Color fading caused by a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage significantly affects postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.However,the underlying mechanism by which anthocyanin accumulati...Color fading caused by a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage significantly affects postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.However,the underlying mechanism by which anthocyanin accumulation decreases during the post-flowering stage still unclear,which greatly restricts design of molecular breeding in chrysanthemum.Here,a chrysanthemum SG7 R2R3 MYB transcription factor(TF),CmMYB3-like,was identified to have a function in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage.Quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR)assays showed that the expression of CmMYB3-like was gradually downregulated when anthocyanin content increased during the flowering stage and was significantly upregulated during the post-flowering stage.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum and dual-luciferase assays in N.benthamiana leaves showed that CmMYB3-like suppressed anthocyanin accumulation by inhibiting the transcription of CmCHS and CmANS directly and that of CmF3H indirectly.However,overexpression or suppression of CmMYB3-like did not affect the biosynthesis of flavones or flavonols.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum revealed that the overexpression of CmMYB3-like inhibited anthocyanin accumulation,but its suppression prevented the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage.Our results revealed a crucial role of CmMYB3-like in regulating the color of petals during the post-flowering stage and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding to improve the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium a...[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.展开更多
Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs,also known as MPKs)regulate diverse cellular and physiological functions,and dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases(MKPs)modulate MAPK signalling through MAPK dephosphorylation and ...Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs,also known as MPKs)regulate diverse cellular and physiological functions,and dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases(MKPs)modulate MAPK signalling through MAPK dephosphorylation and inactivation.Due to lacking of overall understanding for the regulatory networks between Chrysanthemum morifolium MKPs(CmMKPs)and C.morifolium MAPKs(CmMPKs),we systematically studied the interactions between four groups of CmMPKs and eight identified CmMKPs in chrysanthemum and found that the interaction between the specific CmMKP and the specific CmMPK differed from those in other plants.Furthermore,the expression of CmMKP1 and CmMKP1-LIKE1showed opposite trends during the development of chrysanthemum flower buds under salt treatment and Alternaria alternata inoculation,but these genes could interact with the same CmMPKs,providing insight into the subfunctionalization of paralogues.Amino acid variations(M87V,T277P and V6L)in dual-specificity protein phosphatases(DsPTP1)-LIKE1/2/3 changed the interactions of these proteins with the four CmMPK groups in chrysanthemum,providing evidence for the de/neofunctionalization of paralogues in polyploids,suggesting that we can identify the key functional sites of proteins by studying polyploid paralogues.展开更多
Chrysanthemum morifolium,an ornamental crop with diverse forms of inflorescence,is a good model for studying flower development in Asteraceae.However,the genetic background is complex and the mechanisms of regulating ...Chrysanthemum morifolium,an ornamental crop with diverse forms of inflorescence,is a good model for studying flower development in Asteraceae.However,the genetic background is complex and the mechanisms of regulating flower development are still unclear.Here,we identified two natural mutant lines of chrysanthemum and named them M1 and M2 according to the severity of the phenotype.Both lines showed defects in petal identity,and the petals of the M1 line had a mild phenotype:partially loss of petal identity and conversion of petals into green,leaf-like organs.The M2 line had severe phenotypes:in addition to severe petal defects,secondary inflorescences were produced in the capitulum to replace the normal ray and disc florets,which indicated a transformation of a flower meristem into an inflorescence meristem.Transcriptome sequencing of WT and M2 inflorescences was performed and found altered expression of floral organ development A,B and E class genes,where B and E class genes were significantly down-regulated.qRT-PCR analysis in both M1 and M2 lines revealed that the expression of three chrysanthemum class B genes CmAP3.1,CmAP3.2 and CmPI,was negatively correlated with phenotypic severity.This suggests that class B genes in chrysanthemum not only have conserved functions in determining petal identity but also were involved in the determinacy of the flower meristem.This study provides insights into the functions of class B genes in flower development,and is informative for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of flower development in chrysanthemum.展开更多
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is one of the four major cut flowers in the world.Pht1 family is focus on the uptake and transport of phosphate in plants.In our previous studies,CmPht1;2 overexpression line(Oe1)had hig...Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is one of the four major cut flowers in the world.Pht1 family is focus on the uptake and transport of phosphate in plants.In our previous studies,CmPht1;2 overexpression line(Oe1)had higher phosphate contents both in roots and shoots,and its root development was significantly enhanced than wild type(WT)at low phosphorus conditions in chrysanthemum.Metabolomics analysis showed that several metabolites had a change in pyruvate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle pathway.To explore the gene difference expression and the change of metabolic pathway between CmPht1;2-Oe1 and WT,we conducted the transcriptome analysis.A total of 617,681 and 207,271 unigenes were obtained from roots and shoots,respectively.They were classified into biological process,cellular component and molecular function by Gene Ontology(GO).In addition,450 different expression genes(DEGs)were found in the roots after 2 d treatment,and 1,787 DEGs were identified in shoots after 7 d treatment under LP condition between Oe1 and WT.From the top 20 pathways of DEGs assigned by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG),TCA cycle and pyruvate metabolism pathways mostly affected by overexpression of CmPht1;2 attracted our attention.This research will be helpful for elucidating the mechanism of effects by CmPht1;2 overexpression on growth,development and stress tolerance.展开更多
Background:Dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface that is caused by multiple factors,characterized by pain,visual disturbance,and ocular damage.It is a common ophthalmic disease worldwide and ...Background:Dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface that is caused by multiple factors,characterized by pain,visual disturbance,and ocular damage.It is a common ophthalmic disease worldwide and a hot research field for scholars both domestically and internationally.This article employs network pharmacology methods to analyze the mechanism of Chrysanthemum in treating dry eye,which is a promising approach.Methods:The TCMSP(http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php)was used to screen for candidate active ingredient molecules of chrysanthemum with oral bioavailability≥30%and drug similarity to chrysanthemum≥0.18 as parameters.The active ingredients of chrysanthemum were searched using the“Related Targets”column in the TCMSP,followed by target prediction.Subsequently,Cytoscape 3.6.0 was employed to construct a compound-target network for chrysanthemum.The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and DisGeNET databases were used to identify pathogenic genes associated with dry eye.Furthermore,the STRING database was used to construct an interaction network and bar graph of intersecting target proteins in chrysanthemum to analyze protein interactions and core targets.To obtain key targets of active ingredients of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye,active ingredients targets of chrysanthemum and dry eye targets were intersected using Venny.Finally,a drug-active ingredient-key target-disease network was constructed.Gene Ontology functional annotation of key targets was performed using the WEBGESTALT database,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment was performed using the REACTOM database.Results:Eighty active ingredients of chrysanthemum corresponding to targets were obtained.Among active ingredients,508 predicted targets were identified,along with 4180 genes associated with dry eye and 45 key targets of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye.The functions of key targets primarily include regulation of gene expression,oxidative stress,immune response,apoptosis,proliferation,regulation of cellular inflammation-related factors,and angiogenesis.The primary pathways associated with key targets include interleukin signaling,metabolism,cytokine signaling in the immune system,immune system,and signal transduction.Conclusion:Chrysanthemum facilitates regulation through multiple molecules,targets,and pathways for treating dry eye,primarily inhibiting inflammation-related factors and pathways,thereby reducing inflammation of lacrimal gland tissue and improving dry eye.展开更多
Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative te...Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative technique of Odour of Chrysanthemums is worth our attention. This paper is intended to make an analysis of point of view, focalization and symbol in the light of narrative theory.展开更多
Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)is a leading flower with applied value worldwide.Developing new chrysanthemum cultivars with novel characteristics such as new flower colors and shapes,plant architectures...Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)is a leading flower with applied value worldwide.Developing new chrysanthemum cultivars with novel characteristics such as new flower colors and shapes,plant architectures,flowering times,postharvest quality,and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in a time-and cost-efficient manner is the ultimate goal for breeders.Various breeding strategies have been employed to improve the aforementioned traits,ranging from conventional techniques,including crossbreeding and mutation breeding,to a series of molecular breeding methods,including transgenic technology,genome editing,and marker-assisted selection(MAS).In addition,the recent extensive advances in high-throughput technologies,especially genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics,and microbiomics,which are collectively referred to as omics platforms,have led to the collection of substantial amounts of data.Integration of these omics data with phenotypic information will enable the identification of genes/pathways responsible for important traits.Several attempts have been made to use emerging molecular and omics methods with the aim of accelerating the breeding of chrysanthemum.However,applying the findings of such studies to practical chrysanthemum breeding remains a considerable challenge,primarily due to the high heterozygosity and polyploidy of the species.This review summarizes the recent achievements in conventional and modern molecular breeding methods and emerging omics technologies and discusses their future applications for improving the agronomic and horticultural characteristics of chrysanthemum.展开更多
Chrysanthemums are sensitive to waterlogging stress,and the development of screening methods for tolerant germplasms or genes and the breeding of tolerant new varieties are of great importance in chrysanthemum breedin...Chrysanthemums are sensitive to waterlogging stress,and the development of screening methods for tolerant germplasms or genes and the breeding of tolerant new varieties are of great importance in chrysanthemum breeding.To understand the genetic basis of waterlogging tolerance(WT)in chrysanthemums,we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS)using 92,811 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in a panel of 88 chrysanthemum accessions,including 64 spray cut and 24 disbud chrysanthemums.The results showed that the average MFVW(membership function value of waterlogging)of the disbud type(0.65)was significantly higher than that of the spray type(0.55)at P<0.05,and the MFVW of the Asian accessions(0.65)was significantly higher than that of the European accessions(0.48)at P<0.01.The GWAS performed using the general linear model(GLM)and mixed linear model(MLM)identified 137 and 14 SNP loci related to WT,respectively,and 11 associations were commonly predicted.By calculating the phenotypic effect values for 11 common SNP loci,six highly favorable SNP alleles that explained 12.85—21.85%of the phenotypic variations were identified.Furthermore,the dosage-pyramiding effects of the favorable alleles and the significant linear correlations between the numbers of highly favorable alleles and phenotypic values were identified(r2=0.45;P<0.01).A major SNP locus(Marker6619-75)was converted into a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(dCAPS)marker that cosegregated with WT with an average efficiency of 78.9%.Finally,four putative candidate genes in the WT were identified via quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The results presented in this study provide insights for further research on WT mechanisms and the application of molecular marker-assisted selection(MAS)in chrysanthemum WT breeding programs.展开更多
White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defe...White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defensive enzymes activities of immune(Chrysanthemum makinoi var.wakasaense)and highly susceptible(Ajania shiwogiku var.kinokuniense)species were compared.Trichome density of two species was markedly different,negatively associated with plant resistance to P.horiana.Total wax load in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was two times more than that in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense.The wax composition in immune one was abundant in esters and primary alcohols.Superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),polyphenoloxidase(PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL,EC 4.3.1.5)activitieswere investigated.In C.makinoi var.wakasaense,the activity of SOD and POD increased rapidly after inoculation,whichmight be non-host induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)activated antioxidant enzymes,however SOD and POD remained a low and steady level in the highly susceptible one after inoculation.Quick increase in PPO activities after inoculation was observed in both species,however it remained higher in C.makinoi var.wakasaense at the late period of inoculation.PAL in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was induced after pathogen inoculation,but not in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense,suggesting that these two enzymes might contribute to the resistance to P.horiana.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Acetaminophen(APAP),also known as paracetamol,is a commonly used antipyretic,anal⁃gesic and anti-inflammatory drug.However,during the use of APAP for more than half a century,people have not only used APAP t...OBJECTIVE Acetaminophen(APAP),also known as paracetamol,is a commonly used antipyretic,anal⁃gesic and anti-inflammatory drug.However,during the use of APAP for more than half a century,people have not only used APAP to fight diseases but have also suffered the adverse effects brought about by APAP for more than half a cen⁃tury.The most serious adverse reaction to APAP is hepatotoxicity caused by overdose or long-term use.In Chinese tra⁃ditional medicine,chrysanthemums have the functions of dispelling wind,dissipating heat,clearing the liver and improv⁃ing eyesight.Although the chrysanthemum variety named Bianliang ziyu from Kaifeng is not a medicinal variety,it has good value for medicine and food.The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Bianliang Ziyu extract(BZE)on APAP-damaged rats and the potential molecular mechanism.METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats(200-220 g)were intragastrically administered BZE(110,220 and 440 mg·kg^-1)for 8 d.On the ninth day,APAP(800 mg·kg^-1)was administered intragastrically to the rats 0.5 h after BZE administration to induced drug-induced liver injury.The serum and liver samples were collected after 24 h.The levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartic aminotransferase(AST),reactive oxygen species(ROS),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione(GSH)in serum and liver tissue of rats were detected by kit method.HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the liver of rat.The effects of BZE on the expression of the oxidative stress related proteins and the mitochondrial biosyn⁃thesis related proteins were detected by Western blot.RESULTS The results showed that BZE significantly reduced the levels of ALT,AST,MDA and ROS and increased the levels of GSH and SOD caused by APAP.Moreover,BZE increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)and glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β),promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2).BZE also upregulated the expression of mitochondrial biosynthesis related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPAR-γ),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α),mitochondrial transcription factor(TFAM)and nuclear respira⁃tory factor 1(NRF1).CONCLUSION BZE alleviates APAP-induced liver injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress via GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling and the mitochondrial biosynthesis pathway mediated by AMPK.展开更多
Chrysanthemum indicum Flower is usually consumed as functional food. This paper described an improved total quality assessment method for Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantitation using a single standa...Chrysanthemum indicum Flower is usually consumed as functional food. This paper described an improved total quality assessment method for Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantitation using a single standard to determine multi-components method combined with high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis. Six main components of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower including two flavonoids and four phenolic acids were simultaneously quantified using linarin as the internal reference standard. The method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and stability.The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of thirty three batches of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower samples. Under the same chromatographic conditions, fingerprint analysis in combination with Similarity analysis and principal component analysis was performed to identify the samples from different regions. In general, an effective assessment using a single standard to determinate multi-components method combined with fingerprint analysis make the reliable qualitation and quantitation analysis of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower available.展开更多
Today’s chrysanthemums are highly evolved flowering plants and they are considered as one of the most important ornamental cut flowers. In this research an isopentenyl transferase gene named CmIPT1 was isolated from ...Today’s chrysanthemums are highly evolved flowering plants and they are considered as one of the most important ornamental cut flowers. In this research an isopentenyl transferase gene named CmIPT1 was isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The full cDNA sequence of CmIPT1 was 873 bp which encoded a deduced protein of 290 amino acids. It contained GxxGxGKS which is a conserved sequence of the typical domain of IPT family. The phylogenetic tree analysis of CmIPT1 in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ shows that it has the closest relationship with CcIPT1 in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus. Expression of CmIPT1 was higher in stems and apex, whereas it was lower in leaves and roots. And the overexpression of CmIPT1 obviously increased the number of rosette branches in Arabidopsis. Here, in our study, we showed that CmIPT1 is a positive regulator of branch development in Chrysanthemum and may play a key role in regulating lateral branch formation of Chrysanthemum plants.展开更多
A new sesquiterpene with an eudesmane skeleton,named Chrysantherol wasisolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum.Its structure was elucidated as 1 mainly by theanalysis of spectral data.
Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of Chrysanthemum indicum ethanol extract(CIEE)against activated hepatic stellate cells(HSC)and thioacetamide(TAA)-induced hepatofibrosis in rats.Methods:Cell viability...Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of Chrysanthemum indicum ethanol extract(CIEE)against activated hepatic stellate cells(HSC)and thioacetamide(TAA)-induced hepatofibrosis in rats.Methods:Cell viability and proliferation of HSC-T6 cells were measured using MTT assay.Primary HSCs were used to study morphology.TAA(200 mg/kg)was used to induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)and silymarin(50 mg/kg)were administered orally.Liver functions including alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,glutathione,and hydroxyproline levels were measured using commercial kits.Liver sections and fibrotic biomarker expression were measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results:In vitro study revealed that CIEE(0.1,0.25,and 0.5 mg/mL)inhibited the proliferation of activated HSCs exposed to transforming growth factor(TGF)-β and restored the activated primary HSC morphology.In in vivo studies,TAA-induced increase in liver/body weight ratio(5.46±0.26)was significantly reduced(4.13±0.22)by CIEE(P<0.05 at 500 mg/kg).CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)improved the liver functions by significantly attenuating changes in alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,glutathione,and hydroxyproline levels(P<0.05).Further,CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)ameliorated the histological changes in liver tissue and TGF-β expression significantly(P<0.05)in TAA-induced rats.Conclusions:CIEE significantly protects against TAA-induced liver damage in rats and can be used in the treatment of liver fibrosis.展开更多
This paper first introduced Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and its medicinal value. Then, it studied agricultural intellectual property resources such as geographical indications, trademarks, patents, new plant varie...This paper first introduced Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and its medicinal value. Then, it studied agricultural intellectual property resources such as geographical indications, trademarks, patents, new plant varieties, biological genetic resources, and traditional knowledge related to C. morifolium . Finally, it summarized poverty-stricken areas ecologically suitable for planting C. morifolium , analyzed the GAP certification of C. morifolium , pollution-free agricultural product certification, green food certification, and organic food certification, and discussed the strategies for C. morifolium intellectual property protection and authenticity protection in the context of TCM development strategy and rural revitalization strategy.展开更多
The enzyme RNAPII CTD phosphatase-like 1 is known as a transcriptional regulator of the plant response to various abiotic stresses.Here,the isolation of CmCPL1,a chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium)gene encoding th...The enzyme RNAPII CTD phosphatase-like 1 is known as a transcriptional regulator of the plant response to various abiotic stresses.Here,the isolation of CmCPL1,a chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium)gene encoding this enzyme is described.Its predicted 955 residue gene product includes the FCPH catalytic domain,two double-stranded RNA binding motifs,and a nuclear localization signal.A sub-cellular localization assay confirmed that CmCPL1 was expressed in the nucleus.CmCPL1 transcription was shown to be significantly inducible by heat stress.The over-expression and knockdown of CmCPL1,respectively,increased and diminished the tolerance of chrysanthemum to heat stress,which maybe dependent on the regulation of CmCPL1 and on the expression of downstream heat stress-responsive genes.展开更多
Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world,and temperature has a significant influence on its field production.In the present study,differentially expressed proteins were investigated i...Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world,and temperature has a significant influence on its field production.In the present study,differentially expressed proteins were investigated in the leaves of Dendranthema grandiflorum‘Jinba’under high temperature stress using label-free quantitative proteomics techniques.The expressed proteins were comparatively identified and analyzed.A total of 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),and 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry after a high temperature treatment.Among these,701 proteins were upregulated and 762 proteins were downregulated.The in-depth bioinformatics analysis of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that these were involved in energy metabolism pathways,protein metabolism,and heat shock.In the present study,the investigators determined the changes in the levels of some proteins,and their expression at the protein and molecular levels in chrysanthemum to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in chrysanthemum.Furthermore,the present study elucidated some of the proteins correlated to heat resistance in chrysanthemum,and their expression changes at the protein and molecular levels to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in this flower species.These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of new heat resistant varieties of chrysanthemum in the field.展开更多
The fowers of Chrysanthemum indicum,i.e.Ye-ju-hua recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,has been widely used in China as an important heat-clearing and detoxifying herb for the treatment of infammation,headache,and ve...The fowers of Chrysanthemum indicum,i.e.Ye-ju-hua recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,has been widely used in China as an important heat-clearing and detoxifying herb for the treatment of infammation,headache,and vertigo.A phytochemical investigation of this herb has led to the isolation of two new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids,7-epi-eudesm4(15),11(13)-diene-1β,3β-diol(1)and 7-epi-1β-hydroxy-β-eudesmol(2).The molecular structures of these new sesquiterpenoids were established based on the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses,including NMR,MS,and IR,and comparing with the literatures.展开更多
A novel computational system was used to decipher the targets and mechanisms of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma.The putative target profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular ...A novel computational system was used to decipher the targets and mechanisms of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma.The putative target profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma was identified from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank.Next,identification of the protein-protein interaction network of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma targets,and the identification of differentially expressed genes in hepatocellular carcinoma,relied on data from the NCBI database.Finally,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology were used to analyze the common targets.Forty-eight active compounds in Chrysanthemum morifolium were identified by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank,and 71 differentially expressed genes were identified in the GEO database.Further,10 core target proteins were selected,including CYP1A1,ADRB2,ADRA1B,PGR,MAOB,SLC6A4,GABRA1,MAOA,NOS3 and PTGS2.These target genes were also found to be associated with pathways involved in adrenergic receptor activity and catecholamine binding.展开更多
基金financially supported grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31902053,31870279,31730081)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M642273)+3 种基金Jiangsu Planned Projects or Postdoctoral Reaearch Funds(Grant No.2019K169)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uniersities(Grant No.KYQN202031)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFD1001500,2020YFD1000400)the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System,and a project funded by the Priority academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Color fading caused by a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage significantly affects postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.However,the underlying mechanism by which anthocyanin accumulation decreases during the post-flowering stage still unclear,which greatly restricts design of molecular breeding in chrysanthemum.Here,a chrysanthemum SG7 R2R3 MYB transcription factor(TF),CmMYB3-like,was identified to have a function in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage.Quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR)assays showed that the expression of CmMYB3-like was gradually downregulated when anthocyanin content increased during the flowering stage and was significantly upregulated during the post-flowering stage.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum and dual-luciferase assays in N.benthamiana leaves showed that CmMYB3-like suppressed anthocyanin accumulation by inhibiting the transcription of CmCHS and CmANS directly and that of CmF3H indirectly.However,overexpression or suppression of CmMYB3-like did not affect the biosynthesis of flavones or flavonols.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum revealed that the overexpression of CmMYB3-like inhibited anthocyanin accumulation,but its suppression prevented the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage.Our results revealed a crucial role of CmMYB3-like in regulating the color of petals during the post-flowering stage and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding to improve the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31870694,31870279,32002083)the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20190076)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000403)the Foundation of Central Laboratory of Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University(Grant No.FCL202002)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution。
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs,also known as MPKs)regulate diverse cellular and physiological functions,and dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases(MKPs)modulate MAPK signalling through MAPK dephosphorylation and inactivation.Due to lacking of overall understanding for the regulatory networks between Chrysanthemum morifolium MKPs(CmMKPs)and C.morifolium MAPKs(CmMPKs),we systematically studied the interactions between four groups of CmMPKs and eight identified CmMKPs in chrysanthemum and found that the interaction between the specific CmMKP and the specific CmMPK differed from those in other plants.Furthermore,the expression of CmMKP1 and CmMKP1-LIKE1showed opposite trends during the development of chrysanthemum flower buds under salt treatment and Alternaria alternata inoculation,but these genes could interact with the same CmMPKs,providing insight into the subfunctionalization of paralogues.Amino acid variations(M87V,T277P and V6L)in dual-specificity protein phosphatases(DsPTP1)-LIKE1/2/3 changed the interactions of these proteins with the four CmMPK groups in chrysanthemum,providing evidence for the de/neofunctionalization of paralogues in polyploids,suggesting that we can identify the key functional sites of proteins by studying polyploid paralogues.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171855)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23-A18),Seed Industry Project of Jiangsu Province(JBGS[2021]020)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M661870)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFD1000400)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Chrysanthemum morifolium,an ornamental crop with diverse forms of inflorescence,is a good model for studying flower development in Asteraceae.However,the genetic background is complex and the mechanisms of regulating flower development are still unclear.Here,we identified two natural mutant lines of chrysanthemum and named them M1 and M2 according to the severity of the phenotype.Both lines showed defects in petal identity,and the petals of the M1 line had a mild phenotype:partially loss of petal identity and conversion of petals into green,leaf-like organs.The M2 line had severe phenotypes:in addition to severe petal defects,secondary inflorescences were produced in the capitulum to replace the normal ray and disc florets,which indicated a transformation of a flower meristem into an inflorescence meristem.Transcriptome sequencing of WT and M2 inflorescences was performed and found altered expression of floral organ development A,B and E class genes,where B and E class genes were significantly down-regulated.qRT-PCR analysis in both M1 and M2 lines revealed that the expression of three chrysanthemum class B genes CmAP3.1,CmAP3.2 and CmPI,was negatively correlated with phenotypic severity.This suggests that class B genes in chrysanthemum not only have conserved functions in determining petal identity but also were involved in the determinacy of the flower meristem.This study provides insights into the functions of class B genes in flower development,and is informative for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of flower development in chrysanthemum.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902061),CL.https://www.nsfc.gov.cn.
文摘Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is one of the four major cut flowers in the world.Pht1 family is focus on the uptake and transport of phosphate in plants.In our previous studies,CmPht1;2 overexpression line(Oe1)had higher phosphate contents both in roots and shoots,and its root development was significantly enhanced than wild type(WT)at low phosphorus conditions in chrysanthemum.Metabolomics analysis showed that several metabolites had a change in pyruvate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle pathway.To explore the gene difference expression and the change of metabolic pathway between CmPht1;2-Oe1 and WT,we conducted the transcriptome analysis.A total of 617,681 and 207,271 unigenes were obtained from roots and shoots,respectively.They were classified into biological process,cellular component and molecular function by Gene Ontology(GO).In addition,450 different expression genes(DEGs)were found in the roots after 2 d treatment,and 1,787 DEGs were identified in shoots after 7 d treatment under LP condition between Oe1 and WT.From the top 20 pathways of DEGs assigned by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG),TCA cycle and pyruvate metabolism pathways mostly affected by overexpression of CmPht1;2 attracted our attention.This research will be helpful for elucidating the mechanism of effects by CmPht1;2 overexpression on growth,development and stress tolerance.
基金This study was supported by the following grants:National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program funded projects(30772824,81574031)Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory Construction Project for Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases(2017TP1018)+3 种基金Key Discipline Construction Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ophthalmology from State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZK 1801YK015)Changsha Science and Technology Plan Projects(K1501014-31,KC1704005)Hunan Provincial Graduate Research and Innovation Projects(CX20220780)Research Innovation Projects for Graduate Students at Hunan University of Chinese Medicine(2022YF01).
文摘Background:Dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface that is caused by multiple factors,characterized by pain,visual disturbance,and ocular damage.It is a common ophthalmic disease worldwide and a hot research field for scholars both domestically and internationally.This article employs network pharmacology methods to analyze the mechanism of Chrysanthemum in treating dry eye,which is a promising approach.Methods:The TCMSP(http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php)was used to screen for candidate active ingredient molecules of chrysanthemum with oral bioavailability≥30%and drug similarity to chrysanthemum≥0.18 as parameters.The active ingredients of chrysanthemum were searched using the“Related Targets”column in the TCMSP,followed by target prediction.Subsequently,Cytoscape 3.6.0 was employed to construct a compound-target network for chrysanthemum.The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and DisGeNET databases were used to identify pathogenic genes associated with dry eye.Furthermore,the STRING database was used to construct an interaction network and bar graph of intersecting target proteins in chrysanthemum to analyze protein interactions and core targets.To obtain key targets of active ingredients of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye,active ingredients targets of chrysanthemum and dry eye targets were intersected using Venny.Finally,a drug-active ingredient-key target-disease network was constructed.Gene Ontology functional annotation of key targets was performed using the WEBGESTALT database,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment was performed using the REACTOM database.Results:Eighty active ingredients of chrysanthemum corresponding to targets were obtained.Among active ingredients,508 predicted targets were identified,along with 4180 genes associated with dry eye and 45 key targets of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye.The functions of key targets primarily include regulation of gene expression,oxidative stress,immune response,apoptosis,proliferation,regulation of cellular inflammation-related factors,and angiogenesis.The primary pathways associated with key targets include interleukin signaling,metabolism,cytokine signaling in the immune system,immune system,and signal transduction.Conclusion:Chrysanthemum facilitates regulation through multiple molecules,targets,and pathways for treating dry eye,primarily inhibiting inflammation-related factors and pathways,thereby reducing inflammation of lacrimal gland tissue and improving dry eye.
文摘Odour of Chrysanthemums is one of the short stories by D. H. Lawrence. The fiction shows how humanity was ruined by bourgeois industrial civilization through the death of a miner. In embedding themes, the narrative technique of Odour of Chrysanthemums is worth our attention. This paper is intended to make an analysis of point of view, focalization and symbol in the light of narrative theory.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700620,31701959)the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Jiangsu Province(JATS[2018]278)+2 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(31425022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KJQN201812,KJQN201815)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)is a leading flower with applied value worldwide.Developing new chrysanthemum cultivars with novel characteristics such as new flower colors and shapes,plant architectures,flowering times,postharvest quality,and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in a time-and cost-efficient manner is the ultimate goal for breeders.Various breeding strategies have been employed to improve the aforementioned traits,ranging from conventional techniques,including crossbreeding and mutation breeding,to a series of molecular breeding methods,including transgenic technology,genome editing,and marker-assisted selection(MAS).In addition,the recent extensive advances in high-throughput technologies,especially genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics,and microbiomics,which are collectively referred to as omics platforms,have led to the collection of substantial amounts of data.Integration of these omics data with phenotypic information will enable the identification of genes/pathways responsible for important traits.Several attempts have been made to use emerging molecular and omics methods with the aim of accelerating the breeding of chrysanthemum.However,applying the findings of such studies to practical chrysanthemum breeding remains a considerable challenge,primarily due to the high heterozygosity and polyploidy of the species.This review summarizes the recent achievements in conventional and modern molecular breeding methods and emerging omics technologies and discusses their future applications for improving the agronomic and horticultural characteristics of chrysanthemum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730081)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(31425022)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572152)the National Science Fund of Jiangsu Province(BK20151429)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYRC201601).
文摘Chrysanthemums are sensitive to waterlogging stress,and the development of screening methods for tolerant germplasms or genes and the breeding of tolerant new varieties are of great importance in chrysanthemum breeding.To understand the genetic basis of waterlogging tolerance(WT)in chrysanthemums,we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS)using 92,811 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in a panel of 88 chrysanthemum accessions,including 64 spray cut and 24 disbud chrysanthemums.The results showed that the average MFVW(membership function value of waterlogging)of the disbud type(0.65)was significantly higher than that of the spray type(0.55)at P<0.05,and the MFVW of the Asian accessions(0.65)was significantly higher than that of the European accessions(0.48)at P<0.01.The GWAS performed using the general linear model(GLM)and mixed linear model(MLM)identified 137 and 14 SNP loci related to WT,respectively,and 11 associations were commonly predicted.By calculating the phenotypic effect values for 11 common SNP loci,six highly favorable SNP alleles that explained 12.85—21.85%of the phenotypic variations were identified.Furthermore,the dosage-pyramiding effects of the favorable alleles and the significant linear correlations between the numbers of highly favorable alleles and phenotypic values were identified(r2=0.45;P<0.01).A major SNP locus(Marker6619-75)was converted into a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(dCAPS)marker that cosegregated with WT with an average efficiency of 78.9%.Finally,four putative candidate genes in the WT were identified via quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The results presented in this study provide insights for further research on WT mechanisms and the application of molecular marker-assisted selection(MAS)in chrysanthemum WT breeding programs.
基金supported by Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(18)2020]the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31672192 and 31700620)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000402)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.KJQN201812).
文摘White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defensive enzymes activities of immune(Chrysanthemum makinoi var.wakasaense)and highly susceptible(Ajania shiwogiku var.kinokuniense)species were compared.Trichome density of two species was markedly different,negatively associated with plant resistance to P.horiana.Total wax load in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was two times more than that in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense.The wax composition in immune one was abundant in esters and primary alcohols.Superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),polyphenoloxidase(PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL,EC 4.3.1.5)activitieswere investigated.In C.makinoi var.wakasaense,the activity of SOD and POD increased rapidly after inoculation,whichmight be non-host induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)activated antioxidant enzymes,however SOD and POD remained a low and steady level in the highly susceptible one after inoculation.Quick increase in PPO activities after inoculation was observed in both species,however it remained higher in C.makinoi var.wakasaense at the late period of inoculation.PAL in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was induced after pathogen inoculation,but not in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense,suggesting that these two enzymes might contribute to the resistance to P.horiana.
文摘OBJECTIVE Acetaminophen(APAP),also known as paracetamol,is a commonly used antipyretic,anal⁃gesic and anti-inflammatory drug.However,during the use of APAP for more than half a century,people have not only used APAP to fight diseases but have also suffered the adverse effects brought about by APAP for more than half a cen⁃tury.The most serious adverse reaction to APAP is hepatotoxicity caused by overdose or long-term use.In Chinese tra⁃ditional medicine,chrysanthemums have the functions of dispelling wind,dissipating heat,clearing the liver and improv⁃ing eyesight.Although the chrysanthemum variety named Bianliang ziyu from Kaifeng is not a medicinal variety,it has good value for medicine and food.The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Bianliang Ziyu extract(BZE)on APAP-damaged rats and the potential molecular mechanism.METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats(200-220 g)were intragastrically administered BZE(110,220 and 440 mg·kg^-1)for 8 d.On the ninth day,APAP(800 mg·kg^-1)was administered intragastrically to the rats 0.5 h after BZE administration to induced drug-induced liver injury.The serum and liver samples were collected after 24 h.The levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartic aminotransferase(AST),reactive oxygen species(ROS),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione(GSH)in serum and liver tissue of rats were detected by kit method.HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the liver of rat.The effects of BZE on the expression of the oxidative stress related proteins and the mitochondrial biosyn⁃thesis related proteins were detected by Western blot.RESULTS The results showed that BZE significantly reduced the levels of ALT,AST,MDA and ROS and increased the levels of GSH and SOD caused by APAP.Moreover,BZE increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)and glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β),promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2).BZE also upregulated the expression of mitochondrial biosynthesis related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPAR-γ),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α),mitochondrial transcription factor(TFAM)and nuclear respira⁃tory factor 1(NRF1).CONCLUSION BZE alleviates APAP-induced liver injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress via GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling and the mitochondrial biosynthesis pathway mediated by AMPK.
文摘Chrysanthemum indicum Flower is usually consumed as functional food. This paper described an improved total quality assessment method for Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantitation using a single standard to determine multi-components method combined with high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis. Six main components of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower including two flavonoids and four phenolic acids were simultaneously quantified using linarin as the internal reference standard. The method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and stability.The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of thirty three batches of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower samples. Under the same chromatographic conditions, fingerprint analysis in combination with Similarity analysis and principal component analysis was performed to identify the samples from different regions. In general, an effective assessment using a single standard to determinate multi-components method combined with fingerprint analysis make the reliable qualitation and quantitation analysis of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower available.
文摘Today’s chrysanthemums are highly evolved flowering plants and they are considered as one of the most important ornamental cut flowers. In this research an isopentenyl transferase gene named CmIPT1 was isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The full cDNA sequence of CmIPT1 was 873 bp which encoded a deduced protein of 290 amino acids. It contained GxxGxGKS which is a conserved sequence of the typical domain of IPT family. The phylogenetic tree analysis of CmIPT1 in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ shows that it has the closest relationship with CcIPT1 in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus. Expression of CmIPT1 was higher in stems and apex, whereas it was lower in leaves and roots. And the overexpression of CmIPT1 obviously increased the number of rosette branches in Arabidopsis. Here, in our study, we showed that CmIPT1 is a positive regulator of branch development in Chrysanthemum and may play a key role in regulating lateral branch formation of Chrysanthemum plants.
文摘A new sesquiterpene with an eudesmane skeleton,named Chrysantherol wasisolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum.Its structure was elucidated as 1 mainly by theanalysis of spectral data.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of Chrysanthemum indicum ethanol extract(CIEE)against activated hepatic stellate cells(HSC)and thioacetamide(TAA)-induced hepatofibrosis in rats.Methods:Cell viability and proliferation of HSC-T6 cells were measured using MTT assay.Primary HSCs were used to study morphology.TAA(200 mg/kg)was used to induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)and silymarin(50 mg/kg)were administered orally.Liver functions including alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,glutathione,and hydroxyproline levels were measured using commercial kits.Liver sections and fibrotic biomarker expression were measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results:In vitro study revealed that CIEE(0.1,0.25,and 0.5 mg/mL)inhibited the proliferation of activated HSCs exposed to transforming growth factor(TGF)-β and restored the activated primary HSC morphology.In in vivo studies,TAA-induced increase in liver/body weight ratio(5.46±0.26)was significantly reduced(4.13±0.22)by CIEE(P<0.05 at 500 mg/kg).CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)improved the liver functions by significantly attenuating changes in alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,glutathione,and hydroxyproline levels(P<0.05).Further,CIEE(100 and 500 mg/kg)ameliorated the histological changes in liver tissue and TGF-β expression significantly(P<0.05)in TAA-induced rats.Conclusions:CIEE significantly protects against TAA-induced liver damage in rats and can be used in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
基金Supported by Foundation for Key Program of Hubei Province(LX201827)Soft Science Program for Technological Innovation of Hubei Province(2018ADC149)
文摘This paper first introduced Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and its medicinal value. Then, it studied agricultural intellectual property resources such as geographical indications, trademarks, patents, new plant varieties, biological genetic resources, and traditional knowledge related to C. morifolium . Finally, it summarized poverty-stricken areas ecologically suitable for planting C. morifolium , analyzed the GAP certification of C. morifolium , pollution-free agricultural product certification, green food certification, and organic food certification, and discussed the strategies for C. morifolium intellectual property protection and authenticity protection in the context of TCM development strategy and rural revitalization strategy.
基金This work was supported by funding from the Germplasm Resources Protection(crop)project of Ministry of Agriculture(1120162130135252031)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572159)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(31425022).
文摘The enzyme RNAPII CTD phosphatase-like 1 is known as a transcriptional regulator of the plant response to various abiotic stresses.Here,the isolation of CmCPL1,a chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium)gene encoding this enzyme is described.Its predicted 955 residue gene product includes the FCPH catalytic domain,two double-stranded RNA binding motifs,and a nuclear localization signal.A sub-cellular localization assay confirmed that CmCPL1 was expressed in the nucleus.CmCPL1 transcription was shown to be significantly inducible by heat stress.The over-expression and knockdown of CmCPL1,respectively,increased and diminished the tolerance of chrysanthemum to heat stress,which maybe dependent on the regulation of CmCPL1 and on the expression of downstream heat stress-responsive genes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800601)Innovation Training Program for College Students of Sichuan Agricultural University(040-2021998185).
文摘Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world,and temperature has a significant influence on its field production.In the present study,differentially expressed proteins were investigated in the leaves of Dendranthema grandiflorum‘Jinba’under high temperature stress using label-free quantitative proteomics techniques.The expressed proteins were comparatively identified and analyzed.A total of 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),and 1,463 heat-related,differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry after a high temperature treatment.Among these,701 proteins were upregulated and 762 proteins were downregulated.The in-depth bioinformatics analysis of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that these were involved in energy metabolism pathways,protein metabolism,and heat shock.In the present study,the investigators determined the changes in the levels of some proteins,and their expression at the protein and molecular levels in chrysanthemum to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in chrysanthemum.Furthermore,the present study elucidated some of the proteins correlated to heat resistance in chrysanthemum,and their expression changes at the protein and molecular levels to help reveal the mechanism of heat resistance in this flower species.These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of new heat resistant varieties of chrysanthemum in the field.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81673325,81711540311,and 21705156)the International Partnership Program of CAS(No.153631KYSB20160004)+1 种基金Gansu Province Key International S&T Cooperation Project(No.18YF1WA127)CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program.
文摘The fowers of Chrysanthemum indicum,i.e.Ye-ju-hua recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,has been widely used in China as an important heat-clearing and detoxifying herb for the treatment of infammation,headache,and vertigo.A phytochemical investigation of this herb has led to the isolation of two new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids,7-epi-eudesm4(15),11(13)-diene-1β,3β-diol(1)and 7-epi-1β-hydroxy-β-eudesmol(2).The molecular structures of these new sesquiterpenoids were established based on the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses,including NMR,MS,and IR,and comparing with the literatures.
基金This work was supported by Anyang science and Technology development plan project in 2020(Project No.228).
文摘A novel computational system was used to decipher the targets and mechanisms of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma.The putative target profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma was identified from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank.Next,identification of the protein-protein interaction network of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma targets,and the identification of differentially expressed genes in hepatocellular carcinoma,relied on data from the NCBI database.Finally,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology were used to analyze the common targets.Forty-eight active compounds in Chrysanthemum morifolium were identified by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank,and 71 differentially expressed genes were identified in the GEO database.Further,10 core target proteins were selected,including CYP1A1,ADRB2,ADRA1B,PGR,MAOB,SLC6A4,GABRA1,MAOA,NOS3 and PTGS2.These target genes were also found to be associated with pathways involved in adrenergic receptor activity and catecholamine binding.
