Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the ...Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.展开更多
Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） and microphthalm...Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF） play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes＇ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immune- histochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white （P〈0.01）. However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene＇s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues （P〉0.05）, while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.展开更多
The nucleotide sequence of the melanocortin-l-receptor （MC1R） gene was studied with the help of the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, in which the protein structure in Chinese Holstein was predicted, and the molecu...The nucleotide sequence of the melanocortin-l-receptor （MC1R） gene was studied with the help of the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, in which the protein structure in Chinese Holstein was predicted, and the molecular mechanism of the red coat color was investigated. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） was performed to genotype the individuals. The bioinformatics and biotechnology softwares were used to predict the secondary structure of MC1R. The results showed that the EE genotype was the dominant genotype in Chinese Holstein Black and White herd, whereas, it was ee in Chinese Holstein Red and White herd. The secondary structure of the mutational MC1R protein was changed and the deletion mutation caused an earlier termination in translation, which led to the formation of the red coat color. The allele E was mainly associated with the black coat color, whereas, e was associated with red.展开更多
Five selection procedures for seed coat and hilum color were studied with F4 progenies in two interspecific crossing of soybeans. The seed coat and hilum color indicated that pedigree, 5% and 10% mass selection method...Five selection procedures for seed coat and hilum color were studied with F4 progenies in two interspecific crossing of soybeans. The seed coat and hilum color indicated that pedigree, 5% and 10% mass selection method were equally successful, and were better than picking-pod and 25% mass selection in cross S17. However, no significant differences in seed coat and hilum color were found in cross G18.展开更多
Jiuhe Corporation developed a new surface pretreatment for producing a phosphate-free and colored zirconium conversion coating on cold-rolled steel(CRS).Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive spectrosc...Jiuhe Corporation developed a new surface pretreatment for producing a phosphate-free and colored zirconium conversion coating on cold-rolled steel(CRS).Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)were applied to study the surface morphology and elemental composition of the golden yellow-colored conversion coating.Elec trochemic al impedance spectroscopy(EIS)was used to investigate the electrochemical performance of the conversion coatings with different colors.The corrosion resistance properties of the powder coatings were characterized using the neutral salt spray test(NSS)and the tape adhesion test.The EIS and NSS results demonstrate that the colored zirconium conversion coatings exhibit excellent corrosion resistance properties compared with the bare CRS.The golden yellow-colored conversion coating has a maximum EIS value(748Ω·cm^(2))and achieves 0 mm degree of corrosion,as stipulated by EN ISO 4628-8.This paper proposes a hypothesis concerning the ZrO_(2)-(β-FeOOH)-polymer conversion reaction to explain the color changes.展开更多
Variations of Melanocortin Receptor 1 （MC1R） were investigated using sequencing, PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP, in three pig breeds, Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc. Five polymorphic sites were found, in which 668G→C occurr...Variations of Melanocortin Receptor 1 （MC1R） were investigated using sequencing, PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP, in three pig breeds, Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc. Five polymorphic sites were found, in which 668G→C occurred within 5＇ UTR, nt894insCC in coding region resulting in a premature stop at codon 56, and 1318C→T, 1554G→A, l197G→A in coding region resulting in Ala164Val, Ala243Thr, and Asp124Asn respectively. All individuals in Landrace and Yorkshire present homozygous 668GG, 1197AA, 1318CC, and 1554GG, and have CC insertions at the 894 site, whereas the individuals in Duroc present a contrast homozygous 668CC, 1197GG, 1318TT, and 1554AA, and have no CC insertions at the corresponding site. No heterozygote has been found at these mutation sites. Presumably, 668G→C, 1318C→T, and 1554G→A may be associated with the recessive red color in the Duroc breed, and nt894insCC making 1197G→A nonsense may be associated with the white color in Landrace and Yorkshire breeds.展开更多
Both Brassica juncea（mustard）and B.napus（rapeseed）are allotetraploid species of Brassica.Although these two species have their unique characters,they possess a common A genome and a few homeologous chromosomes bet...Both Brassica juncea（mustard）and B.napus（rapeseed）are allotetraploid species of Brassica.Although these two species have their unique characters,they possess a common A genome and a few homeologous chromosomes between the genomes B and C,which provide the foundation for transfer of superior traits from B.juncea into worldwide cultivated B.napus.The unique characters of B.juncea were summarized,breeding procedure for introgression of superior traits from B.juncea into B.napus by the interspecific crossing proposed,and some recently developed rapeseed germplasm lines with novel traits such as yellow seed and super oil content,restorer of fertility for pol CMS,extreme early maturity,high oleic acid content and short-staure plant briefly introduced in this paper.展开更多
In order to understand the characteristics of genetic resources of Kazakh horses in Xinjiang,their body size,phenotypes and coat colors were investigated and analyzed using the methods of resources survey and body siz...In order to understand the characteristics of genetic resources of Kazakh horses in Xinjiang,their body size,phenotypes and coat colors were investigated and analyzed using the methods of resources survey and body size measurement. The results showed that the coat color of Kazakh horses in Xinjiang is very rich,covering more than 90% of the world＇s horse coat colors. The influencing factors of Kazakh horse body size data might include the environment and geographical distribution of Kazakh horses. The gap between Xinjiang Kazakh horse and Kazakhstan Kazakh horse was relatively large,which was related to the degree of breeding.There were some differences in the appearance of Kazakh horses between Altay and Ili regions with different ecological environment. The Kazakh horses in Altay were relatively strong in size,well developed in coat and long hair,long and dense in fuzz in winter,and rich in coat color. But the Kazakh horses in Ili were compact in size,less in coat than those in Altay,and have a single coat color.展开更多
The domestication and artificial selection of wild boars have led to dramatic morphological and behavioral changes,especially in East Chinese(ECN)pigs.Here,we provide insights into the population structure and current...The domestication and artificial selection of wild boars have led to dramatic morphological and behavioral changes,especially in East Chinese(ECN)pigs.Here,we provide insights into the population structure and current genetic diversity of representative ECN pig breeds.We identify a 500-kb region containing six tooth development-relevant genes with almost completely different haplotypes between ECN pigs and Chinese wild boars or European domestic pigs.Notably,the c.195A>G missense mutation in exon 2 of AMBN may cause alterations in its protein structure associated with tusk degradation in ECN pigs.In addition,ESR1 may play an important role in the reproductive performance of ECN pigs.A major haplotype of the large lop ear-related MSRB3 gene and eight alleles in the deafness-related GRM7 gene may affect ear morphology and hearing in ECN pigs.Interestingly,we find that the two-end black(TEB)coat color in Jinhua pigs is most likely caused by EDNRB with genetic mechanisms different from other Chinese TEB pigs.This study identifies key loci that may be artificially selected in Chinese native pigs related to the tusk,coat color,and ear morphology,thus providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms of domesticated pigs.展开更多
Many mammal species can distinguish between opposite-sex conspecifics that differ in a certain trait. In that coat coloration is associated with differences in physiological and behavioral traits, coat color may affec...Many mammal species can distinguish between opposite-sex conspecifics that differ in a certain trait. In that coat coloration is associated with differences in physiological and behavioral traits, coat color may affect the attractiveness of odor cues produced by conspecifics. Individuals may be able to respond preferentially to conspecifics with a particular coat color. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that scent marks of brown and blond voles differ in their attractiveness to male and fe- male conspecifics. Male voles and brown females did not discriminate between blond- and brown-coated opposite-sex con- specifics suggesting that they are neither selecting potential mates dissociatively nor associatively. However, blond females be- haved as if the scent marks of blond males were more attractive than were the scent marks of brown males. Our data suggest that blond females who are already conspicuous to predators, may select blond males as mates because they do not appreciably in- crease the risk of detection to predators, particularly avian predators. Moreover, because these conspicuous males have survived to mate they may have good genes that reflect their relatively higher quality展开更多
Chia(Salvia hispanica)is a functional food crop for humans.Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids,the seed yield of chia is still low.Genomic resources available for this plant are limited.We report the f...Chia(Salvia hispanica)is a functional food crop for humans.Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids,the seed yield of chia is still low.Genomic resources available for this plant are limited.We report the first high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of chia.The assembled genome size was 347.6 Mb and covered 98.1%of the estimated genome size.A total of 31069 protein-coding genes were predicted.The absence of recent whole-genome duplication and the relatively low intensity of transposable element expansion in chia compared to its sister species contribute to its small genome size.Transcriptome sequencing and gene duplication analysis reveal that the expansion of the fab2 gene family is likely to be related to the high content of omega-3 in seeds.The white seed coat color is determined by a single locus on chromosome 4.This study provides novel insights into the evolution of Salvia species and high omega-3 content,as well as valuable genomic resources for genetic improvement of important commercial traits of chia and its related species.展开更多
Horses were domesticated 5500 years ago,thousands of years later than other domestic animals;however, in this relatively short period, domestic horses have had a great impact on human history by accelerating civilizat...Horses were domesticated 5500 years ago,thousands of years later than other domestic animals;however, in this relatively short period, domestic horses have had a great impact on human history by accelerating civilization, revolutionizing warfare and advancing agricultural production. Modern breeding using markerassisted selection has greatly accelerated breeding progress. Therefore, identification of genetic markers underlying the traits of interest in domestic horses is the basis for the modern breeding system. In this review, we present an overview of genetic mapping studies and genome wide analyses to identify the genomic regions targeted by positive selection for four important aspects of horses, coat color, racing performance, gait and height at withers. The MC1 R locus, for example, has been shown to be the main gene responsible for chestnut color, and the MSTN locus has been shown to control the muscle fiber growth in racing breeds. The missense mutation in DMRT3 is the causal mutation for the alternate gaits in horses. Height at withers, a quantitative trait, was mapped to four major loci(3:105547002, 6:81481064, 9:75550059 and 11:23259732) that can explain 83% of the height variations in domestic horses.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301928)the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province,China(20210302124504)+3 种基金the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA-Food Legumes(CARS08-G10)the National Laboratory Project of Coarse Grain Germplasm Resources Innovation and Molecular Breeding,China(K462202040-01)the Ph D of Shanxi Agricultural University Scientific Research Start-up Project,China(2021BQ43)the Scientific Research Project of Shanxi Agricultural University,China(YZGC098)。
文摘Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.
基金sponsored by the Earmarked Fund for Modern China Wool & Cashmere Technology Research System, China (CARS-40-03)
文摘Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF） play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes＇ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immune- histochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white （P〈0.01）. However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene＇s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues （P〉0.05）, while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.
基金National 863 Program of China(2006AA1021D9,2007AA10Z169)High Technology Independent Innovation Project from Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science s(2006YCX028)Youth Science Foundation from Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences of China(2006YQN038)
文摘The nucleotide sequence of the melanocortin-l-receptor （MC1R） gene was studied with the help of the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, in which the protein structure in Chinese Holstein was predicted, and the molecular mechanism of the red coat color was investigated. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） was performed to genotype the individuals. The bioinformatics and biotechnology softwares were used to predict the secondary structure of MC1R. The results showed that the EE genotype was the dominant genotype in Chinese Holstein Black and White herd, whereas, it was ee in Chinese Holstein Red and White herd. The secondary structure of the mutational MC1R protein was changed and the deletion mutation caused an earlier termination in translation, which led to the formation of the red coat color. The allele E was mainly associated with the black coat color, whereas, e was associated with red.
文摘Five selection procedures for seed coat and hilum color were studied with F4 progenies in two interspecific crossing of soybeans. The seed coat and hilum color indicated that pedigree, 5% and 10% mass selection method were equally successful, and were better than picking-pod and 25% mass selection in cross S17. However, no significant differences in seed coat and hilum color were found in cross G18.
基金financially supported by Shenzhen Technology Development Project(No.CXZZ20140902141250786)Guangdong Science and Technology Project(No.2014A010105004)。
文摘Jiuhe Corporation developed a new surface pretreatment for producing a phosphate-free and colored zirconium conversion coating on cold-rolled steel(CRS).Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)were applied to study the surface morphology and elemental composition of the golden yellow-colored conversion coating.Elec trochemic al impedance spectroscopy(EIS)was used to investigate the electrochemical performance of the conversion coatings with different colors.The corrosion resistance properties of the powder coatings were characterized using the neutral salt spray test(NSS)and the tape adhesion test.The EIS and NSS results demonstrate that the colored zirconium conversion coatings exhibit excellent corrosion resistance properties compared with the bare CRS.The golden yellow-colored conversion coating has a maximum EIS value(748Ω·cm^(2))and achieves 0 mm degree of corrosion,as stipulated by EN ISO 4628-8.This paper proposes a hypothesis concerning the ZrO_(2)-(β-FeOOH)-polymer conversion reaction to explain the color changes.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30571326)President Foundation and De-velopment Foundation for Scientific Research of Agricultural University of Hebei.
文摘Variations of Melanocortin Receptor 1 （MC1R） were investigated using sequencing, PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP, in three pig breeds, Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc. Five polymorphic sites were found, in which 668G→C occurred within 5＇ UTR, nt894insCC in coding region resulting in a premature stop at codon 56, and 1318C→T, 1554G→A, l197G→A in coding region resulting in Ala164Val, Ala243Thr, and Asp124Asn respectively. All individuals in Landrace and Yorkshire present homozygous 668GG, 1197AA, 1318CC, and 1554GG, and have CC insertions at the 894 site, whereas the individuals in Duroc present a contrast homozygous 668CC, 1197GG, 1318TT, and 1554AA, and have no CC insertions at the corresponding site. No heterozygote has been found at these mutation sites. Presumably, 668G→C, 1318C→T, and 1554G→A may be associated with the recessive red color in the Duroc breed, and nt894insCC making 1197G→A nonsense may be associated with the white color in Landrace and Yorkshire breeds.
文摘Both Brassica juncea（mustard）and B.napus（rapeseed）are allotetraploid species of Brassica.Although these two species have their unique characters,they possess a common A genome and a few homeologous chromosomes between the genomes B and C,which provide the foundation for transfer of superior traits from B.juncea into worldwide cultivated B.napus.The unique characters of B.juncea were summarized,breeding procedure for introgression of superior traits from B.juncea into B.napus by the interspecific crossing proposed,and some recently developed rapeseed germplasm lines with novel traits such as yellow seed and super oil content,restorer of fertility for pol CMS,extreme early maturity,high oleic acid content and short-staure plant briefly introduced in this paper.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560616)International Cooperation Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2011BC007)
文摘In order to understand the characteristics of genetic resources of Kazakh horses in Xinjiang,their body size,phenotypes and coat colors were investigated and analyzed using the methods of resources survey and body size measurement. The results showed that the coat color of Kazakh horses in Xinjiang is very rich,covering more than 90% of the world＇s horse coat colors. The influencing factors of Kazakh horse body size data might include the environment and geographical distribution of Kazakh horses. The gap between Xinjiang Kazakh horse and Kazakhstan Kazakh horse was relatively large,which was related to the degree of breeding.There were some differences in the appearance of Kazakh horses between Altay and Ili regions with different ecological environment. The Kazakh horses in Altay were relatively strong in size,well developed in coat and long hair,long and dense in fuzz in winter,and rich in coat color. But the Kazakh horses in Ili were compact in size,less in coat than those in Altay,and have a single coat color.
基金supported by Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682735)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702089)Jiangxi Youth Science Foundation(20202BABL215021)。
文摘The domestication and artificial selection of wild boars have led to dramatic morphological and behavioral changes,especially in East Chinese(ECN)pigs.Here,we provide insights into the population structure and current genetic diversity of representative ECN pig breeds.We identify a 500-kb region containing six tooth development-relevant genes with almost completely different haplotypes between ECN pigs and Chinese wild boars or European domestic pigs.Notably,the c.195A>G missense mutation in exon 2 of AMBN may cause alterations in its protein structure associated with tusk degradation in ECN pigs.In addition,ESR1 may play an important role in the reproductive performance of ECN pigs.A major haplotype of the large lop ear-related MSRB3 gene and eight alleles in the deafness-related GRM7 gene may affect ear morphology and hearing in ECN pigs.Interestingly,we find that the two-end black(TEB)coat color in Jinhua pigs is most likely caused by EDNRB with genetic mechanisms different from other Chinese TEB pigs.This study identifies key loci that may be artificially selected in Chinese native pigs related to the tusk,coat color,and ear morphology,thus providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms of domesticated pigs.
文摘Many mammal species can distinguish between opposite-sex conspecifics that differ in a certain trait. In that coat coloration is associated with differences in physiological and behavioral traits, coat color may affect the attractiveness of odor cues produced by conspecifics. Individuals may be able to respond preferentially to conspecifics with a particular coat color. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that scent marks of brown and blond voles differ in their attractiveness to male and fe- male conspecifics. Male voles and brown females did not discriminate between blond- and brown-coated opposite-sex con- specifics suggesting that they are neither selecting potential mates dissociatively nor associatively. However, blond females be- haved as if the scent marks of blond males were more attractive than were the scent marks of brown males. Our data suggest that blond females who are already conspicuous to predators, may select blond males as mates because they do not appreciably in- crease the risk of detection to predators, particularly avian predators. Moreover, because these conspicuous males have survived to mate they may have good genes that reflect their relatively higher quality
基金supported by Internal Funds of the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory(5020).
文摘Chia(Salvia hispanica)is a functional food crop for humans.Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids,the seed yield of chia is still low.Genomic resources available for this plant are limited.We report the first high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of chia.The assembled genome size was 347.6 Mb and covered 98.1%of the estimated genome size.A total of 31069 protein-coding genes were predicted.The absence of recent whole-genome duplication and the relatively low intensity of transposable element expansion in chia compared to its sister species contribute to its small genome size.Transcriptome sequencing and gene duplication analysis reveal that the expansion of the fab2 gene family is likely to be related to the high content of omega-3 in seeds.The white seed coat color is determined by a single locus on chromosome 4.This study provides novel insights into the evolution of Salvia species and high omega-3 content,as well as valuable genomic resources for genetic improvement of important commercial traits of chia and its related species.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China (ASTIP-IAS01)the National Infrastructure of Domestic Animal Resources
文摘Horses were domesticated 5500 years ago,thousands of years later than other domestic animals;however, in this relatively short period, domestic horses have had a great impact on human history by accelerating civilization, revolutionizing warfare and advancing agricultural production. Modern breeding using markerassisted selection has greatly accelerated breeding progress. Therefore, identification of genetic markers underlying the traits of interest in domestic horses is the basis for the modern breeding system. In this review, we present an overview of genetic mapping studies and genome wide analyses to identify the genomic regions targeted by positive selection for four important aspects of horses, coat color, racing performance, gait and height at withers. The MC1 R locus, for example, has been shown to be the main gene responsible for chestnut color, and the MSTN locus has been shown to control the muscle fiber growth in racing breeds. The missense mutation in DMRT3 is the causal mutation for the alternate gaits in horses. Height at withers, a quantitative trait, was mapped to four major loci(3:105547002, 6:81481064, 9:75550059 and 11:23259732) that can explain 83% of the height variations in domestic horses.
