This review describes the mechanisms of natural coagulants.It provides a good understanding of the two key processes of coagulation-flocculation:adsorption and charge neutralization,as well as adsorption and bridging....This review describes the mechanisms of natural coagulants.It provides a good understanding of the two key processes of coagulation-flocculation:adsorption and charge neutralization,as well as adsorption and bridging.Various factors have influence the coagulation/flocculation process,including the effect of pH,coagulant dosage,coagulant type,temperature,initial turbidity,coagulation speed,flocculation speed,coagulation and flocculation time,settling time,colloidal particles,zeta potential,the effects of humic acids,and extraction density are explained.The bio-coagulants derived from plants are outlined.The impact of organic coagulants on water quality,focusing on their effects on the physicochemical parameters of water,heavy metals removal,and bacteriological water quality,is examined.The methods of extraction and purification of plant-based coagulants,highlighting techniques such as solvent extraction and ultrasonic extraction,are discussed.It also examines the parameters that influence these processes.The methods and principles of purification of coagulating agents,including dialysis,freeze-drying,ion exchange,electrophoresis,filtration,and centrifugation,are listed.Finally,it evaluates the sustainability of natural coagulants,focusing on the environmental,technical,and economic aspects of their use.At the end of this review,the readers should have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms,selection,extraction,purification,and sustainability of plant-based natural coagulants in water treatment.展开更多
This study investigated the floc aggregation, average floc size, floc size variance and floc growth velocity when ferric chloride （FeCl3） and polyferric chloride （PFC） were used to treat the simulated water sample...This study investigated the floc aggregation, average floc size, floc size variance and floc growth velocity when ferric chloride （FeCl3） and polyferric chloride （PFC） were used to treat the simulated water samples. The factors including coagulant dose, ionic strength and solution pH, which affect the floc aggregation, were studied. Experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor using photometric dispersion analyzer （ PDA）. Results showed that there were great differences between the floc aggregation of PFC and FeCl3. The average floc size and fioc growth velocity of PFC were much larger than those of FeCl3. Compared with FeCl3, PFC gave a better coagulation performance in wider range of pH, dosage and ionic strength. It was also found that the coagulation efficiency of PFC did not depend on average floc size but on floc growth velocity.展开更多
Combined with the practical experience of wastewater treatment plant, the chemical coagulants have inhibition effects on microorganism activity, with the influence degree of PAC (polyaluminium chloride) > AlCl3>...Combined with the practical experience of wastewater treatment plant, the chemical coagulants have inhibition effects on microorganism activity, with the influence degree of PAC (polyaluminium chloride) > AlCl3> Fe2(SO4)3. In synchronization dephosphorization, the inhibition rates of PAC in 10 ppm and 20 ppm are 11.9% and 33% respectively;while the inhibition rates of AlCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 in 20 ppm are 15.8% and 8.5% respectively, compared with 9.6% and 5.4% in 10 ppm. Backwash wastewater from sand filter after adding coagulants has no direct inhibition effect on microorganism, but it results in inorganic components increase in active sludge. By taking North STP as an example, the VSS/SS ratio reduced from 0.65 after coagulants application to 0.54.展开更多
Hospital wastewater represents an infectious and toxic risk to human health and the environment due to its contents. Most hospitals in developing countries, including Benin, do not have a wastewater treatment plant. I...Hospital wastewater represents an infectious and toxic risk to human health and the environment due to its contents. Most hospitals in developing countries, including Benin, do not have a wastewater treatment plant. In this study, the wastewater from two hospitals in northern Benin was characterized and then treated with Azadirachta indica leaves, Moringa oleifera and Luffa cylindrica seeds by coagulation/flocculation process. The wastewater characteristics showed that the collected samples are greatly polluted by organic matter and fecal bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus fecal and Total coliforms. Jar-test results revealed that 95.74%, 78%, 49.19% of turbidity, 51.35%, 38.32%, 22.19% of COD, 93.16%, 85.26%, 83.30% against Escherichia coli, 92.11%, 90.93%, 94.60% against total Coliforms and 99.37%, 91%, 99%, 55.07% against Enterococcus were removed from hospital wastewater using Moringa oleifera, Luffa cylindrica seed and Azadirachta indica leaves respectively at dose of 100 mg/L. The results highlighted that the natural coagulants could be successfully used for the removal of turbidity and fecal bacteria from hospital wastewater.展开更多
In order to remove the low turbidity present in surface water, a novel metal-polysilicate coagulant was used to treat the raw water taken from Tanjiang River in Guangdong Province. This study on the effects of Al/Fe ...In order to remove the low turbidity present in surface water, a novel metal-polysilicate coagulant was used to treat the raw water taken from Tanjiang River in Guangdong Province. This study on the effects of Al/Fe molar ratio on the performance of a complex compound formed by polysilicic acid, aluminium and ferric salt (PAFS) showed that PAFS with Al/Fe ratio of 10:3 seemed to have the best coagulation performance in removing turbidity and color. Experimental results showed that under the conditions of polymerization time of 15 d, sedimentation time of 12 min, and pH of 6?8, PAFS with Al/Fe molar ratio of 10:3 had the best coagulation efficiency and lowest residual Al concentration. The turbid- ity decreased from 23.8 NTU to 3.23 NTU and the residual Al concentration was only 0.165 mg/L in the product water. It could be speculated that colloidal impurities and particulate Al were removed by adsorption bridging and electrical neu- tralization of long chain inorganic polymer coagulants.展开更多
The treatment of wastewater from pulp-paper plants in China by horseradish peroxidase was investigated in this study. The effects of horseradish peroxidase and coagulants were discussed in detail. The results indica...The treatment of wastewater from pulp-paper plants in China by horseradish peroxidase was investigated in this study. The effects of horseradish peroxidase and coagulants were discussed in detail. The results indicated that enzymes might improve the removal of AOX, TOC and colour for pulp\|paper wastewater and modified chitosan is far more effective than Al\-2(SO\-4)\-3 to remove AOX, TOC and colour.展开更多
The sodium silicate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium chlorate and other common inorganic materials were used to synthesize two new poly silicate iron coagulants： Polysilicate Ferric Chloride （PFSiC） and Po...The sodium silicate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium chlorate and other common inorganic materials were used to synthesize two new poly silicate iron coagulants： Polysilicate Ferric Chloride （PFSiC） and Polymeric Ferric Silicate Sulfate （PFSiS）. Their coagulation effect on micro-polluted water was compared with the poly ferric choride （PFC） saled in the market. The results showed that turbidity, organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen removal rate ofPFSiC, PFSiS coagulant were better than PFC on micro-polluted water treatment at the same dosage. The coagulation effect of PFSiC was the best. The surface morphology of three coagulants was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the coagulation mechanism was discussed preliminarily.展开更多
Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control grou...Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control group (saline) and three ellagic acid (EA)-treated groups (low, middle, and high doses). In the mice, bleeding time (BT) was estimated with tail transaction, and clotting time (CT) with template method. Prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in rats and rabbits were measured by means of Quick's one-stage assay and modified APTT assay respectively. In addition, thrombin activity was estimated in rats with PT assay using a hemagglutination analyzer. The circulating platelet aggregates were de- tected in rabbits through platelet counting and presented as the circulating platelet aggregate ratio (CPAR). Results EA shortened BT and CT in mice, PT and APTT in rats, and increased thrombin activity and CPAR, all in a dose-dependent manner. EA also brought reduction of PT and APTT in rabbits in dose- and time-dependent manners. Conclusion EA could induce hypercoagulable state through activating coagulation system and platelets in mice, rats, and rabbits.展开更多
Aim: The objective of this study is to review all the reported outcomes of heparin application in amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) so far and to find out why, when and how heparin or other anticoagulants should be used i...Aim: The objective of this study is to review all the reported outcomes of heparin application in amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) so far and to find out why, when and how heparin or other anticoagulants should be used in AFE. Material and methods: We searched Medline (from 1969 to 2011), using two key words: 1) amniotic fluid embolism;2) amniotic fluid embolism and heparin. The search for the former produced 1127 replies, of which 208 were case reports of AFE. In response to the other key word, there were 94 articles. We looked through all the articles, selecting those relevant for our study. Results: In the years 1969-2011, 208 AFE cases were reported. Heparin (unfractionated heparin) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was applied in 20 cases (9.6%), being the main drug in 11 cases (5.3%) and in 6 cases as a component of spectacular treatment of AFE (surgical treatment and extracorporal membrane oxygenation). In one of these cases anithrombin (AT) with LMWH was used. In one patient heparin therapy was considered to be unsuccessful and hence recombinant plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was instituted. All the patients survived. Conclusions: 1) The attempts to use heparin in AFE could be defined as promising, although the number of treated patients is too small for conclusion;2) The postulate to use heparin at the very onset of AFE (a bolus of 10,000 U followed by monitored intravenous infusion) has serious justification: one of the pathways of AFE is the target for heparin (coagulation pathway).展开更多
Membranes for gas separation have developed significantly in the last twenty years,however,there is still a need for high temperature and chemically resistant membranes that exhibit good selectivity and gas permeabili...Membranes for gas separation have developed significantly in the last twenty years,however,there is still a need for high temperature and chemically resistant membranes that exhibit good selectivity and gas permeability.Our study examines the fundamental properties of polyetherketone (PEK,a thermally stable and chemically resistant polymer) membranes prepared using concentrated sulphuric acid (98% H_2SO_4) as the solvent.Non-solvents used in the work included acetic acid,ethanol,methanol,glycerol,and water....展开更多
Two kinds of complex polysilicate coagulants-polysilicate iron PSI and polysilicate ferric aluminum PSFA were prepared. The polymerization processes of PSI and PSFA were investigated under various conditions. Experime...Two kinds of complex polysilicate coagulants-polysilicate iron PSI and polysilicate ferric aluminum PSFA were prepared. The polymerization processes of PSI and PSFA were investigated under various conditions. Experimental results show that the molecular weight(M.W.) of polysilicic acid PS and the molar ratio of Fe 3+ to SiO 2 are two of the most important factors for preparing high effective coagulants PSI and PSFA. It is shown that PSI and PSFA are not only high effective, nontoxic and cheap coagulants, but also effective for decreasing the dosage of aluminum salt. The mechanism of coagulation of PSI and PSFA is also discussed in this paper.展开更多
PBO materials possess super mechanical properties and high thermal and chemical resistance due to their special rigid-rod backbones with heterocyclie chemical structure and supermolecular microstrueture. But these str...PBO materials possess super mechanical properties and high thermal and chemical resistance due to their special rigid-rod backbones with heterocyclie chemical structure and supermolecular microstrueture. But these structures may be affected by a series of preparing technologies, among which the coagulant is even more important. In this paper the chemical and microstrueture changes of PBO materials coagulated with different solvents were investigated. Analyses of molecular weight and chemical structure of PBO coagulated indicate that the heteroeyclie ring of PBO will experience cleavage in coagulation and in this stage water plays an important role. The final structure of PBO materials may involve several intermediate structures lying between benzoxazole a,d the open ring. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD） 20 scans and scanning probe microscope （ SPM ） show that the microstrueture of PBO materials eoagulated in solvents with different properties will change a lot and those coagulants with the smaller rate of diffusion like methanol can cause more ordered molecule alignment containing fewer voids.展开更多
The coagulation process is a widely applied technology in water and wastewater treatment.Novel composite polyferric mag-nesium-silicate-sulfate(PFMS)coagulants were synthesized using Na_(2)SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O,Fe_(2)(...The coagulation process is a widely applied technology in water and wastewater treatment.Novel composite polyferric mag-nesium-silicate-sulfate(PFMS)coagulants were synthesized using Na_(2)SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O,Fe_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),and MgSO_(4) as raw materials in this paper.The effects of aging time,Fe:Si:Mg,and OH:M molar ratios(M represents the metal ions)on the coagulation performance of the as-pre-pared PFMS were systematically investigated to obtain optimum coagulants.The results showed that PFMS coagulant exhibited good co-agulation properties in the treatment of simulated humic acid-kaolin surface water and reactive dye wastewater.When the molar ratio was controlled at Fe:Si:Mg=2:2:1 and OH:M=0.32,the obtained PFMS presented excellent stability and a high coagulation efficiency.The removal efficiency of ultraviolet UV254 was 99.81%,and the residual turbidity of the surface water reached 0.56 NTU at a dosage of 30 mg·L^(-1).After standing the coagulant for 120 d in the laboratory,the removal efficiency of UV254 and residual turbidity of the surface wa-ter were 88.12%and 0.68 NTU,respectively,which accord with the surface water treatment requirements.In addition,the coagulation performance in the treatment of reactive dye wastewater was greatly improved by combining the advantages of magnesium and iron salts.Compared with polyferric silicate-sulfate(PFS)and polymagnesium silicate-sulfate(PMS),the PFMS coagulant played a better decolor-ization role within the pH range of 7-13.展开更多
Background:Hemodialysis(HD) per se is a risk factor for thrombosis.Considering the growing body of evidence on blood-flow restriction(BFR) exercise in HD patients,identification of possible risk factors related to the...Background:Hemodialysis(HD) per se is a risk factor for thrombosis.Considering the growing body of evidence on blood-flow restriction(BFR) exercise in HD patients,identification of possible risk factors related to the prothrombotic agent D-dimer is required for the safety and feasibility of this training model.The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with higher D-dimer levels and to determine the acute effect of resistance exercise(RE) with BFR on this molecule.Methods:Two hundred and six HD patients volunteered for this study(all with a glomerular filtration rate of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2).The RE+BFR session consisted of 50% arterial occlusion pressure during 50 min sessions of HD(intradialytic exercise).RE repetitions included concentric and eccentric lifting phases(each lasting 2 s) and were supervised by a strength and conditioning specialist.Results:Several variables were associated with elevated levels of D-dimer,including higher blood glucose,citrate use,recent cardiovascular events,recent intercurrents,higher inflammatory status,catheter as vascular access,older patients(>70 years old),and HD vintage.Furthermore,RE+BFR significantly increases D-dimer after 4 h.Patients with borderline baseline D-dimer levels(400-490 ng/mL) displayed increased risk of elevating D-dimer over the normal range(≥500 ng/mL).Conclusion:These results identified factors associated with a heightened prothrombotic state and may assist in the screening process for HD patients who wish to undergo RE+BFR.D-dimer and/or other fibrinolysis factors should be assessed at baseline and throughout the protocol as a precautionary measure to maximize safety during RE+BFR.展开更多
Coagulation followed by sedimentation, as a conventional technique in the water treatment plant, can be the first line of defense against exposures of carbon nanotubes （CNTs） to aquatic organisms and human beings, w...Coagulation followed by sedimentation, as a conventional technique in the water treatment plant, can be the first line of defense against exposures of carbon nanotubes （CNTs） to aquatic organisms and human beings, which has been rarely documented. This study investigated the removal of dispersant-stabilized CNT suspensions by poly aluminum chloride （PAC1） and KAl（SO4）2-12H20 （alum）, with a focus on the effects of dispersant type, coagulant type and dosage. PAC1 performed better than alum in the removal of tannic acid-, humic acid-, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate-stabilized CNTs, but worse for polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether （TX100）-stabilized CNTs. Neither coagulant could effectively precipitate cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-stabilized CNTs. The removal by PACl first increased up to a plateau and then decreased with the continued increase of coagulant dosage. However, the removal rates leveled off but did not decrease after achieving their highest level with the continued addition of alum. The coagulation and flocculation of the CNT suspensions by PACl could be regulated mainly by the mechanism of adsorption charge neutralization, whereas the coagulation by alum mainly involved electrical double-layer compression.展开更多
This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant（PAC–CBF）（PAC dose first） and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum ch...This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant（PAC–CBF）（PAC dose first） and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride（CBF–PAC）（CBF dose first） with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order：PAC–CBF 〉 PAC alone 〉 CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.展开更多
Objective Coagulation abnormalities are common and prognostically significant in intensive care units(ICUs)and are associated with increased mortality.This study aimed to explore the association between the levels of ...Objective Coagulation abnormalities are common and prognostically significant in intensive care units(ICUs)and are associated with increased mortality.This study aimed to explore the association between the levels of coagulation markers and the risk of mortality among ICU patients with coagulation abnormalities.Methods This retrospective study investigated patients with coagulation abnormalities in the ICU between January 2021 and December 2022.The initial point for detecting hemostatic biomarkers due to clinical assessment of coagulation abnormalities was designated day 0.Patients were followed up for 28 days,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify risk factors for mortality.Results Of the 451 patients analyzed,115 died,and 336 were alive at the end of the 28-day period.Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT),tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex(tPAIC),prolonged prothrombin time,and thrombocytopenia were independent risk factors for mortality.For nonovert disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)patients,older age and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased risks of mortality,whereas elevated levels of plasminα2-plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)were found to be independent predictors of survival.In patients with overt DIC,elevated levels of tPAIC were independently associated with increased risks of mortality.Nevertheless,thrombocytopenia was independently associated with increased risks of mortality in patients with pre-DIC.Conclusion Coagulation markers such as the TAT,tPAIC,PIC,and platelet count were significantly associated with mortality,underscoring the importance of maintaining a balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis.These findings highlight the potential for targeted therapeutic interventions based on specific coagulation markers to improve patient outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)is associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients.In this study,we aimed to assess the clinical ability of sepsis-induced coagulopathy(SIC)and sepsis-assoc...BACKGROUND:Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)is associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients.In this study,we aimed to assess the clinical ability of sepsis-induced coagulopathy(SIC)and sepsis-associated coagulopathy(SAC)criteria in identifying overt-DIC and preDIC status in sepsis patients.METHODS:Data from 419 sepsis patients were retrospectively collected from July 2018 to December 2022.The performances of the SIC and SAC were assessed to identify overt-DIC on days 1,3,7,or 14.The SIC status or SIC score on day 1,the SAC status or SAC score on day 1,and the sum of the SIC or SAC scores on days 1 and 3 were compared in terms of their ability to identify pre-DIC.The SIC or SAC status on day 1 was evaluated as a pre-DIC indicator for anticoagulant initiation.RESULTS:On day 1,the incidences of coagulopathy according to overt-DIC,SIC and SAC criteria were 11.7%,22.0%and 31.5%,respectively.The specificity of SIC for identifying overt-DIC was significantly higher than that of the SAC criteria from day 1 to day 14(P<0.05).On day 1,the SIC score with a cut-off value>3 had a significantly higher sensitivity(72.00%)and area under the curve(AUC)(0.69)in identifying pre-DIC than did the SIC or SAC status(sensitivity:SIC status 44.00%,SAC status 52.00%;AUC:SIC status 0.62,SAC status 0.61).The sum of the SIC scores on days 1 and 3 had a higher AUC value for identifying the pre-DIC state than that of SAC(0.79 vs.0.69,P<0.001).Favorable effects of anticoagulant therapy were observed in SIC(adjusted hazard ratio[HR]=0.216,95%confidence interval[95%CI]:0.060–0.783,P=0.018)and SAC(adjusted HR=0.146,95%CI:0.041–0.513,P=0.003).CONCLUSION:The SIC and SAC seem to be valuable for predicting overt-DIC.The sum of SIC scores on days 1 and 3 has the potential to help identify pre-DIC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a rare event associated with an elevated risk of blood clot formation owing to an underlying malignancy.Herein,we present a case of ovarian carcinoma that led to cerebral infarction.CASE ...BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a rare event associated with an elevated risk of blood clot formation owing to an underlying malignancy.Herein,we present a case of ovarian carcinoma that led to cerebral infarction.CASE SUMMARY A 43-year-old woman experienced sudden onset right-sided paralysis and difficulty speaking two days after discovery of a large ovarian tumor measuring approximately 14 cm,which was suspected to be malignant.Further examination revealed left middle cerebral artery infarction.The patient had a history of hypertension and adenomyosis.Following stabilization with heparin treatment and vital signs management,the patient underwent debulking surgery,including total hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,omentectomy,and bilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection.The final diagnosis was clear cell carcinoma of the right ovary(stage IA).Subsequently,the patient completed six rounds of adjuvant chemotherapy while simultaneously undergoing rehabilitation.Presently,the patient is able to walk independently,although she still experiences aphasia.CONCLUSION Prompt medical intervention and interdisciplinary care are crucial in the setting of incidental findings such as a large ovarian tumor.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of Barrett’s esophagus(BE)in China is lower compared to the Western populations.Hence,studies conducted in the Chinese population has been limited.The current treatment options available for ...BACKGROUND The incidence of Barrett’s esophagus(BE)in China is lower compared to the Western populations.Hence,studies conducted in the Chinese population has been limited.The current treatment options available for BE treatment includes argon plasma coagulation(APC),radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation,all with varying degrees of success.AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of HybridAPC in the treatment of BE.METHODS The study cohort consisted of patients with BE who underwent HybridAPC ablation treatment.These procedures were performed by seven endoscopists from different tertiary hospitals.The duration of the procedure,curative rate,complications and recurrent rate by 1-year follow-up were recorded.RESULTS Eighty individuals were enrolled for treatment from July 2017 to June 2020,comprising of 39 males and 41 females with a median age of 54 years(range,30 to 83 years).The technical success rate of HybridAPC was 100%and the overall curative rate was 98.15%.No severe complications occurred during the operation.BE cases were classified as short-segment BE and long-segment BE.Patients with short-segment BE were all considered cured without complications.Thirty-six patients completed the one-year follow-up without recurrence.Twenty-four percent had mild dysplasia which were all resolved with one post-procedural treatment.The mean duration of the procedure was 10.94±6.52 min.CONCLUSION Treatment of BE with HybridAPC was found to be a simple and quick procedure that is safe and effective during the short-term follow-up,especially in cases of short-segment BE.This technique could be considered as a feasible alternative ablation therapy for BE.展开更多
文摘This review describes the mechanisms of natural coagulants.It provides a good understanding of the two key processes of coagulation-flocculation:adsorption and charge neutralization,as well as adsorption and bridging.Various factors have influence the coagulation/flocculation process,including the effect of pH,coagulant dosage,coagulant type,temperature,initial turbidity,coagulation speed,flocculation speed,coagulation and flocculation time,settling time,colloidal particles,zeta potential,the effects of humic acids,and extraction density are explained.The bio-coagulants derived from plants are outlined.The impact of organic coagulants on water quality,focusing on their effects on the physicochemical parameters of water,heavy metals removal,and bacteriological water quality,is examined.The methods of extraction and purification of plant-based coagulants,highlighting techniques such as solvent extraction and ultrasonic extraction,are discussed.It also examines the parameters that influence these processes.The methods and principles of purification of coagulating agents,including dialysis,freeze-drying,ion exchange,electrophoresis,filtration,and centrifugation,are listed.Finally,it evaluates the sustainability of natural coagulants,focusing on the environmental,technical,and economic aspects of their use.At the end of this review,the readers should have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms,selection,extraction,purification,and sustainability of plant-based natural coagulants in water treatment.
文摘This study investigated the floc aggregation, average floc size, floc size variance and floc growth velocity when ferric chloride （FeCl3） and polyferric chloride （PFC） were used to treat the simulated water samples. The factors including coagulant dose, ionic strength and solution pH, which affect the floc aggregation, were studied. Experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor using photometric dispersion analyzer （ PDA）. Results showed that there were great differences between the floc aggregation of PFC and FeCl3. The average floc size and fioc growth velocity of PFC were much larger than those of FeCl3. Compared with FeCl3, PFC gave a better coagulation performance in wider range of pH, dosage and ionic strength. It was also found that the coagulation efficiency of PFC did not depend on average floc size but on floc growth velocity.
文摘Combined with the practical experience of wastewater treatment plant, the chemical coagulants have inhibition effects on microorganism activity, with the influence degree of PAC (polyaluminium chloride) > AlCl3> Fe2(SO4)3. In synchronization dephosphorization, the inhibition rates of PAC in 10 ppm and 20 ppm are 11.9% and 33% respectively;while the inhibition rates of AlCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3 in 20 ppm are 15.8% and 8.5% respectively, compared with 9.6% and 5.4% in 10 ppm. Backwash wastewater from sand filter after adding coagulants has no direct inhibition effect on microorganism, but it results in inorganic components increase in active sludge. By taking North STP as an example, the VSS/SS ratio reduced from 0.65 after coagulants application to 0.54.
文摘Hospital wastewater represents an infectious and toxic risk to human health and the environment due to its contents. Most hospitals in developing countries, including Benin, do not have a wastewater treatment plant. In this study, the wastewater from two hospitals in northern Benin was characterized and then treated with Azadirachta indica leaves, Moringa oleifera and Luffa cylindrica seeds by coagulation/flocculation process. The wastewater characteristics showed that the collected samples are greatly polluted by organic matter and fecal bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus fecal and Total coliforms. Jar-test results revealed that 95.74%, 78%, 49.19% of turbidity, 51.35%, 38.32%, 22.19% of COD, 93.16%, 85.26%, 83.30% against Escherichia coli, 92.11%, 90.93%, 94.60% against total Coliforms and 99.37%, 91%, 99%, 55.07% against Enterococcus were removed from hospital wastewater using Moringa oleifera, Luffa cylindrica seed and Azadirachta indica leaves respectively at dose of 100 mg/L. The results highlighted that the natural coagulants could be successfully used for the removal of turbidity and fecal bacteria from hospital wastewater.
基金Project (No. E9825) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China
文摘In order to remove the low turbidity present in surface water, a novel metal-polysilicate coagulant was used to treat the raw water taken from Tanjiang River in Guangdong Province. This study on the effects of Al/Fe molar ratio on the performance of a complex compound formed by polysilicic acid, aluminium and ferric salt (PAFS) showed that PAFS with Al/Fe ratio of 10:3 seemed to have the best coagulation performance in removing turbidity and color. Experimental results showed that under the conditions of polymerization time of 15 d, sedimentation time of 12 min, and pH of 6?8, PAFS with Al/Fe molar ratio of 10:3 had the best coagulation efficiency and lowest residual Al concentration. The turbid- ity decreased from 23.8 NTU to 3.23 NTU and the residual Al concentration was only 0.165 mg/L in the product water. It could be speculated that colloidal impurities and particulate Al were removed by adsorption bridging and electrical neu- tralization of long chain inorganic polymer coagulants.
文摘The treatment of wastewater from pulp-paper plants in China by horseradish peroxidase was investigated in this study. The effects of horseradish peroxidase and coagulants were discussed in detail. The results indicated that enzymes might improve the removal of AOX, TOC and colour for pulp\|paper wastewater and modified chitosan is far more effective than Al\-2(SO\-4)\-3 to remove AOX, TOC and colour.
文摘The sodium silicate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium chlorate and other common inorganic materials were used to synthesize two new poly silicate iron coagulants： Polysilicate Ferric Chloride （PFSiC） and Polymeric Ferric Silicate Sulfate （PFSiS）. Their coagulation effect on micro-polluted water was compared with the poly ferric choride （PFC） saled in the market. The results showed that turbidity, organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen removal rate ofPFSiC, PFSiS coagulant were better than PFC on micro-polluted water treatment at the same dosage. The coagulation effect of PFSiC was the best. The surface morphology of three coagulants was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the coagulation mechanism was discussed preliminarily.
文摘Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control group (saline) and three ellagic acid (EA)-treated groups (low, middle, and high doses). In the mice, bleeding time (BT) was estimated with tail transaction, and clotting time (CT) with template method. Prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in rats and rabbits were measured by means of Quick's one-stage assay and modified APTT assay respectively. In addition, thrombin activity was estimated in rats with PT assay using a hemagglutination analyzer. The circulating platelet aggregates were de- tected in rabbits through platelet counting and presented as the circulating platelet aggregate ratio (CPAR). Results EA shortened BT and CT in mice, PT and APTT in rats, and increased thrombin activity and CPAR, all in a dose-dependent manner. EA also brought reduction of PT and APTT in rabbits in dose- and time-dependent manners. Conclusion EA could induce hypercoagulable state through activating coagulation system and platelets in mice, rats, and rabbits.
文摘Aim: The objective of this study is to review all the reported outcomes of heparin application in amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) so far and to find out why, when and how heparin or other anticoagulants should be used in AFE. Material and methods: We searched Medline (from 1969 to 2011), using two key words: 1) amniotic fluid embolism;2) amniotic fluid embolism and heparin. The search for the former produced 1127 replies, of which 208 were case reports of AFE. In response to the other key word, there were 94 articles. We looked through all the articles, selecting those relevant for our study. Results: In the years 1969-2011, 208 AFE cases were reported. Heparin (unfractionated heparin) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was applied in 20 cases (9.6%), being the main drug in 11 cases (5.3%) and in 6 cases as a component of spectacular treatment of AFE (surgical treatment and extracorporal membrane oxygenation). In one of these cases anithrombin (AT) with LMWH was used. In one patient heparin therapy was considered to be unsuccessful and hence recombinant plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was instituted. All the patients survived. Conclusions: 1) The attempts to use heparin in AFE could be defined as promising, although the number of treated patients is too small for conclusion;2) The postulate to use heparin at the very onset of AFE (a bolus of 10,000 U followed by monitored intravenous infusion) has serious justification: one of the pathways of AFE is the target for heparin (coagulation pathway).
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC,No.GR/M56876).
文摘Membranes for gas separation have developed significantly in the last twenty years,however,there is still a need for high temperature and chemically resistant membranes that exhibit good selectivity and gas permeability.Our study examines the fundamental properties of polyetherketone (PEK,a thermally stable and chemically resistant polymer) membranes prepared using concentrated sulphuric acid (98% H_2SO_4) as the solvent.Non-solvents used in the work included acetic acid,ethanol,methanol,glycerol,and water....
文摘Two kinds of complex polysilicate coagulants-polysilicate iron PSI and polysilicate ferric aluminum PSFA were prepared. The polymerization processes of PSI and PSFA were investigated under various conditions. Experimental results show that the molecular weight(M.W.) of polysilicic acid PS and the molar ratio of Fe 3+ to SiO 2 are two of the most important factors for preparing high effective coagulants PSI and PSFA. It is shown that PSI and PSFA are not only high effective, nontoxic and cheap coagulants, but also effective for decreasing the dosage of aluminum salt. The mechanism of coagulation of PSI and PSFA is also discussed in this paper.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No. 2002AA305109) and Innovational Project in Space Flight Science and Technology(Grant No.2409035).
文摘PBO materials possess super mechanical properties and high thermal and chemical resistance due to their special rigid-rod backbones with heterocyclie chemical structure and supermolecular microstrueture. But these structures may be affected by a series of preparing technologies, among which the coagulant is even more important. In this paper the chemical and microstrueture changes of PBO materials coagulated with different solvents were investigated. Analyses of molecular weight and chemical structure of PBO coagulated indicate that the heteroeyclie ring of PBO will experience cleavage in coagulation and in this stage water plays an important role. The final structure of PBO materials may involve several intermediate structures lying between benzoxazole a,d the open ring. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD） 20 scans and scanning probe microscope （ SPM ） show that the microstrueture of PBO materials eoagulated in solvents with different properties will change a lot and those coagulants with the smaller rate of diffusion like methanol can cause more ordered molecule alignment containing fewer voids.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U1810205).
文摘The coagulation process is a widely applied technology in water and wastewater treatment.Novel composite polyferric mag-nesium-silicate-sulfate(PFMS)coagulants were synthesized using Na_(2)SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O,Fe_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),and MgSO_(4) as raw materials in this paper.The effects of aging time,Fe:Si:Mg,and OH:M molar ratios(M represents the metal ions)on the coagulation performance of the as-pre-pared PFMS were systematically investigated to obtain optimum coagulants.The results showed that PFMS coagulant exhibited good co-agulation properties in the treatment of simulated humic acid-kaolin surface water and reactive dye wastewater.When the molar ratio was controlled at Fe:Si:Mg=2:2:1 and OH:M=0.32,the obtained PFMS presented excellent stability and a high coagulation efficiency.The removal efficiency of ultraviolet UV254 was 99.81%,and the residual turbidity of the surface water reached 0.56 NTU at a dosage of 30 mg·L^(-1).After standing the coagulant for 120 d in the laboratory,the removal efficiency of UV254 and residual turbidity of the surface wa-ter were 88.12%and 0.68 NTU,respectively,which accord with the surface water treatment requirements.In addition,the coagulation performance in the treatment of reactive dye wastewater was greatly improved by combining the advantages of magnesium and iron salts.Compared with polyferric silicate-sulfate(PFS)and polymagnesium silicate-sulfate(PMS),the PFMS coagulant played a better decolor-ization role within the pH range of 7-13.
基金supported by a grant provided by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil-Finance Code 001 and National Council for Scientific and Technological Developmentfinanced in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil--Finance Code 001funded by the Fundacao de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal with grants from demanda espontanea-Edital 09/2022
文摘Background:Hemodialysis(HD) per se is a risk factor for thrombosis.Considering the growing body of evidence on blood-flow restriction(BFR) exercise in HD patients,identification of possible risk factors related to the prothrombotic agent D-dimer is required for the safety and feasibility of this training model.The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with higher D-dimer levels and to determine the acute effect of resistance exercise(RE) with BFR on this molecule.Methods:Two hundred and six HD patients volunteered for this study(all with a glomerular filtration rate of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2).The RE+BFR session consisted of 50% arterial occlusion pressure during 50 min sessions of HD(intradialytic exercise).RE repetitions included concentric and eccentric lifting phases(each lasting 2 s) and were supervised by a strength and conditioning specialist.Results:Several variables were associated with elevated levels of D-dimer,including higher blood glucose,citrate use,recent cardiovascular events,recent intercurrents,higher inflammatory status,catheter as vascular access,older patients(>70 years old),and HD vintage.Furthermore,RE+BFR significantly increases D-dimer after 4 h.Patients with borderline baseline D-dimer levels(400-490 ng/mL) displayed increased risk of elevating D-dimer over the normal range(≥500 ng/mL).Conclusion:These results identified factors associated with a heightened prothrombotic state and may assist in the screening process for HD patients who wish to undergo RE+BFR.D-dimer and/or other fibrinolysis factors should be assessed at baseline and throughout the protocol as a precautionary measure to maximize safety during RE+BFR.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2008CB418204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21077089,40873072)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial "Qianjiang Talent Program" (No. 2010R10041)Zhejiang Provincial Innovative Research Team of Water Treatment Functional Materials and their Application
文摘Coagulation followed by sedimentation, as a conventional technique in the water treatment plant, can be the first line of defense against exposures of carbon nanotubes （CNTs） to aquatic organisms and human beings, which has been rarely documented. This study investigated the removal of dispersant-stabilized CNT suspensions by poly aluminum chloride （PAC1） and KAl（SO4）2-12H20 （alum）, with a focus on the effects of dispersant type, coagulant type and dosage. PAC1 performed better than alum in the removal of tannic acid-, humic acid-, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate-stabilized CNTs, but worse for polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether （TX100）-stabilized CNTs. Neither coagulant could effectively precipitate cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-stabilized CNTs. The removal by PACl first increased up to a plateau and then decreased with the continued increase of coagulant dosage. However, the removal rates leveled off but did not decrease after achieving their highest level with the continued addition of alum. The coagulation and flocculation of the CNT suspensions by PACl could be regulated mainly by the mechanism of adsorption charge neutralization, whereas the coagulation by alum mainly involved electrical double-layer compression.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. SQ2009AA06XK1482412)the Independent Innovation Foundation of Shandong University (No. 2010TS070)
文摘This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant（PAC–CBF）（PAC dose first） and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride（CBF–PAC）（CBF dose first） with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order：PAC–CBF 〉 PAC alone 〉 CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.
基金supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC2507800)ECCM Program of Clinical Research Centre of Shandong University(No.2021SDUCRCB008)+2 种基金Young Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(No.tsqn201812133)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(No.2020QNQT001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81900124).
文摘Objective Coagulation abnormalities are common and prognostically significant in intensive care units(ICUs)and are associated with increased mortality.This study aimed to explore the association between the levels of coagulation markers and the risk of mortality among ICU patients with coagulation abnormalities.Methods This retrospective study investigated patients with coagulation abnormalities in the ICU between January 2021 and December 2022.The initial point for detecting hemostatic biomarkers due to clinical assessment of coagulation abnormalities was designated day 0.Patients were followed up for 28 days,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify risk factors for mortality.Results Of the 451 patients analyzed,115 died,and 336 were alive at the end of the 28-day period.Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT),tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex(tPAIC),prolonged prothrombin time,and thrombocytopenia were independent risk factors for mortality.For nonovert disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)patients,older age and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased risks of mortality,whereas elevated levels of plasminα2-plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)were found to be independent predictors of survival.In patients with overt DIC,elevated levels of tPAIC were independently associated with increased risks of mortality.Nevertheless,thrombocytopenia was independently associated with increased risks of mortality in patients with pre-DIC.Conclusion Coagulation markers such as the TAT,tPAIC,PIC,and platelet count were significantly associated with mortality,underscoring the importance of maintaining a balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis.These findings highlight the potential for targeted therapeutic interventions based on specific coagulation markers to improve patient outcomes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2501800)Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(20Y11900100,21MC1930400,and 20DZ2261200)Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center(SHDC2020CR4059)。
文摘BACKGROUND:Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)is associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients.In this study,we aimed to assess the clinical ability of sepsis-induced coagulopathy(SIC)and sepsis-associated coagulopathy(SAC)criteria in identifying overt-DIC and preDIC status in sepsis patients.METHODS:Data from 419 sepsis patients were retrospectively collected from July 2018 to December 2022.The performances of the SIC and SAC were assessed to identify overt-DIC on days 1,3,7,or 14.The SIC status or SIC score on day 1,the SAC status or SAC score on day 1,and the sum of the SIC or SAC scores on days 1 and 3 were compared in terms of their ability to identify pre-DIC.The SIC or SAC status on day 1 was evaluated as a pre-DIC indicator for anticoagulant initiation.RESULTS:On day 1,the incidences of coagulopathy according to overt-DIC,SIC and SAC criteria were 11.7%,22.0%and 31.5%,respectively.The specificity of SIC for identifying overt-DIC was significantly higher than that of the SAC criteria from day 1 to day 14(P<0.05).On day 1,the SIC score with a cut-off value>3 had a significantly higher sensitivity(72.00%)and area under the curve(AUC)(0.69)in identifying pre-DIC than did the SIC or SAC status(sensitivity:SIC status 44.00%,SAC status 52.00%;AUC:SIC status 0.62,SAC status 0.61).The sum of the SIC scores on days 1 and 3 had a higher AUC value for identifying the pre-DIC state than that of SAC(0.79 vs.0.69,P<0.001).Favorable effects of anticoagulant therapy were observed in SIC(adjusted hazard ratio[HR]=0.216,95%confidence interval[95%CI]:0.060–0.783,P=0.018)and SAC(adjusted HR=0.146,95%CI:0.041–0.513,P=0.003).CONCLUSION:The SIC and SAC seem to be valuable for predicting overt-DIC.The sum of SIC scores on days 1 and 3 has the potential to help identify pre-DIC.
文摘BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a rare event associated with an elevated risk of blood clot formation owing to an underlying malignancy.Herein,we present a case of ovarian carcinoma that led to cerebral infarction.CASE SUMMARY A 43-year-old woman experienced sudden onset right-sided paralysis and difficulty speaking two days after discovery of a large ovarian tumor measuring approximately 14 cm,which was suspected to be malignant.Further examination revealed left middle cerebral artery infarction.The patient had a history of hypertension and adenomyosis.Following stabilization with heparin treatment and vital signs management,the patient underwent debulking surgery,including total hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,omentectomy,and bilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection.The final diagnosis was clear cell carcinoma of the right ovary(stage IA).Subsequently,the patient completed six rounds of adjuvant chemotherapy while simultaneously undergoing rehabilitation.Presently,the patient is able to walk independently,although she still experiences aphasia.CONCLUSION Prompt medical intervention and interdisciplinary care are crucial in the setting of incidental findings such as a large ovarian tumor.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of Barrett’s esophagus(BE)in China is lower compared to the Western populations.Hence,studies conducted in the Chinese population has been limited.The current treatment options available for BE treatment includes argon plasma coagulation(APC),radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation,all with varying degrees of success.AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of HybridAPC in the treatment of BE.METHODS The study cohort consisted of patients with BE who underwent HybridAPC ablation treatment.These procedures were performed by seven endoscopists from different tertiary hospitals.The duration of the procedure,curative rate,complications and recurrent rate by 1-year follow-up were recorded.RESULTS Eighty individuals were enrolled for treatment from July 2017 to June 2020,comprising of 39 males and 41 females with a median age of 54 years(range,30 to 83 years).The technical success rate of HybridAPC was 100%and the overall curative rate was 98.15%.No severe complications occurred during the operation.BE cases were classified as short-segment BE and long-segment BE.Patients with short-segment BE were all considered cured without complications.Thirty-six patients completed the one-year follow-up without recurrence.Twenty-four percent had mild dysplasia which were all resolved with one post-procedural treatment.The mean duration of the procedure was 10.94±6.52 min.CONCLUSION Treatment of BE with HybridAPC was found to be a simple and quick procedure that is safe and effective during the short-term follow-up,especially in cases of short-segment BE.This technique could be considered as a feasible alternative ablation therapy for BE.
