental, predisposing, enabling, need and personal health choices clusters and hierarchical ordinary least squares regression examined the contribution of environmental, enabling, predisposing, need and all combinations of the sets of variables to personal health choices. Findings: Almost 32% of variance was explained primarily by need variables. Most significant relationships were with meeting up with family and friends (environmental), age, rating of health and worries about getting older (predisposing), having public health insurance and nursing who come into the home (enabling) and presence of stroke, chronic constipation, functional limitations, high assistance needs with activities of daily living (need). Discussion: Taken together, the groupings of variables from the Anderson Model explained a modest amount of variance in the pursuit of positive personal health choices by people with ID. More work is clearly needed in developing evidence-based interventions and strategies, and in understanding the relationship between positive personal health choices of people with ID and health outcomes.展开更多
The annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Co- operation (APEC) forum in Hawaii will have something more concrete to focus on than the usual bromides about extending free trade in the region. Barack Obama, the ho...The annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Co- operation (APEC) forum in Hawaii will have something more concrete to focus on than the usual bromides about extending free trade in the region. Barack Obama, the host, will use the occasion to laud progress展开更多
Renewable technologies such as solar present some of the possibilities for indoor and outdoor lighting in the remotest rural Africa where grid connections may take ages.This paper examined the key determinants that dr...Renewable technologies such as solar present some of the possibilities for indoor and outdoor lighting in the remotest rural Africa where grid connections may take ages.This paper examined the key determinants that drive household lighting fuel using a nationally representative sample(14,415 households)across Rwanda.Results from a multinomial probit regression show that rural location,house ownership,household wealth,and nonfarm work are some of significant factors that influence lighting fuel choices in Rwanda.Robustness of the results indicates that household wealth levels and other regional differences are likely to influence choice probability for using clean energy sources such as solar confirming the need to priotise wealth generation.The study’s findings suggest the need for joint efforts by government and non-state actors to priotise household wealth generation,promotion of non-farm activities and improvement of infrastructures to reduce rural-urban bias and differences across the regions,assuming that wealth will motivate rural households to switch to clean energy sources.展开更多
On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Lan...On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Land(MLR)and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University.With the theme of"deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy",the展开更多
Children are now more likely to want to work in social media or gaming than traditional careers, a survey has found. According to the new research, many from seven to 11-yearolds are looking at modern technology when ...Children are now more likely to want to work in social media or gaming than traditional careers, a survey has found. According to the new research, many from seven to 11-yearolds are looking at modern technology when they think about future jobs,rather than professions such as police officer or doctor.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to identify the adolescents’ food preferences during school break. This was a qualitative cross-sectional study with 83 adolescents from a public school in the city of S?o Paulo. The par...The purpose of this study was to identify the adolescents’ food preferences during school break. This was a qualitative cross-sectional study with 83 adolescents from a public school in the city of S?o Paulo. The participants answered the following question: During the school break do you usually eat or drink something? Please justify your answer. The adolescents’ answers were analyzed through a Brazilian qualitative technique called Discourse of the Collective Subject. The ideas were: School Meal Program (36.2%), don’t eat anything (26.7%), bring from other establishments (20.1%) and drink water or juice (17.1%). The adolescents who chose the School Meal Program claimed they had no other options. On the other hand, the participants who refused the meal did so because they disliked it and as a result brought snacks from home or food markets. The Discourse of the Collective Subject helps the investigator to understand the ideas related to food and nutrition of a collectivity.展开更多
Why and how do we manage post-retirement choices? To help answer this question, this article focuses on postretirement plan selection, liabilities and matching assets and liabilities. This article raises a number of i...Why and how do we manage post-retirement choices? To help answer this question, this article focuses on postretirement plan selection, liabilities and matching assets and liabilities. This article raises a number of issues of post-retirement plan that should be helpful to employees over 50 years of age.展开更多
Chinese pay television provider StarTimes makes impressive inroads into the African market STAR Africa Media,branded as StarTimes,a Chinese pay television service provider,has its antennae firmly set on transmitting a...Chinese pay television provider StarTimes makes impressive inroads into the African market STAR Africa Media,branded as StarTimes,a Chinese pay television service provider,has its antennae firmly set on transmitting across the entire African continent. The service provider started its operations in Rwanda in 2009, but has now expanded its offices to more than 10 African countries. And many more are pending,awaiting licenses.展开更多
LIVING abroad has never been a struggle for me.My childhood was spent traveling across West Africa,and my trips to Algeria,Guinea, Niger,Burkina Faso and Mali taught me to adapt to new environments.It’s not that I ne...LIVING abroad has never been a struggle for me.My childhood was spent traveling across West Africa,and my trips to Algeria,Guinea, Niger,Burkina Faso and Mali taught me to adapt to new environments.It’s not that I necessarily feel at home anywhere on Earth,but this ability helped me to leave my family six years ago when I moved from Niger to展开更多
In this study, 151 households were randomly drawn from three randomly selected Kebele in probability proportional to size method. The demographic and socio-economic factors that determine the participation in improved...In this study, 151 households were randomly drawn from three randomly selected Kebele in probability proportional to size method. The demographic and socio-economic factors that determine the participation in improved varieties were household labor availability, education level of the household head,land holdings, distance to the nearest village market, proximity to the main market, and distance to access agricultural extension and access to the source of rice seeds. However, determinants of choice decision varied from cultivar to cultivar. The evidence of the study from the interdependence among the decision of adoption of improved rice varieties suggested that technology adoption will be accelerated by launching a progressively developing package and scheme of rice technology generation, and points to the importance of mobilising additional resources to augment households' efforts at popularization and promotion of improved rice cultivars.The findings from Linearized Almost Ideal Demand Systems(LA/AIDS) model showed that compelling evidence for small proportion changes in own prices and cross price of improved rice varieties led to greater than unitary proportionate changes in their purchases. The results generally showed that farmers were very sensitive to changes in improved rice seed prices and incomes. The major implication of the findings was that any intervention to improve farmers' seed purchases should take into account efforts to increase farmers' purchasing power of agricultural inputs like improved seeds and fertilizers.展开更多
Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,the concern over the potential‘baby boom’or‘baby bust’had drawn renewed attention across the globe[1-3].However,historically alarmism over fertility rates gave...Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,the concern over the potential‘baby boom’or‘baby bust’had drawn renewed attention across the globe[1-3].However,historically alarmism over fertility rates gave rise to restrictive and coercive policies with an aim of‘controlling the population’that violated people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights(SRHR).In this perspective,the author argued that whether countries of the world face a COVID-19-induced short-term baby boom or bust,the solution lies in prioritizing the rights and choices of all people,especially their SRHR;not in adopting target-oriented population policies or coercive family planning programs.展开更多
Goals: Many health organizations encourage people to use human-powered transportation “because it is better for your health and the environment”. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced to iso-calorical...Goals: Many health organizations encourage people to use human-powered transportation “because it is better for your health and the environment”. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced to iso-calorically replace the energy expended in human transportation could make this potential environmental benefit untrue;our study tests this truism. Methods: Holding other (e.g., electricity consumption, consumer goods, household size) sources of GHGs constant, we varied transportation mode (walking, biking, or driving) and diet type (to reflect differing % of calories from meat, as calories from meat require higher GHG production). Principle Results: The pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per mile by vegan vs carnivorous bicyclists, walkers, and car drivers are: vegan bicyclist 0.1 lbs/mile, vegan walker 0.3 lbs/mile, carnivorous bicyclist 0.4 lbs/mile, car driver 1.1 lbs/mile, carnivorous walker 1.3 lbs/mile. Major Conclusions: Our data suggest that if you eat a very high meat diet, walking may be worse for the environment than driving. Since eating less meat is healthier, and walking and biking are also clearly typically better for an indi-vidual’s health than is driving, we encourage people to make it more likely that walking and bicycling are also better for plane- tary health, by eating less meat and then using human-powered transportation.展开更多
The aims of the present study were to group junior high school students according to factors influencing their snack choice and identify differences between the characteristics and snack choice behaviors of the groups...The aims of the present study were to group junior high school students according to factors influencing their snack choice and identify differences between the characteristics and snack choice behaviors of the groups. An anonymous self-report questionnaire was administered to 1936 students (13 - 15 years old) in eight junior high schools in Tokyo, Japan. The students responded to the Snack Choice Questionnaire (SCQ) as well as questions concerning snacking behaviors, lifestyles, and demographics. Cluster analysis was applied to sort the sample according to SCQ scores. Each cluster’s characteristics were examined by gender using the χ2 test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with a Bonferroni adjustment. Participants were divided into four groups: high in all factors, low in all factors, low value in health, and value in health. The “value in health” group was composed of more girls than boys and the “low in all factors” group had fewer girls than boys. Those in the “high in all factors” and “low value in health” groups indicated that they consumed more snacks. Moreover, gender differences were revealed. By assessing the SCQ prior to providing nutrition education, we can obtain valuable information to make nutrition education planning.展开更多
The rapid technological developments in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century created n...The rapid technological developments in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century created new opportunities for shared-use economy applications around the globe. Among other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">services, Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) like Uber and Lyft</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ged in the US as a transportation alternative that offered a higher level of</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">availability, reliability, and convenience than traditional modes. However,</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">TNCs deployment was also blamed for increases in vehicle miles traveled</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (VMT) in large cities that embraced TNC services early on. Concerns about TNC adoption are also magnified by the current controversy in policy and legislation as to the regulation of TNCs. These new realizations create a need to examine the transportation users’ attitudes and perceptions regarding ride-hailing service, after nearly a decade of service in the Unites States market. In doing so, this paper compares and contrasts results from two recently completed studies aiming at creating links between socio-demographic factors and TNC use. The paper describes the methods employed to collect the data and presents findings from the analysis of 790 users’ responses in the Birmingham, AL and Miami Beach, FL markets. The study documents preferences and attitudes toward TNCs and highlights similarities and differences in travel behaviors related to local considerations. Moreover, the study uses the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) method to identify predictors for TNC use based on the users’ responses in Birmingham and Miami Beach case studies. Vehicle availability and waiting time emerged as t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he only significant predictors for the Birmingham region whereas vehicl</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e ownership, vehicle use, residency, and prior use of transit and TNC where some of the predictors identified for the Miami Beach area. Understanding the characteristics of TNC users and the leading reasons that drive people towards the use of TNCs services is expected to help transportation agencies and TNC providers in their efforts to plan for transportation services that meet customer needs in the future.展开更多
The Winter of Our Discontent is Steinbeck's last published novel, which received negative and positive criticism at homeand abroad. Persistent concern for ethics and morality as one of themes displayed by Steinbec...The Winter of Our Discontent is Steinbeck's last published novel, which received negative and positive criticism at homeand abroad. Persistent concern for ethics and morality as one of themes displayed by Steinbeck in The Winter of Our Discontent.Living in the 1950 s of America, Ethan's family were confronting a consumer society. By using the theory of literary ethical criti-cism, tracing back to ethical environment at that time, this essay aims to analyze the ethical questions that the Ethan's family facedand their ethical choices respectively.展开更多
文摘With the method of dynamic programming, two spatial variables,the expected utility and the probability of success of each crime, are used to model the criminal’s location choices in urban areas in this paper.The modeling results show that a criminal optimizes his crime locations according to the expected utility and the success probability during his planned period A criminal usually commits his first offense in the district that has the highest probability of success but a lower expected utility, and commits his last crime in the district where the expected utility is the highest and success probability is lower.If a location has both an expected utility and a higher probability of success, the criminal might commit all his offenses in thes place. The model also suggests that crime prevention measures should be adopted in accordance with local conditions. "Covering" measures, such as patrolling, should be taken in the poor residential districts or juvenile delinquency districts, while more sophisticated and advanced measures should be introduced in the richer districts or the districts where professional criminals haunt.
文摘War Dances, a remarkable collection of brilliant short stories and poems written by Sherman Alexie, is brimming with ingenuity and thrill. This impressive collection of short stories and poems has different characters that are from all walks of life and have various different roles to play in the society, such as artists, husbands and wives and mistresses, workers, fathers and sons, etc. All these men and women are at the turn of their lives because of the choices and decisions they made, which would steered their lives into a road with no returns. One of the most profound themes of War Dances is about the choices people made when they are tested, which make all the difference about people's identities and exert a significant impact upon their lives in the days to come. This paper seeks to unpack the choices of different people have made that have changed their lives for better or for worse.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 40971062]
文摘Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.
基金funded by the special fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of Southwest Petroleum University(Project No.2019RW020),Project Name:Research on the Psychology and Behaviour of Chinese New Generation Employees under the Background of“One Belt and One Road”.
文摘At present,the academic researches on moral choices focus mainly on the individuals’external behaviors,without fully considering the influences of the individuals’internal psychological factors.Based on the model of complete information static games in the Non-cooperative Game theory,the present research has designed a“Red and Blue Experiment”to explore the psychological influencing factors of the new generation employees’moral choices.The research has conducted psychoanalysis on the new generation employees through experiments and interviews with 118 data sources,and concluded the characteristics in relation to the different stages of psychological processes and moral choices of the experimental population.Through comparative analysis,it is found that:the psychological factors,such as trust,doubt,and guilt will influence the new generation employees’moral choices,guiding them to make choices,such as risk aversion and mutual benefit and win-win,in the process.Additionally,the research has also provided effective scientific evidence for the new generation employees’mental health development and career planning.
文摘Attention to disease and risk factor management is increasingly a feature of people with intellectual disability (ID) as an augmented life expectancy also exposes a growing number of age-related diseases. An additional concern is little attention to date to physical activity, nutrition, access to social support and other personal health choices and to environmental issues such as the impact of access to social support and the implications of individual’s living arrangements. Method: Using a sample of 753 persons with ID from the intellectual disability supplement to the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (IDS-TILDA), forty three variables were grouped into environmental, predisposing, enabling, need and personal health choices clusters and hierarchical ordinary least squares regression examined the contribution of environmental, enabling, predisposing, need and all combinations of the sets of variables to personal health choices. Findings: Almost 32% of variance was explained primarily by need variables. Most significant relationships were with meeting up with family and friends (environmental), age, rating of health and worries about getting older (predisposing), having public health insurance and nursing who come into the home (enabling) and presence of stroke, chronic constipation, functional limitations, high assistance needs with activities of daily living (need). Discussion: Taken together, the groupings of variables from the Anderson Model explained a modest amount of variance in the pursuit of positive personal health choices by people with ID. More work is clearly needed in developing evidence-based interventions and strategies, and in understanding the relationship between positive personal health choices of people with ID and health outcomes.
文摘The annual meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Co- operation (APEC) forum in Hawaii will have something more concrete to focus on than the usual bromides about extending free trade in the region. Barack Obama, the host, will use the occasion to laud progress
文摘Renewable technologies such as solar present some of the possibilities for indoor and outdoor lighting in the remotest rural Africa where grid connections may take ages.This paper examined the key determinants that drive household lighting fuel using a nationally representative sample(14,415 households)across Rwanda.Results from a multinomial probit regression show that rural location,house ownership,household wealth,and nonfarm work are some of significant factors that influence lighting fuel choices in Rwanda.Robustness of the results indicates that household wealth levels and other regional differences are likely to influence choice probability for using clean energy sources such as solar confirming the need to priotise wealth generation.The study’s findings suggest the need for joint efforts by government and non-state actors to priotise household wealth generation,promotion of non-farm activities and improvement of infrastructures to reduce rural-urban bias and differences across the regions,assuming that wealth will motivate rural households to switch to clean energy sources.
文摘On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Land(MLR)and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University.With the theme of"deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy",the
文摘Children are now more likely to want to work in social media or gaming than traditional careers, a survey has found. According to the new research, many from seven to 11-yearolds are looking at modern technology when they think about future jobs,rather than professions such as police officer or doctor.
文摘The purpose of this study was to identify the adolescents’ food preferences during school break. This was a qualitative cross-sectional study with 83 adolescents from a public school in the city of S?o Paulo. The participants answered the following question: During the school break do you usually eat or drink something? Please justify your answer. The adolescents’ answers were analyzed through a Brazilian qualitative technique called Discourse of the Collective Subject. The ideas were: School Meal Program (36.2%), don’t eat anything (26.7%), bring from other establishments (20.1%) and drink water or juice (17.1%). The adolescents who chose the School Meal Program claimed they had no other options. On the other hand, the participants who refused the meal did so because they disliked it and as a result brought snacks from home or food markets. The Discourse of the Collective Subject helps the investigator to understand the ideas related to food and nutrition of a collectivity.
文摘Why and how do we manage post-retirement choices? To help answer this question, this article focuses on postretirement plan selection, liabilities and matching assets and liabilities. This article raises a number of issues of post-retirement plan that should be helpful to employees over 50 years of age.
文摘Chinese pay television provider StarTimes makes impressive inroads into the African market STAR Africa Media,branded as StarTimes,a Chinese pay television service provider,has its antennae firmly set on transmitting across the entire African continent. The service provider started its operations in Rwanda in 2009, but has now expanded its offices to more than 10 African countries. And many more are pending,awaiting licenses.
文摘LIVING abroad has never been a struggle for me.My childhood was spent traveling across West Africa,and my trips to Algeria,Guinea, Niger,Burkina Faso and Mali taught me to adapt to new environments.It’s not that I necessarily feel at home anywhere on Earth,but this ability helped me to leave my family six years ago when I moved from Niger to
文摘In this study, 151 households were randomly drawn from three randomly selected Kebele in probability proportional to size method. The demographic and socio-economic factors that determine the participation in improved varieties were household labor availability, education level of the household head,land holdings, distance to the nearest village market, proximity to the main market, and distance to access agricultural extension and access to the source of rice seeds. However, determinants of choice decision varied from cultivar to cultivar. The evidence of the study from the interdependence among the decision of adoption of improved rice varieties suggested that technology adoption will be accelerated by launching a progressively developing package and scheme of rice technology generation, and points to the importance of mobilising additional resources to augment households' efforts at popularization and promotion of improved rice cultivars.The findings from Linearized Almost Ideal Demand Systems(LA/AIDS) model showed that compelling evidence for small proportion changes in own prices and cross price of improved rice varieties led to greater than unitary proportionate changes in their purchases. The results generally showed that farmers were very sensitive to changes in improved rice seed prices and incomes. The major implication of the findings was that any intervention to improve farmers' seed purchases should take into account efforts to increase farmers' purchasing power of agricultural inputs like improved seeds and fertilizers.
基金The author Md.Anwer Hossain would like to thank Professor Dr.Mohammad Bellal Hossain,Department of Population Sciences,University of Dhaka for his emphasis on the often-overlooked principle of responsibility in the paradigm of SRHR while conceptualizing the manuscript.The author also conveys his thanks to the editors for their input in streamlining the manuscript.
文摘Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,the concern over the potential‘baby boom’or‘baby bust’had drawn renewed attention across the globe[1-3].However,historically alarmism over fertility rates gave rise to restrictive and coercive policies with an aim of‘controlling the population’that violated people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights(SRHR).In this perspective,the author argued that whether countries of the world face a COVID-19-induced short-term baby boom or bust,the solution lies in prioritizing the rights and choices of all people,especially their SRHR;not in adopting target-oriented population policies or coercive family planning programs.
文摘Goals: Many health organizations encourage people to use human-powered transportation “because it is better for your health and the environment”. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced to iso-calorically replace the energy expended in human transportation could make this potential environmental benefit untrue;our study tests this truism. Methods: Holding other (e.g., electricity consumption, consumer goods, household size) sources of GHGs constant, we varied transportation mode (walking, biking, or driving) and diet type (to reflect differing % of calories from meat, as calories from meat require higher GHG production). Principle Results: The pounds of carbon dioxide emitted per mile by vegan vs carnivorous bicyclists, walkers, and car drivers are: vegan bicyclist 0.1 lbs/mile, vegan walker 0.3 lbs/mile, carnivorous bicyclist 0.4 lbs/mile, car driver 1.1 lbs/mile, carnivorous walker 1.3 lbs/mile. Major Conclusions: Our data suggest that if you eat a very high meat diet, walking may be worse for the environment than driving. Since eating less meat is healthier, and walking and biking are also clearly typically better for an indi-vidual’s health than is driving, we encourage people to make it more likely that walking and bicycling are also better for plane- tary health, by eating less meat and then using human-powered transportation.
文摘The aims of the present study were to group junior high school students according to factors influencing their snack choice and identify differences between the characteristics and snack choice behaviors of the groups. An anonymous self-report questionnaire was administered to 1936 students (13 - 15 years old) in eight junior high schools in Tokyo, Japan. The students responded to the Snack Choice Questionnaire (SCQ) as well as questions concerning snacking behaviors, lifestyles, and demographics. Cluster analysis was applied to sort the sample according to SCQ scores. Each cluster’s characteristics were examined by gender using the χ2 test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with a Bonferroni adjustment. Participants were divided into four groups: high in all factors, low in all factors, low value in health, and value in health. The “value in health” group was composed of more girls than boys and the “low in all factors” group had fewer girls than boys. Those in the “high in all factors” and “low value in health” groups indicated that they consumed more snacks. Moreover, gender differences were revealed. By assessing the SCQ prior to providing nutrition education, we can obtain valuable information to make nutrition education planning.
文摘The rapid technological developments in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century created new opportunities for shared-use economy applications around the globe. Among other </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">services, Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) like Uber and Lyft</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ged in the US as a transportation alternative that offered a higher level of</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">availability, reliability, and convenience than traditional modes. However,</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">TNCs deployment was also blamed for increases in vehicle miles traveled</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (VMT) in large cities that embraced TNC services early on. Concerns about TNC adoption are also magnified by the current controversy in policy and legislation as to the regulation of TNCs. These new realizations create a need to examine the transportation users’ attitudes and perceptions regarding ride-hailing service, after nearly a decade of service in the Unites States market. In doing so, this paper compares and contrasts results from two recently completed studies aiming at creating links between socio-demographic factors and TNC use. The paper describes the methods employed to collect the data and presents findings from the analysis of 790 users’ responses in the Birmingham, AL and Miami Beach, FL markets. The study documents preferences and attitudes toward TNCs and highlights similarities and differences in travel behaviors related to local considerations. Moreover, the study uses the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) method to identify predictors for TNC use based on the users’ responses in Birmingham and Miami Beach case studies. Vehicle availability and waiting time emerged as t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he only significant predictors for the Birmingham region whereas vehicl</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e ownership, vehicle use, residency, and prior use of transit and TNC where some of the predictors identified for the Miami Beach area. Understanding the characteristics of TNC users and the leading reasons that drive people towards the use of TNCs services is expected to help transportation agencies and TNC providers in their efforts to plan for transportation services that meet customer needs in the future.
文摘The Winter of Our Discontent is Steinbeck's last published novel, which received negative and positive criticism at homeand abroad. Persistent concern for ethics and morality as one of themes displayed by Steinbeck in The Winter of Our Discontent.Living in the 1950 s of America, Ethan's family were confronting a consumer society. By using the theory of literary ethical criti-cism, tracing back to ethical environment at that time, this essay aims to analyze the ethical questions that the Ethan's family facedand their ethical choices respectively.
