Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This s...Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ<sup>2</sup> = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.展开更多
Objective:To explore how cigarette smoke extract(CES)regulates the expression of exosomal miR-34a in 16 HBE bronchial epithelial cells,thus affecting the proliferation of MRC-5 lung fibroblasts.Methods:CES was prepare...Objective:To explore how cigarette smoke extract(CES)regulates the expression of exosomal miR-34a in 16 HBE bronchial epithelial cells,thus affecting the proliferation of MRC-5 lung fibroblasts.Methods:CES was prepared from commercially available cigarettes,and 16HBE cells were treated with CES.The exosomal miR-34a collected from Yipeng Ding,Chief Physician,M.D..the supernatant was used for MRC-5 cell culture.The expression level of exosomal miR-34a was detected by RT-PCR.The proliferation ability of MRC-5 cells was determined by CCK-8 cell counting kit.The expression of CASP2 was detected by Western blot,and the target binding of miR-34a and CASP2 gene was verified by dual luciferase.Results:Under the transmission electron microscope,the exosomes in the supernatant of 16 HBE were spherical,with a particle size of about 100 nm;after CES treatment,the expression of exosomal miR-34a significantly increased.Further research showed that the exosomal miR-34a induced by CES can promote the proliferation of MRC-5 cells;miR-34a and CASP2 have a target binding relationship;miR-34a mimic significantly inhibited the expression of CASP2.Conclusion:In CES-induced 16HBE cells,exosomal miR-34a plays a key role in fibroblast proliferation through target binding with the CASP2 gene.展开更多
BACKGROUND More recent data are required relating to disease risk for use of various smoked products and of other products containing nicotine.Earlier we published metaanalyses of recent results for chronic obstructiv...BACKGROUND More recent data are required relating to disease risk for use of various smoked products and of other products containing nicotine.Earlier we published metaanalyses of recent results for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer on the relative risk(RR)of current compared to never product use for cigarettes,cigars and pipes based on evidence from North America,Europe and Japan.We now report corresponding up-to-date evidence for acute myocardial infarction(AMI),ischaemic heart disease(IHD)and stroke.AIM To estimate,using recent data,AMI,IHD and stroke RRs by region for current smoking of cigarettes,cigars and pipes.METHODS Publications in English from 2015 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of AMI,IHD or stroke for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of stroke or cardiovascular disease(CVD),not be restricted to populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and meta-analyses.For each study identified,we entered the most recent available data on current smoking of each product,as well as the characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis for stroke and,in the case of CVD,separately for IHD and AMI.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.A more limited assessment of variation in risk by daily number of cigarettes smoked was also conducted.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:Ten studies gave a random-effects RR for AMI of 2.72[95%confidence interval(CI):2.40-3.08],derived from 13 estimates between 1.47 and 4.72.Twenty-three studies gave an IHD RR of 2.01(95%CI:1.84-2.21),using 28 estimates between 0.81 and 4.30.Thirty-one studies gave a stroke RR of 1.62(95%CI:1.48-1.77),using 37 estimates from 0.66 to 2.91.Though heterogeneous,only two of the overall 78 RRs were below 1.0,71 significantly(P<0.05)exceeding 1.0.The heterogeneity was only partly explicable by the factors studied.Estimates were generally higher for females and for later-starting studies.They were significantly higher for North America than Europe for AMI,but not the other diseases.For stroke,the only endpoint with multiple Japanese studies,RRs were lower there than for Western studies.Adjustment for multiple factors tended to increase RRs.Our RR estimates and the variations by sex and region are consistent with earlier meta-analyses.RRs generally increased with amount smoked.Current cigar and pipe smoking:No AMI data were available.One North American study reported reduced IHD risk for non-exclusive cigar or pipe smoking,but considered few cases.Two North American studies found no increased stroke risk with exclusive cigar smoking,one reporting reduced risk for exclusive pipe smoking(RR 0.24,95%CI:0.06-0.91).The cigar results agree with an earlier review showing no clear risk increase for IHD or stroke.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking increases risk of AMI,IHD and stroke,RRs being 2.72,2.01 and 1.62.The stroke risk is lower in Japan,no increase was seen for cigars/pipes.展开更多
BACKGROUND There is a need to have up-to-date information for various diseases on the risk related to the use of different smoked products and the use of other nicotinecontaining products.Here,we contribute to the inf...BACKGROUND There is a need to have up-to-date information for various diseases on the risk related to the use of different smoked products and the use of other nicotinecontaining products.Here,we contribute to the information pool by presenting up-to-date quantitative evidence for North America,Europe and Japan and for both lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)on the relative risk(RR)relating to current vs never product use for each of the three smoked tobacco products,cigarettes,cigars and pipes.AIM To estimate lung cancer and COPD current smoking RRs for the three products using recent data for the three regions.METHODS Publications in English from 2010 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of lung cancer and/or COPD for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered,not be restricted to specific lung cancer types or populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE separately for lung cancer and for COPD,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and metaanalyses.For each study identified,the most recent available data on each product were entered on current smoking,as well as on characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.Results were compared with those from previous meta-analyses published since 2000.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:For lung cancer,44 studies(26 North American,14 European,three Japanese,and one in multiple continents),gave an overall estimate of 12.14[95%confidence interval(CI)10.30-14.30].The estimates were higher(heterogeneity P<0.001)for North American(15.15,CI 12.77-17.96)and European studies(12.30,CI 9.77-15.49)than for Japanese studies(3.61,CI 2.87-4.55),consistent with previous evidence of lower RRs for Asia.RRs were higher(P<0.05)for death(14.85,CI 11.99-18.38)than diagnosis(10.82,CI 8.61-13.60).There was some variation(P<0.05)by study population,with higher RRs for international and regional studies than for national studies and studies of specific populations.RRs were higher in males,as previously reported,the within-study male/female ratio of RRs being 1.52(CI 1.20-1.92).RRs did not vary significantly(P≥0.05)by other factors.For COPD,RR estimates were provided by 18 studies(10 North American,seven European,and one Japanese).The overall estimate of 9.19(CI 6.97-12.13),was based on heterogeneous data(P<0.001),and higher than reported earlier.There was no(P>0.1)variation by sex,region or exclusive use,but limited evidence(0.05<P<0.1)that RR estimates were greater where cases occurring shortly after baseline were ignored;where bronchiectasis was excluded from the COPD definition;and with greater confounder adjustment.Within-study comparisons showed adjusted RRs exceeded unadjusted RRs.Current cigar smoking:Three studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 2.73(CI 2.36-3.15),with no heterogeneity,lower than the 4.67(CI 3.49-6.25)reported in an earlier review.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(2.44,CI 0.98-6.05)being imprecise.Current pipe smoking:Four studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 4.93(CI 1.97-12.32),close to the 5.20(CI 3.50-7.73)given earlier.However,the estimates were heterogeneous,with two above 10,and two below 3.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(1.12,CI 0.29-4.40),being imprecise.For both diseases,the lower RR estimates for cigars and for pipes than for current smoking of cigarettes aligns with earlier published evidence.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking substantially increases lung cancer and COPD risk,more so in North America and Europe than Japan.Limited evidence confirms lower risks for cigars and pipes than cigarettes.展开更多
China has rolled out laws,policies,and programs to reduce the use of tobacco,and achieved marked results over the past decades.OLD Chen took a drag on his cigarette,watching his three-year-old granddaughter woddle aro...China has rolled out laws,policies,and programs to reduce the use of tobacco,and achieved marked results over the past decades.OLD Chen took a drag on his cigarette,watching his three-year-old granddaughter woddle around in a small park in western Beijing.Whenever the toddler came near,he would stretch out his hand holding the cigarette as far away from her as possible.Still,the smell of smoke was perceptible even at arm’s length.“Smoking is no good,my wife complains about it every day,”he acknowledged.“But I am too old to quit,”he said,giving a familiar excuse.Like many men of his generation,the 67-year-old first picked up the nicotine habit from his peers,fellow factory workers in his case.He has noticed that fewer people of his age are smoking today.“Smoking is no good,”he reiterated.展开更多
China is one of the biggest countries in cigarette production and sales,therefore it is important to improve the quality and efficiency of cigarette production.As cigarette packaging is an important part in cigarette ...China is one of the biggest countries in cigarette production and sales,therefore it is important to improve the quality and efficiency of cigarette production.As cigarette packaging is an important part in cigarette production,therefore,it is important to strengthen research on improving the quality of cigarette packaging.This article summarizes the development process of cigarette packaging in China,introduces the development of printing technology in the era of intelligence,summarizes the application of printing technology in cigarette packaging,analyzes and explores the development trend of cigarette packaging in the era of intelligence,with the hope to provide reference for practitioners.展开更多
Electronic nicotine delivery systems also known as electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) are marketed by their manufactures as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes because of potentially reduced delivery of tox...Electronic nicotine delivery systems also known as electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) are marketed by their manufactures as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes because of potentially reduced delivery of toxins. However, the scientific evidence and the long-term health effects of e-cigarettes are limited. We describe a case of a 43-year-old man who had been smoking electronic cigarettes excessively for three days and presented with acute dyspnea, increased work of breathing and tachycardia. Subsequent chest x-ray revealed bilateral pleural effusions. In addition, the patient had a new oxygen requirement and was thus admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia and bilateral pleural effusions. The case and the potential harmful effects of electronic cigarettes are discussed herein.展开更多
Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity among smokers due to their taste, smell, appearance, and easy availability compared to traditional cigarettes, as well as the perception that they are safer than tradi...Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity among smokers due to their taste, smell, appearance, and easy availability compared to traditional cigarettes, as well as the perception that they are safer than traditional cigarettes. These devices result in aerosols containing nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, vitamin E, and chemical flavors inhaled into the lungs. Other components found in these vapors include heavy metals such as nickel, chromium, lead, manganese, and tin. In addition, some ingredients volatilization leads to toxic aldehydes formation such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. Smoking cigarettes is addictive and has been associated with many health issues such as heart disease, lung cancer, etc. Rising awareness of these dangers moves more people towards these electronic delivery systems, reducing the health effects of cigarettes. The toxicity of EC’s ingredients is well studied when ingested;however, their toxicity through inhalation remains unclear. Consequently, the use of ECs has become a significant concern worldwide and raises whether it is indeed safe to use. This paper will serve as a literature review paper to discuss the toxicity of commonly found ingredients in ECs and their associated health issues. Our conclusion emphasizes that even though smoking EC is less risker than smoking traditional cigarettes, it is still not safe due to the potentially harmful effect these E-cig’s ingredients have on the human’s health. In addition, E-cigarette’s aerosol could also contain toxic compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein due to glycerin’s thermo-degradation.展开更多
Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an ...Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an experiment mouse model for COPD and to investigate the effects of berberine on airway inflammation and its possible mechanism in COPD model mice induced by cigarette smoke extract(CSE).Twenty SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS control group,COPD model group,low-dose berberine group and high-dose berberine group,5 mice in each group.The neutrophils and macrophages were examined by Wright's staining.The levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detennined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and proteins in lung tissues were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.It was found that CSE increased the number of inflammation cells in BALF,elevated lung inflammation scores,and enhanced the TGF-β1/Smads signaling activity in mice.High-dose berberine restrained the alterations in the COPD mice induced by CSE.It was concluded that high-dose berberine ameliorated CSE-induced airway inflammation in COPD mice.TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the mechanism.These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of high-dose berberine on the CSE-induced airway inflammation.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the etiology of esophageal cancer among Taiwan Residents women.METHODS:This is a multi-center,hospital-based,case-control study.Case patients consisted of women who were newly diagnosed and patholog...AIM:To investigate the etiology of esophageal cancer among Taiwan Residents women.METHODS:This is a multi-center,hospital-based,case-control study.Case patients consisted of women who were newly diagnosed and pathology-proven to have esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) from three large medical centers(one from Northern and two from Southern Taiwan,respectively)between August 2000 and December 2008.Each ESCC patient was matched with 4 healthy women based on age(within 3 years)and hospital of origin,from the Department of Preventive Medicine in each hospital.A total of 51 case patients and 204 controls,all women,were studied.RESULTS:Frequencies of smokers and drinkers among ESCC patients were 19.6%and 21.6%,respectively,which were significantly higher than smokers(4.4%) and drinkers(4.4%)among controls(OR=4.07,95%CI:1.36-12.16,P=0.01;OR=3.55,95%CI:1.03-12.27,P=0.04).Women who drank an amount of alcohol more than 158 g per week had a 20.58-fold greater risk(95%CI:1.72-245.62,P=0.02)of ESCC than those who never drank alcohol after adjusting for other covariates,although the sample size was small.CONCLUSION:Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking,especially heavy drinking,are the major risks for developing ESCC in Taiwan Residents women.展开更多
The three-dimensional(3 D)model of cigarette was accurately constructed through reverse engineering as the research object of numerical simulation.The combustion process of cigarette was studied with computational flu...The three-dimensional(3 D)model of cigarette was accurately constructed through reverse engineering as the research object of numerical simulation.The combustion process of cigarette was studied with computational fluid dynamics(CFD).Standard Laminar models with species transport approach were applied,and numerical simulation of the cigarette was analyzed with semi-implicit method for pressure–velocity coupling.The results showed that the model could predict velocity of cigarette smoke,the distributions of temperature and pressure at different times.In order to verify the correctness of model,it was found that the relationship between the velocity of smoke and pressure according to Darcy’s law on z position(x=4 mm,y=0,0 mm≤z≤50.61 mm).展开更多
To understand the retention mechanism of phenol in mainstream cigarette smoke by cellulose acetate(CA)filters,the phenol filtration efficiency,the phenol distribution in the gas phase and particulate phase during filt...To understand the retention mechanism of phenol in mainstream cigarette smoke by cellulose acetate(CA)filters,the phenol filtration efficiency,the phenol distribution in the gas phase and particulate phase during filtration and the retention characteristics of the filter for both the gas phase and particulate phenol species were investigated.The distribution of particulate bound phenol as a function of the particle size was examined.The ratio of phenol transferring from the particulate phase to the gas phase during smoke flowing through the CA filter were studied.Retention mechanisms for phenol in the gas phase as well as particulate phase phenol in the filter and the phase transition of phenol were proposed.Phenol filtration efficiency of the cigarette filter was calculated based on the proposed retention mechanisms and compared with available experimental data.The results showed that:1)Comparing with nicotine and the other particulate bound smoke constituents,CA filter exhibited a certain retention selectivity for phenol.2)Although phenol was mainly bound to the particulate phase of the cigarette mainstream smoke,about 35% of gas phase phenol was found at the tobacco end of the filter,whilst this dropped to approximately 0 at the mouth end of the filter,mostly by selective chemical adsorption.3)The weighted average smoke particle size and particulate phenol was 0.44 and 0.38 pm,respectively.The filtration efficiency of the filter to particulate phenol was near 40%.4)About 19% of particulate bound phenol transferred to gas phase when smoke passing the filter,and was selectively adsorbed.5)The overall filtration efficiency of the CA filter for phenol in mainstream cigarette smoke was 68.7%,with-7.7% variation compared with experimental data.The results demonstrated the phase transition of phenol during the filtration process and the selective retention with varying particle sizes.Our results showed that the application of CA filter in product designs reduces harmful constituents such as phenolic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke.展开更多
To investigate the role of signaling pathway in the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ER stress) in endothelial cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract(CSE). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) w...To investigate the role of signaling pathway in the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ER stress) in endothelial cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract(CSE). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) were cultured and divided into 3 groups: CSE-stimulated group, CSE-stimulated with 4-PBA group, and negative control group. HUVECs were cultured and stimulated with CSE at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%, respectively, mR NA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 was detected by real-time PCR. ELISA was performed to test the expression of CXCL-8 protein, and neutrophils migration was detected by Transwell board test. The NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β) were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 increased in CSE-stimulated HUVECs(P<0.05). Furthermore, it was concentration-dependent. 4-PBA significantly reduced the expression of CXCL-8 protein(P<0.05) and neutrophil migration(P<0.05). The TGF-β, rather than the NF-κB, ERK and P38 MAPK pathway might be involved in ER stress stimulated by CSE. CSE induced neutrophils migration by increasing the expression of CXCL-8 in endothelial cells. ER stress might play a role in the effect of neutrophils migration stimulated with CSE, and TGF-β pathway may contribute to the ER stress in HUVECs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking(CS)is the most common method of consuming tobacco.Deleterious effects on bone integrity,increased incidence of fractures,and delayed fracture healing are all associated with CS.Over 150 of...BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking(CS)is the most common method of consuming tobacco.Deleterious effects on bone integrity,increased incidence of fractures,and delayed fracture healing are all associated with CS.Over 150 of the 6500 molecular species contained in cigarette smoke and identified as toxic compounds are inhaled by CS and,via the bloodstream,reach the skeletal system.New technologies designed to develop a reduced-risk alternative for smokers are based on electronic nicotine delivery systems,such as e-cigarettes and tobacco heating systems(THS).THS are designed to heat tobacco instead of burning it,thereby reducing the levels of harmful toxic compounds released.AIM To examine the effects of THS on osteoprogenitor cell viability and function compared to conventional CS.METHODS Human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells(n=3)and primary human preosteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone samples from BG Unfall Klinik Tübingen(n=5)were osteogenically differentiated in vitro with aqueous extracts generated from either the THS 2.4“IQOS”or conventional“Marlboro”cigarettes for up to 21 d.Cell viability was analyzed using resazurin conversion assay(mitochondrial activity)and calcein-AM staining(esterase activity).Osteogenic differentiation and bone cell function were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase(AP)activity,while matrix formation was analyzed through alizarin red staining.Primary cilia structure was examined by acetylatedα-tubulin immunofluorescent staining.Free radical production was evaluated with 2’,7’-dichlorofluoresceindiacetate assay.RESULTS Our data clearly show that THS is significantly less toxic to bone cells than CS when analyzed by mitochondrial and esterase activity(P<0.001).No significant differences in cytotoxicity between the diverse flavors of THS were observed.Harmful effects from THS on bone cell function were observed only at very high,non-physiological concentrations.In contrast,extracts from conventional cigarettes significantly reduced the AP activity(by two-fold)and matrix mineralization(four-fold)at low concentrations.Additionally,morphologic analysis of primary cilia revealed no significant changes in the length of the organelle involved in osteogenesis of osteoprogenitor cells,nor in the number of ciliated cells following THS treatment.Assessment of free radical production demonstrated that THS induced significantly less oxidative stress than conventional CS in osteoprogenitor cells.CONCLUSIONTHS was significantly less harmful to osteoprogenitor cells during osteogenesisthan conventional CS. Additional studies are required to confirm whether THS isa better alternative for smokers to improve delays in bone healing followingfracture.展开更多
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a severe public health problem.Cigarette smoke(CS)is a risk factor for COPD and lung cancer.The underlying molecular mechanisms of CS-induced malignant transfor...Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a severe public health problem.Cigarette smoke(CS)is a risk factor for COPD and lung cancer.The underlying molecular mechanisms of CS-induced malignant transformation of bronchial epithelial cells remain unclear.In this study,we describe a lung-on-a-chip to explore the possible mechanistic link between cigarette smoke extract(CSE)-associated COPD and lung cancer.Methods An in vitro lung-on-a-chip model was used to simulate pulmonary epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells with CSE.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-αwere tested as indicators of inflammation using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay.Apical junction complex mRNA expression was detected with qRT-PCR as the index of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT).The effects of CSE on the phosphorylation of signal transduction and transcriptional activator 3(STAT3)were detected by Western blotting.Flow cytometry was performed to investigate the effects of this proto-oncogene on cell cycle distribution.Results Inflammation caused by CSE was achieved in a lung-on-a-chip model with a mimetic movement.CSE exposure induced the degradation of intercellular connections and triggered the EMT process.CSE exposure also activated the phosphorylation of proto-oncogene STAT3,while these effects were inhibited with HJC0152.Conclusions CSE exposure in the lung-on-a-chip model caused activation of STAT3 in epithelial cells and endothelial cells.HJC0152,an inhibitor of activated STAT3,could be a potential treatment for CS-associated COPD and lung cancer.展开更多
Cigarette smoking contributes to the development of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).As the basic pathological change of PAH,pulmonary vascular remodeling is considered to be related to the abnormal proliferation of...Cigarette smoking contributes to the development of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).As the basic pathological change of PAH,pulmonary vascular remodeling is considered to be related to the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells(PASMCs).However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains not exactly clear.The aim of this research was to study the molecular mechanism of PASMCs proliferation induced by smoking.Human PASMCs(HPASMCs)were divided into 6 groups:0%(control group),cigarette smoking extract(CSE)-treated groups at concentrations of 0.5%,1%,2%,5%,10%CSE respectively.HPASMCs proliferation was observed after 24 h.HPASMCs were divided into two groups:0(control group),0.5%CSE group.The mRNA and protein expression levels of transient receptor potential channel 1(TRPC1)and cyclin D1 in HPASMCs after CSE treatment were respectively detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The intracellular calcium ion concentration was measured by the calcium probe in each group.In the negative control group and TRPC1-siRNA transfection group,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were detected.Data were compared with one-way ANOVA(for multiple-group comparison)and independent t-test(for two-group comparison)followed by the least significant difference(LSD)test with the computer software SPSS 17.0.It was found that 0.5%and 1%CSE could promote the proliferation of HPASMCs(P<0.05),and the former was more effective than the latter(P<0.05),while 3%and above CSE had inhibitory effect on HPASMCs(P<0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPC1 and cyclin D1 in 0.5%and 1%CSE groups were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),while those in 3%CSE group were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in TRPC1-siRNA transfection group were significantly reduced as compared with those in the negative control group(P<0.05).It was concluded that low concentration of CSE can promote the proliferation of HPASMCs,while high concentrations of CSE inhibit HPASMCs proliferation.These findings suggested that CSE induced proliferation of HPASMCs at least in part via TRPC1-mediated cyclin D1 expression.展开更多
Despite the growing problem of global cigarette use, accurate information on the prevalence and pattern in Nigerian adolescents’ remains sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smok...Despite the growing problem of global cigarette use, accurate information on the prevalence and pattern in Nigerian adolescents’ remains sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among in-school male adolescents in Nigerian population and to assess their level of knowledge on the health effects of cigarette smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 944 randomly selected in-school male adolescents in Owerri, south-east Nigeria, between September and November 2013. Information was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The findings indicated a prevalence of 15.3% for ever smoked adolescents and 11.2% for current smokers. The mean age at cigarette smoking initiation was 14 years. Sixty-three percent had good knowledge of health problems associated with cigarette smoking. Lung cancer was the most reported associated health problem. Fifty-two (36.1%) indicated that they were initiated by their friends who offered them their first stick of cigarette. The major reason for smoking cigarette the first time was to be like their friends/role model and out of curiosity. Poor knowledge of health effects of smoking was statistically associated with cigarette smoking (X2 = 26.82, p-value < 0.001). Knowledge of health problems associated with smoking proved to be the major reason for not smoking by never smoked adolescents, which means that awareness creation on health problems associated with cigarette smoking through health education in schools coupled with stiff legislative ban on sale of cigarette to adolescents will, to a reasonable extent, reduce the high prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking in our society.展开更多
day work and shift work) and cigarette smoking in Japanese workers. We used data of 3,238 men (39.3 ± 10.5 years) and 5,111 women (37.1 ± 10.9 years), aged 20 - 59 years, by cross-sectional clinical investig...day work and shift work) and cigarette smoking in Japanese workers. We used data of 3,238 men (39.3 ± 10.5 years) and 5,111 women (37.1 ± 10.9 years), aged 20 - 59 years, by cross-sectional clinical investigation study. Work style i.e. day work and shift work, cigarette smoking, status of stress and stress coping were obtained by questionnaires by well-trained medical staff. A total of 227 men (7.0%) and 339 women (6.6%) were shift workers, and 1346 men (41.6%) and 649 women (12.7%) were current smokers. Work style was significantly linked to cigarette smoking, stress and stress coping after adjusting for age in women. In addition, the level of stress coping in subjects with cigarette smoking was significantly lower than that in subjects without cigarette smoking even after adjusting for age in women. However, these associations were not noted in men. Work style was critically associated with cigarette smoking in Japanese female workers.展开更多
Introduction: In 2016, China became the largest market for slim cigarettes in the world, selling 68.945 billion sticks. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of China’s 2015 tobacco taxation policy on sl...Introduction: In 2016, China became the largest market for slim cigarettes in the world, selling 68.945 billion sticks. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of China’s 2015 tobacco taxation policy on slim cigarette consumption and the product’s market trends. Methods: Monthly data on the market share of slim cigarettes and their average price between January 2014 and June 2017 were used to show tobacco market trends and to estimate the impact of the 2015 tobacco tax increase on tobacco consumption. Segmented regression analysis was used to estimate the immediate effect of the 2015 tax policy and the time trends in consumption due to the policy change. Findings: After the tobacco tax increase was announced in May 2015, the market share of slim cigarettes initially decreased by 0.2117 (p = 0.067). However, by the third month after the policy change, consumption began to increase, and the market share of slim cigarettes was 1.6 times the normal increase over time. Slim cigarettes gained a 2.02% additional share by the second quarter of 2017 (from 2.58% to 4.60%), controlling for the price difference between slim cigarettes and regular cigarettes. The coefficient of the share and the price ratio (slim cigarettes/regular cigarettes) was ?0.7536 (p = 0.0044), suggesting that slim cigarettes are a substitute for regular cigarettes. Estimates also show that after the tax increase was implemented, consumption of slim cigarettes increased almost three times the normal consumption rate (0.0069 versus 0.0024). Conclusion: The slim cigarette industry in China has grown rapidly in recent years. The 2015 tax increase has had only minimal or short-term impact on reducing the growing popularity of slim cigarettes. Since slim cigarettes are a substitute for regular cigarettes, more empirical research is urgently needed to study the health impacts of slim cigarette use and the impact of tobacco control policies on slim cigarette consumption.展开更多
Understanding the fundamcntal relationship betwecn gas dilution rate of a cigarette and key cigarette design parameters is important in the overall control of smoke yield.In this work,an equation was derived to expres...Understanding the fundamcntal relationship betwecn gas dilution rate of a cigarette and key cigarette design parameters is important in the overall control of smoke yield.In this work,an equation was derived to express the total gas dilution with the cigarette rod length,cigarette paper air permeability,and the filter ventilation level.The relationship was validated using experimental results.The accuracy of the developed model was dependent on the regression method used,i.e.,linear or a nonlinear.The expression provides a quantitative description of the interactions between filter ventilation level,cigarette length,cigarette circumference and cigarette paper air permeability and the total air dilution at the cigarette's mouth end.展开更多
文摘Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ<sup>2</sup> = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.
基金Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund of Hainan(No.822QN447)and National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82160011)。
文摘Objective:To explore how cigarette smoke extract(CES)regulates the expression of exosomal miR-34a in 16 HBE bronchial epithelial cells,thus affecting the proliferation of MRC-5 lung fibroblasts.Methods:CES was prepared from commercially available cigarettes,and 16HBE cells were treated with CES.The exosomal miR-34a collected from Yipeng Ding,Chief Physician,M.D..the supernatant was used for MRC-5 cell culture.The expression level of exosomal miR-34a was detected by RT-PCR.The proliferation ability of MRC-5 cells was determined by CCK-8 cell counting kit.The expression of CASP2 was detected by Western blot,and the target binding of miR-34a and CASP2 gene was verified by dual luciferase.Results:Under the transmission electron microscope,the exosomes in the supernatant of 16 HBE were spherical,with a particle size of about 100 nm;after CES treatment,the expression of exosomal miR-34a significantly increased.Further research showed that the exosomal miR-34a induced by CES can promote the proliferation of MRC-5 cells;miR-34a and CASP2 have a target binding relationship;miR-34a mimic significantly inhibited the expression of CASP2.Conclusion:In CES-induced 16HBE cells,exosomal miR-34a plays a key role in fibroblast proliferation through target binding with the CASP2 gene.
文摘BACKGROUND More recent data are required relating to disease risk for use of various smoked products and of other products containing nicotine.Earlier we published metaanalyses of recent results for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer on the relative risk(RR)of current compared to never product use for cigarettes,cigars and pipes based on evidence from North America,Europe and Japan.We now report corresponding up-to-date evidence for acute myocardial infarction(AMI),ischaemic heart disease(IHD)and stroke.AIM To estimate,using recent data,AMI,IHD and stroke RRs by region for current smoking of cigarettes,cigars and pipes.METHODS Publications in English from 2015 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of AMI,IHD or stroke for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of stroke or cardiovascular disease(CVD),not be restricted to populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and meta-analyses.For each study identified,we entered the most recent available data on current smoking of each product,as well as the characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis for stroke and,in the case of CVD,separately for IHD and AMI.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.A more limited assessment of variation in risk by daily number of cigarettes smoked was also conducted.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:Ten studies gave a random-effects RR for AMI of 2.72[95%confidence interval(CI):2.40-3.08],derived from 13 estimates between 1.47 and 4.72.Twenty-three studies gave an IHD RR of 2.01(95%CI:1.84-2.21),using 28 estimates between 0.81 and 4.30.Thirty-one studies gave a stroke RR of 1.62(95%CI:1.48-1.77),using 37 estimates from 0.66 to 2.91.Though heterogeneous,only two of the overall 78 RRs were below 1.0,71 significantly(P<0.05)exceeding 1.0.The heterogeneity was only partly explicable by the factors studied.Estimates were generally higher for females and for later-starting studies.They were significantly higher for North America than Europe for AMI,but not the other diseases.For stroke,the only endpoint with multiple Japanese studies,RRs were lower there than for Western studies.Adjustment for multiple factors tended to increase RRs.Our RR estimates and the variations by sex and region are consistent with earlier meta-analyses.RRs generally increased with amount smoked.Current cigar and pipe smoking:No AMI data were available.One North American study reported reduced IHD risk for non-exclusive cigar or pipe smoking,but considered few cases.Two North American studies found no increased stroke risk with exclusive cigar smoking,one reporting reduced risk for exclusive pipe smoking(RR 0.24,95%CI:0.06-0.91).The cigar results agree with an earlier review showing no clear risk increase for IHD or stroke.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking increases risk of AMI,IHD and stroke,RRs being 2.72,2.01 and 1.62.The stroke risk is lower in Japan,no increase was seen for cigars/pipes.
文摘BACKGROUND There is a need to have up-to-date information for various diseases on the risk related to the use of different smoked products and the use of other nicotinecontaining products.Here,we contribute to the information pool by presenting up-to-date quantitative evidence for North America,Europe and Japan and for both lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)on the relative risk(RR)relating to current vs never product use for each of the three smoked tobacco products,cigarettes,cigars and pipes.AIM To estimate lung cancer and COPD current smoking RRs for the three products using recent data for the three regions.METHODS Publications in English from 2010 to 2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in the three regions,estimated the current smoking RR of lung cancer and/or COPD for one or more of the three products.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered,not be restricted to specific lung cancer types or populations with specific medical conditions,and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials.Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE separately for lung cancer and for COPD,examining titles and abstracts initially,and then full texts.Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers,reviews and metaanalyses.For each study identified,the most recent available data on each product were entered on current smoking,as well as on characteristics of the study and the RR estimates.Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis.For cigarette smoking,where far more data were available,heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors.For cigar and pipe smoking,a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out.Results were compared with those from previous meta-analyses published since 2000.RESULTS Current cigarette smoking:For lung cancer,44 studies(26 North American,14 European,three Japanese,and one in multiple continents),gave an overall estimate of 12.14[95%confidence interval(CI)10.30-14.30].The estimates were higher(heterogeneity P<0.001)for North American(15.15,CI 12.77-17.96)and European studies(12.30,CI 9.77-15.49)than for Japanese studies(3.61,CI 2.87-4.55),consistent with previous evidence of lower RRs for Asia.RRs were higher(P<0.05)for death(14.85,CI 11.99-18.38)than diagnosis(10.82,CI 8.61-13.60).There was some variation(P<0.05)by study population,with higher RRs for international and regional studies than for national studies and studies of specific populations.RRs were higher in males,as previously reported,the within-study male/female ratio of RRs being 1.52(CI 1.20-1.92).RRs did not vary significantly(P≥0.05)by other factors.For COPD,RR estimates were provided by 18 studies(10 North American,seven European,and one Japanese).The overall estimate of 9.19(CI 6.97-12.13),was based on heterogeneous data(P<0.001),and higher than reported earlier.There was no(P>0.1)variation by sex,region or exclusive use,but limited evidence(0.05<P<0.1)that RR estimates were greater where cases occurring shortly after baseline were ignored;where bronchiectasis was excluded from the COPD definition;and with greater confounder adjustment.Within-study comparisons showed adjusted RRs exceeded unadjusted RRs.Current cigar smoking:Three studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 2.73(CI 2.36-3.15),with no heterogeneity,lower than the 4.67(CI 3.49-6.25)reported in an earlier review.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(2.44,CI 0.98-6.05)being imprecise.Current pipe smoking:Four studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 4.93(CI 1.97-12.32),close to the 5.20(CI 3.50-7.73)given earlier.However,the estimates were heterogeneous,with two above 10,and two below 3.Only one study gave COPD results,the RR(1.12,CI 0.29-4.40),being imprecise.For both diseases,the lower RR estimates for cigars and for pipes than for current smoking of cigarettes aligns with earlier published evidence.CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking substantially increases lung cancer and COPD risk,more so in North America and Europe than Japan.Limited evidence confirms lower risks for cigars and pipes than cigarettes.
文摘China has rolled out laws,policies,and programs to reduce the use of tobacco,and achieved marked results over the past decades.OLD Chen took a drag on his cigarette,watching his three-year-old granddaughter woddle around in a small park in western Beijing.Whenever the toddler came near,he would stretch out his hand holding the cigarette as far away from her as possible.Still,the smell of smoke was perceptible even at arm’s length.“Smoking is no good,my wife complains about it every day,”he acknowledged.“But I am too old to quit,”he said,giving a familiar excuse.Like many men of his generation,the 67-year-old first picked up the nicotine habit from his peers,fellow factory workers in his case.He has noticed that fewer people of his age are smoking today.“Smoking is no good,”he reiterated.
文摘China is one of the biggest countries in cigarette production and sales,therefore it is important to improve the quality and efficiency of cigarette production.As cigarette packaging is an important part in cigarette production,therefore,it is important to strengthen research on improving the quality of cigarette packaging.This article summarizes the development process of cigarette packaging in China,introduces the development of printing technology in the era of intelligence,summarizes the application of printing technology in cigarette packaging,analyzes and explores the development trend of cigarette packaging in the era of intelligence,with the hope to provide reference for practitioners.
文摘Electronic nicotine delivery systems also known as electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) are marketed by their manufactures as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes because of potentially reduced delivery of toxins. However, the scientific evidence and the long-term health effects of e-cigarettes are limited. We describe a case of a 43-year-old man who had been smoking electronic cigarettes excessively for three days and presented with acute dyspnea, increased work of breathing and tachycardia. Subsequent chest x-ray revealed bilateral pleural effusions. In addition, the patient had a new oxygen requirement and was thus admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia and bilateral pleural effusions. The case and the potential harmful effects of electronic cigarettes are discussed herein.
文摘Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity among smokers due to their taste, smell, appearance, and easy availability compared to traditional cigarettes, as well as the perception that they are safer than traditional cigarettes. These devices result in aerosols containing nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, vitamin E, and chemical flavors inhaled into the lungs. Other components found in these vapors include heavy metals such as nickel, chromium, lead, manganese, and tin. In addition, some ingredients volatilization leads to toxic aldehydes formation such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. Smoking cigarettes is addictive and has been associated with many health issues such as heart disease, lung cancer, etc. Rising awareness of these dangers moves more people towards these electronic delivery systems, reducing the health effects of cigarettes. The toxicity of EC’s ingredients is well studied when ingested;however, their toxicity through inhalation remains unclear. Consequently, the use of ECs has become a significant concern worldwide and raises whether it is indeed safe to use. This paper will serve as a literature review paper to discuss the toxicity of commonly found ingredients in ECs and their associated health issues. Our conclusion emphasizes that even though smoking EC is less risker than smoking traditional cigarettes, it is still not safe due to the potentially harmful effect these E-cig’s ingredients have on the human’s health. In addition, E-cigarette’s aerosol could also contain toxic compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein due to glycerin’s thermo-degradation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81400008).
文摘Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an experiment mouse model for COPD and to investigate the effects of berberine on airway inflammation and its possible mechanism in COPD model mice induced by cigarette smoke extract(CSE).Twenty SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS control group,COPD model group,low-dose berberine group and high-dose berberine group,5 mice in each group.The neutrophils and macrophages were examined by Wright's staining.The levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detennined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and proteins in lung tissues were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.It was found that CSE increased the number of inflammation cells in BALF,elevated lung inflammation scores,and enhanced the TGF-β1/Smads signaling activity in mice.High-dose berberine restrained the alterations in the COPD mice induced by CSE.It was concluded that high-dose berberine ameliorated CSE-induced airway inflammation in COPD mice.TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the mechanism.These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of high-dose berberine on the CSE-induced airway inflammation.
基金Supported by Grants from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital(KMUH96-6G04)National Science Council(NSC 98-2918-I-037-001 and NSC 97-2314-B-037-018-MY3)
文摘AIM:To investigate the etiology of esophageal cancer among Taiwan Residents women.METHODS:This is a multi-center,hospital-based,case-control study.Case patients consisted of women who were newly diagnosed and pathology-proven to have esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) from three large medical centers(one from Northern and two from Southern Taiwan,respectively)between August 2000 and December 2008.Each ESCC patient was matched with 4 healthy women based on age(within 3 years)and hospital of origin,from the Department of Preventive Medicine in each hospital.A total of 51 case patients and 204 controls,all women,were studied.RESULTS:Frequencies of smokers and drinkers among ESCC patients were 19.6%and 21.6%,respectively,which were significantly higher than smokers(4.4%) and drinkers(4.4%)among controls(OR=4.07,95%CI:1.36-12.16,P=0.01;OR=3.55,95%CI:1.03-12.27,P=0.04).Women who drank an amount of alcohol more than 158 g per week had a 20.58-fold greater risk(95%CI:1.72-245.62,P=0.02)of ESCC than those who never drank alcohol after adjusting for other covariates,although the sample size was small.CONCLUSION:Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking,especially heavy drinking,are the major risks for developing ESCC in Taiwan Residents women.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0307902)Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2015B020241001).
文摘The three-dimensional(3 D)model of cigarette was accurately constructed through reverse engineering as the research object of numerical simulation.The combustion process of cigarette was studied with computational fluid dynamics(CFD).Standard Laminar models with species transport approach were applied,and numerical simulation of the cigarette was analyzed with semi-implicit method for pressure–velocity coupling.The results showed that the model could predict velocity of cigarette smoke,the distributions of temperature and pressure at different times.In order to verify the correctness of model,it was found that the relationship between the velocity of smoke and pressure according to Darcy’s law on z position(x=4 mm,y=0,0 mm≤z≤50.61 mm).
文摘To understand the retention mechanism of phenol in mainstream cigarette smoke by cellulose acetate(CA)filters,the phenol filtration efficiency,the phenol distribution in the gas phase and particulate phase during filtration and the retention characteristics of the filter for both the gas phase and particulate phenol species were investigated.The distribution of particulate bound phenol as a function of the particle size was examined.The ratio of phenol transferring from the particulate phase to the gas phase during smoke flowing through the CA filter were studied.Retention mechanisms for phenol in the gas phase as well as particulate phase phenol in the filter and the phase transition of phenol were proposed.Phenol filtration efficiency of the cigarette filter was calculated based on the proposed retention mechanisms and compared with available experimental data.The results showed that:1)Comparing with nicotine and the other particulate bound smoke constituents,CA filter exhibited a certain retention selectivity for phenol.2)Although phenol was mainly bound to the particulate phase of the cigarette mainstream smoke,about 35% of gas phase phenol was found at the tobacco end of the filter,whilst this dropped to approximately 0 at the mouth end of the filter,mostly by selective chemical adsorption.3)The weighted average smoke particle size and particulate phenol was 0.44 and 0.38 pm,respectively.The filtration efficiency of the filter to particulate phenol was near 40%.4)About 19% of particulate bound phenol transferred to gas phase when smoke passing the filter,and was selectively adsorbed.5)The overall filtration efficiency of the CA filter for phenol in mainstream cigarette smoke was 68.7%,with-7.7% variation compared with experimental data.The results demonstrated the phase transition of phenol during the filtration process and the selective retention with varying particle sizes.Our results showed that the application of CA filter in product designs reduces harmful constituents such as phenolic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(No.2017CFB765)
文摘To investigate the role of signaling pathway in the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ER stress) in endothelial cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract(CSE). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) were cultured and divided into 3 groups: CSE-stimulated group, CSE-stimulated with 4-PBA group, and negative control group. HUVECs were cultured and stimulated with CSE at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%, respectively, mR NA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 was detected by real-time PCR. ELISA was performed to test the expression of CXCL-8 protein, and neutrophils migration was detected by Transwell board test. The NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β) were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 increased in CSE-stimulated HUVECs(P<0.05). Furthermore, it was concentration-dependent. 4-PBA significantly reduced the expression of CXCL-8 protein(P<0.05) and neutrophil migration(P<0.05). The TGF-β, rather than the NF-κB, ERK and P38 MAPK pathway might be involved in ER stress stimulated by CSE. CSE induced neutrophils migration by increasing the expression of CXCL-8 in endothelial cells. ER stress might play a role in the effect of neutrophils migration stimulated with CSE, and TGF-β pathway may contribute to the ER stress in HUVECs.
文摘BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking(CS)is the most common method of consuming tobacco.Deleterious effects on bone integrity,increased incidence of fractures,and delayed fracture healing are all associated with CS.Over 150 of the 6500 molecular species contained in cigarette smoke and identified as toxic compounds are inhaled by CS and,via the bloodstream,reach the skeletal system.New technologies designed to develop a reduced-risk alternative for smokers are based on electronic nicotine delivery systems,such as e-cigarettes and tobacco heating systems(THS).THS are designed to heat tobacco instead of burning it,thereby reducing the levels of harmful toxic compounds released.AIM To examine the effects of THS on osteoprogenitor cell viability and function compared to conventional CS.METHODS Human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells(n=3)and primary human preosteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone samples from BG Unfall Klinik Tübingen(n=5)were osteogenically differentiated in vitro with aqueous extracts generated from either the THS 2.4“IQOS”or conventional“Marlboro”cigarettes for up to 21 d.Cell viability was analyzed using resazurin conversion assay(mitochondrial activity)and calcein-AM staining(esterase activity).Osteogenic differentiation and bone cell function were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase(AP)activity,while matrix formation was analyzed through alizarin red staining.Primary cilia structure was examined by acetylatedα-tubulin immunofluorescent staining.Free radical production was evaluated with 2’,7’-dichlorofluoresceindiacetate assay.RESULTS Our data clearly show that THS is significantly less toxic to bone cells than CS when analyzed by mitochondrial and esterase activity(P<0.001).No significant differences in cytotoxicity between the diverse flavors of THS were observed.Harmful effects from THS on bone cell function were observed only at very high,non-physiological concentrations.In contrast,extracts from conventional cigarettes significantly reduced the AP activity(by two-fold)and matrix mineralization(four-fold)at low concentrations.Additionally,morphologic analysis of primary cilia revealed no significant changes in the length of the organelle involved in osteogenesis of osteoprogenitor cells,nor in the number of ciliated cells following THS treatment.Assessment of free radical production demonstrated that THS induced significantly less oxidative stress than conventional CS in osteoprogenitor cells.CONCLUSIONTHS was significantly less harmful to osteoprogenitor cells during osteogenesisthan conventional CS. Additional studies are required to confirm whether THS isa better alternative for smokers to improve delays in bone healing followingfracture.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81672297,Grant Nos.61701493)Policy Guidance project(International Science and Technology Cooperation)of Jiangsu Province of China(BZ2018040)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin,P.R.China(18JCYBJC42100)Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of SciencesProject Funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651959)Postdoctoral Research Funding Program of Jiangsu Province(2018K004B).
文摘Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a severe public health problem.Cigarette smoke(CS)is a risk factor for COPD and lung cancer.The underlying molecular mechanisms of CS-induced malignant transformation of bronchial epithelial cells remain unclear.In this study,we describe a lung-on-a-chip to explore the possible mechanistic link between cigarette smoke extract(CSE)-associated COPD and lung cancer.Methods An in vitro lung-on-a-chip model was used to simulate pulmonary epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells with CSE.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-αwere tested as indicators of inflammation using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay.Apical junction complex mRNA expression was detected with qRT-PCR as the index of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT).The effects of CSE on the phosphorylation of signal transduction and transcriptional activator 3(STAT3)were detected by Western blotting.Flow cytometry was performed to investigate the effects of this proto-oncogene on cell cycle distribution.Results Inflammation caused by CSE was achieved in a lung-on-a-chip model with a mimetic movement.CSE exposure induced the degradation of intercellular connections and triggered the EMT process.CSE exposure also activated the phosphorylation of proto-oncogene STAT3,while these effects were inhibited with HJC0152.Conclusions CSE exposure in the lung-on-a-chip model caused activation of STAT3 in epithelial cells and endothelial cells.HJC0152,an inhibitor of activated STAT3,could be a potential treatment for CS-associated COPD and lung cancer.
文摘Cigarette smoking contributes to the development of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).As the basic pathological change of PAH,pulmonary vascular remodeling is considered to be related to the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells(PASMCs).However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains not exactly clear.The aim of this research was to study the molecular mechanism of PASMCs proliferation induced by smoking.Human PASMCs(HPASMCs)were divided into 6 groups:0%(control group),cigarette smoking extract(CSE)-treated groups at concentrations of 0.5%,1%,2%,5%,10%CSE respectively.HPASMCs proliferation was observed after 24 h.HPASMCs were divided into two groups:0(control group),0.5%CSE group.The mRNA and protein expression levels of transient receptor potential channel 1(TRPC1)and cyclin D1 in HPASMCs after CSE treatment were respectively detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The intracellular calcium ion concentration was measured by the calcium probe in each group.In the negative control group and TRPC1-siRNA transfection group,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were detected.Data were compared with one-way ANOVA(for multiple-group comparison)and independent t-test(for two-group comparison)followed by the least significant difference(LSD)test with the computer software SPSS 17.0.It was found that 0.5%and 1%CSE could promote the proliferation of HPASMCs(P<0.05),and the former was more effective than the latter(P<0.05),while 3%and above CSE had inhibitory effect on HPASMCs(P<0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPC1 and cyclin D1 in 0.5%and 1%CSE groups were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),while those in 3%CSE group were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in TRPC1-siRNA transfection group were significantly reduced as compared with those in the negative control group(P<0.05).It was concluded that low concentration of CSE can promote the proliferation of HPASMCs,while high concentrations of CSE inhibit HPASMCs proliferation.These findings suggested that CSE induced proliferation of HPASMCs at least in part via TRPC1-mediated cyclin D1 expression.
文摘Despite the growing problem of global cigarette use, accurate information on the prevalence and pattern in Nigerian adolescents’ remains sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among in-school male adolescents in Nigerian population and to assess their level of knowledge on the health effects of cigarette smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 944 randomly selected in-school male adolescents in Owerri, south-east Nigeria, between September and November 2013. Information was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The findings indicated a prevalence of 15.3% for ever smoked adolescents and 11.2% for current smokers. The mean age at cigarette smoking initiation was 14 years. Sixty-three percent had good knowledge of health problems associated with cigarette smoking. Lung cancer was the most reported associated health problem. Fifty-two (36.1%) indicated that they were initiated by their friends who offered them their first stick of cigarette. The major reason for smoking cigarette the first time was to be like their friends/role model and out of curiosity. Poor knowledge of health effects of smoking was statistically associated with cigarette smoking (X2 = 26.82, p-value < 0.001). Knowledge of health problems associated with smoking proved to be the major reason for not smoking by never smoked adolescents, which means that awareness creation on health problems associated with cigarette smoking through health education in schools coupled with stiff legislative ban on sale of cigarette to adolescents will, to a reasonable extent, reduce the high prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking in our society.
文摘day work and shift work) and cigarette smoking in Japanese workers. We used data of 3,238 men (39.3 ± 10.5 years) and 5,111 women (37.1 ± 10.9 years), aged 20 - 59 years, by cross-sectional clinical investigation study. Work style i.e. day work and shift work, cigarette smoking, status of stress and stress coping were obtained by questionnaires by well-trained medical staff. A total of 227 men (7.0%) and 339 women (6.6%) were shift workers, and 1346 men (41.6%) and 649 women (12.7%) were current smokers. Work style was significantly linked to cigarette smoking, stress and stress coping after adjusting for age in women. In addition, the level of stress coping in subjects with cigarette smoking was significantly lower than that in subjects without cigarette smoking even after adjusting for age in women. However, these associations were not noted in men. Work style was critically associated with cigarette smoking in Japanese female workers.
文摘Introduction: In 2016, China became the largest market for slim cigarettes in the world, selling 68.945 billion sticks. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of China’s 2015 tobacco taxation policy on slim cigarette consumption and the product’s market trends. Methods: Monthly data on the market share of slim cigarettes and their average price between January 2014 and June 2017 were used to show tobacco market trends and to estimate the impact of the 2015 tobacco tax increase on tobacco consumption. Segmented regression analysis was used to estimate the immediate effect of the 2015 tax policy and the time trends in consumption due to the policy change. Findings: After the tobacco tax increase was announced in May 2015, the market share of slim cigarettes initially decreased by 0.2117 (p = 0.067). However, by the third month after the policy change, consumption began to increase, and the market share of slim cigarettes was 1.6 times the normal increase over time. Slim cigarettes gained a 2.02% additional share by the second quarter of 2017 (from 2.58% to 4.60%), controlling for the price difference between slim cigarettes and regular cigarettes. The coefficient of the share and the price ratio (slim cigarettes/regular cigarettes) was ?0.7536 (p = 0.0044), suggesting that slim cigarettes are a substitute for regular cigarettes. Estimates also show that after the tax increase was implemented, consumption of slim cigarettes increased almost three times the normal consumption rate (0.0069 versus 0.0024). Conclusion: The slim cigarette industry in China has grown rapidly in recent years. The 2015 tax increase has had only minimal or short-term impact on reducing the growing popularity of slim cigarettes. Since slim cigarettes are a substitute for regular cigarettes, more empirical research is urgently needed to study the health impacts of slim cigarette use and the impact of tobacco control policies on slim cigarette consumption.
文摘Understanding the fundamcntal relationship betwecn gas dilution rate of a cigarette and key cigarette design parameters is important in the overall control of smoke yield.In this work,an equation was derived to express the total gas dilution with the cigarette rod length,cigarette paper air permeability,and the filter ventilation level.The relationship was validated using experimental results.The accuracy of the developed model was dependent on the regression method used,i.e.,linear or a nonlinear.The expression provides a quantitative description of the interactions between filter ventilation level,cigarette length,cigarette circumference and cigarette paper air permeability and the total air dilution at the cigarette's mouth end.
