The objective of the study was to characterize the clays of the Lama depression in Benin. Macroscopic examination of hand soundings, dynamic penetration test and stratigraphic correlation of water borehole logs, as we...The objective of the study was to characterize the clays of the Lama depression in Benin. Macroscopic examination of hand soundings, dynamic penetration test and stratigraphic correlation of water borehole logs, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) method were made on compact or stratified clays. The large grains are embedded in a sintered matrix. The texture is heterogeneous and open, including quartz, carbonates and organic matter. The fine fraction is dominated by mineral paragenesis characterizing Kaolinite-Quartz-Calcite-Gypsum dioctahedral smectites composed of: Oxygen, Silica, Carbon, Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, Titanium and Magnesium. This smectic and regular structure includes coarse grains of the order of 800 μm. The pore diameters vary from 130 μm to 1.14 μm. The inter-particle porosity is poorly developed unlike the inter-aggregate pores larger than 0.05 μm. The texture is laminar and shows elongated turbo static particles with more or less rounded edges and honeycomb particles. Quartz and carbonates induce an increase in heterogeneities which develop mechanical sensitivity and hydraulic conductivity. High contents of silica, iron or aluminum and low contents of calcium and magnesium, as well as the presence of other trace elements suggest an alumino-ferriferous clay resulting from the hydrothermal alteration of the acid granite massif. These heterogeneities promote less tortuous pores or paths, making these clays more permeable. Finally, other stabilization studies and improvements to hydraulic products and binders should favor the use of the studied clay as improved backfill or drilling muds.展开更多
Floods and flows data are useful for dimensioning of dikes and dams which often include evacuation devices that regulate flows to ensure the volumes of water. The objective of this study is to estimate the available w...Floods and flows data are useful for dimensioning of dikes and dams which often include evacuation devices that regulate flows to ensure the volumes of water. The objective of this study is to estimate the available water resource in the village of Gbédji-Kotovi, located in the watershed of Couffo river in Benin by using sequentially, the HBV (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning) and GR4J (Rural Engineering model with 4 daily parameters) climate models. Hydrographs of water levels are simulated according to the calibration period (1994-1999) different from the validation one (1982-1988). Considering the Nash-Sutcliffe model Efficiency coefficient (NSE), the performance of GR4J model during calibration is slightly higher than the performance of the HBV model, while during the validation, the contrary is noticed. The annual rainfall average simulated is 1117.7 mm/year while the average observed is 1104.6 mm/year over the period 1981-2005. By 2050, on one hand, the annual flow rate values will vary from -19.2 to -11.9%, while the actual evapotranspiration will vary between 0.5 and -5.8;on another hand, the potential evapotranspiration and the annual precipitation remain constant. An average flow of 187 millions m3/year for annual average water depth of 1094 mm is obtained at Lanta rain station, which covers an area of 1664.47 km2, while this flow enabled an average flow of 327.5 millons m3/year to be obtained at the virtual station of our study area of 2908.15 km2. The flow rates corresponding to the return periods of 10, 25 and 50 years vary from 5.51 to 12.67 m3/s at the outlet of the virtual station;while those at the outlet of Lanta station vary from 3.6 to 6.6 m3/s. However, the simulated water quantiles cannot be fully mobilized;because of the uses, they undergo upstream and downstream. Thus, Gbédji-Kotovi locality requires the implementation of an integrated water resource management strategy that includes the construction of dikes and dams.展开更多
文摘The objective of the study was to characterize the clays of the Lama depression in Benin. Macroscopic examination of hand soundings, dynamic penetration test and stratigraphic correlation of water borehole logs, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) method were made on compact or stratified clays. The large grains are embedded in a sintered matrix. The texture is heterogeneous and open, including quartz, carbonates and organic matter. The fine fraction is dominated by mineral paragenesis characterizing Kaolinite-Quartz-Calcite-Gypsum dioctahedral smectites composed of: Oxygen, Silica, Carbon, Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, Titanium and Magnesium. This smectic and regular structure includes coarse grains of the order of 800 μm. The pore diameters vary from 130 μm to 1.14 μm. The inter-particle porosity is poorly developed unlike the inter-aggregate pores larger than 0.05 μm. The texture is laminar and shows elongated turbo static particles with more or less rounded edges and honeycomb particles. Quartz and carbonates induce an increase in heterogeneities which develop mechanical sensitivity and hydraulic conductivity. High contents of silica, iron or aluminum and low contents of calcium and magnesium, as well as the presence of other trace elements suggest an alumino-ferriferous clay resulting from the hydrothermal alteration of the acid granite massif. These heterogeneities promote less tortuous pores or paths, making these clays more permeable. Finally, other stabilization studies and improvements to hydraulic products and binders should favor the use of the studied clay as improved backfill or drilling muds.
文摘Floods and flows data are useful for dimensioning of dikes and dams which often include evacuation devices that regulate flows to ensure the volumes of water. The objective of this study is to estimate the available water resource in the village of Gbédji-Kotovi, located in the watershed of Couffo river in Benin by using sequentially, the HBV (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning) and GR4J (Rural Engineering model with 4 daily parameters) climate models. Hydrographs of water levels are simulated according to the calibration period (1994-1999) different from the validation one (1982-1988). Considering the Nash-Sutcliffe model Efficiency coefficient (NSE), the performance of GR4J model during calibration is slightly higher than the performance of the HBV model, while during the validation, the contrary is noticed. The annual rainfall average simulated is 1117.7 mm/year while the average observed is 1104.6 mm/year over the period 1981-2005. By 2050, on one hand, the annual flow rate values will vary from -19.2 to -11.9%, while the actual evapotranspiration will vary between 0.5 and -5.8;on another hand, the potential evapotranspiration and the annual precipitation remain constant. An average flow of 187 millions m3/year for annual average water depth of 1094 mm is obtained at Lanta rain station, which covers an area of 1664.47 km2, while this flow enabled an average flow of 327.5 millons m3/year to be obtained at the virtual station of our study area of 2908.15 km2. The flow rates corresponding to the return periods of 10, 25 and 50 years vary from 5.51 to 12.67 m3/s at the outlet of the virtual station;while those at the outlet of Lanta station vary from 3.6 to 6.6 m3/s. However, the simulated water quantiles cannot be fully mobilized;because of the uses, they undergo upstream and downstream. Thus, Gbédji-Kotovi locality requires the implementation of an integrated water resource management strategy that includes the construction of dikes and dams.
