Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities, including brain development, synaptic plastic...Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities, including brain development, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Exc让atory synaptic transmission is primarily mediated by ligana-gated ion channels, including a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoIe-4-propionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate receptors. Activation of glutamate receptors, particularly NMDA receptors, usually leads to calcium influx, whicn can act as a second messenger for several processes to mediate synaptic activity and brain function. Nevertheless, excessive release of glutamate neurotransmitter may produce intracellular calcium overload, leading to a cascade of events mediating cytoskeleton damage accompanied w让h reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately neuronal cell death. These toxic effects of glutamate are known as excitotoxicity. Neuronal excitotoxicity has been linked to several acute and chronic brain diseases, such as stroke/ischemia, epilepsy and a range of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntingtons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinsons disease (PD), contributing to the neuronal lost in different brain regions. Unfortunately, treating nervous system disorders with general glutamate receptor blockers has been associated with undesirable side effects, becoming increasingly necessary to unravel downstream effectors in the excitotoxicity-dependent cell death pathway in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of...Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of extra-hepatic tissues. Of these, HBV has been studied in details in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), due to its accessibility. From these studies, it is now well established that PBMCs are permissive to HBV infection, replication, transcription and production of infective virions. Furthermore, molecular evolutionary studies have provided definite evidences towards evolution of HBV genome in PBMCs, which is independent of evolution occurring in the liver, leading to the emergence and selection of compartment specific escape variants or drug resistant strains. These variants/resistant strains of HBV remain restricted within the PBMCs and are rarely detected in the serum/plasma. In addition, HBV infected PBMCs have been reported to be directly transmitted through intrauterine modes, and this infection does not correlate significantly with serum HBV surface antigen or HBV DNA markers. This editorial briefly reviews the current knowledge on this topic, emphasizes and delineates the gaps that are required to be filled to properly understand the biological and clinical relevance of extrahepatic tropism of HBV.展开更多
1 INTRODUCTIONRigorous dynamic models for multicomponent staged separation columns,based on thematerial and energy balance relationships for each of the stages,are usually of highdimensionality and high stiffness.Its ...1 INTRODUCTIONRigorous dynamic models for multicomponent staged separation columns,based on thematerial and energy balance relationships for each of the stages,are usually of highdimensionality and high stiffness.Its solution needs very efficient integration algorithm.Although in the last decade a number of fast and efficient integration algorithms havebeen developed ,it is still extremely time-consuming to solve dynamic models展开更多
Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of inst...Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of installation, longer durability and insensitivity to extreme temperatures. To introduce particle damping technology to long-period structure seismic control, a novel multilayer compartmental particle damper (MCPD) was proposed, and a 1/20 scale test model of a typical long-period self-anchored suspension bridge with a single tower was designed and fabricated. The model was subjected to a series of shaking table tests with and without the MCPD. The results showed that the seismic responses of the flexible or semi-flexible bridge towers of long-period bridges influence the seismic responses of the main beam. The MCPD can be conveniently installed on the main beam and bridge tower and can effectively reduce the longitudinal peak displacement and the root mean square acceleration of the main beam and tower. In addition, no particle accumulation was observed during the tests. A well-designed MCPD can achieve significant damping for long-period structures under seismic excitations of different intensities. These results indicate that the application of MCPDs for seismic control of single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges and other long-period structures is viable.展开更多
This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may ...This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may be spread;moreover,the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance is considered.In addition,nodes are connected through weighted edges,and consequently individuals from different nodes may interact.As a result,the infection may be propagated over the network.We perform an analysis on this propagation as well as numerical simulations in order to illustrate the validity of the model.展开更多
A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes...A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Further, membraneless compartmentalization, a process induced by dynamic physical association of biomolecules through phase transition offers another efficient mechanism for intracellular organization. While our understanding of phase separation was predominantly dependent on yeast and animal models, recent findings have provided compelling evidence for emerging roles of phase separation in plants. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge of phase separation, including its definition, biophysical principles, molecular features and regulatory mechanisms. Then we summarize plant-specific phase separation phenomena and describe their functions in plant biological processes in great detail. Moreover, we propose that phase separation is an evolutionarily conserved and efficient mechanism for cellular compartmentalization which allows for distinct metabolic processes and signaling pathways, and is especially beneficial for the sessile lifestyle of plants to quickly and efficiently respond to the changing environment.展开更多
Deterministic compartment models(CMs)and stochastic models,including stochastic CMs and agent-based models,are widely utilized in epidemic modeling.However,the relationship between CMs and their corresponding stochast...Deterministic compartment models(CMs)and stochastic models,including stochastic CMs and agent-based models,are widely utilized in epidemic modeling.However,the relationship between CMs and their corresponding stochastic models is not well understood.The present study aimed to address this gap by conducting a comparative study using the susceptible,exposed,infectious,and recovered(SEIR)model and its extended CMs from the coronavirus disease 2019 modeling literature.We demonstrated the equivalence of the numerical solution of CMs using the Euler scheme and their stochastic counterparts through theoretical analysis and simulations.Based on this equivalence,we proposed an efficient model calibration method that could replicate the exact solution of CMs in the corresponding stochastic models through parameter adjustment.The advancement in calibration techniques enhanced the accuracy of stochastic modeling in capturing the dynamics of epidemics.However,it should be noted that discrete-time stochastic models cannot perfectly reproduce the exact solution of continuous-time CMs.Additionally,we proposed a new stochastic compartment and agent mixed model as an alternative to agent-based models for large-scale population simulations with a limited number of agents.This model offered a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy.The results of this research contributed to the comparison and unification of deterministic CMs and stochastic models in epidemic modeling.Furthermore,the results had implications for the development of hybrid models that integrated the strengths of both frameworks.Overall,the present study has provided valuable epidemic modeling techniques and their practical applications for understanding and controlling the spread of infectious diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND De-Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a disorder arising from the compression and irritation of the first dorsal extensor compartment of the wrist.Patients who fail conservative treatment modalities are candidate...BACKGROUND De-Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a disorder arising from the compression and irritation of the first dorsal extensor compartment of the wrist.Patients who fail conservative treatment modalities are candidates for surgical release.However,risks with surgery include damage to the superficial radial nerve and an incomplete release due to inadequate dissection.Currently,there is a paucity of literature demonstrating the exact anatomic location of the first dorsal extensor compartment in reference to surface anatomy.Thus,this cadaveric study was performed to determine the exact location of the first extensor compartment and to devise a reliable surgical incision to prevent complications.AIM To describe the location of the first dorsal compartment in relation to bony surface landmarks to create replicable surgical incisions.METHODS Six cadaveric forearms,including four left and two right forearm specimens were dissected.Dissections were performed by a single fellowship trained upper extremity orthopaedic surgeon.Distance of the first dorsal compartment from landmarks such as Lister’s tubercle,the wrist crease,and the radial styloid were calculated.Other variables studied included the presence of the superficial radial nerve overlying the first dorsal compartment,additional compartment subsheaths,number of abductor pollicis longus(APL)tendon slips,and the presence of a pseudo-retinaculum.RESULTS Distance from the radial most aspect of the wrist crease to the extensor retinaculum was 5.14 mm±0.80 mm.The distance from Lister’s tubercle to the distal aspect of the extensor retinaculum was 13.37 mm±2.94 mm.Lister’s tubercle to the start of the first dorsal compartment was 18.43 mm±2.01 mm.The radial styloid to the initial aspect of the extensor retinaculum measured 2.98 mm±0.99 mm.The retinaculum length longitudinally on average was 26.82 mm±3.34 mm.Four cadaveric forearms had separate extensor pollicis brevis compartments.The average number of APL tendon slips was three.A pseudo-retinaculum was present in four cadavers.Two cadavers had a superficial radial nerve that crossed over the first dorsal compartment and retinaculum proximally(7.03 mm and 13.36 mm).CONCLUSION An incision that measures 3 mm proximal from the radial styloid,2 cm radial from Lister’s tubercle,and 5 mm proximal from the radial wrist crease will safely place surgeons at the first dorsal compartment.展开更多
Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of art...Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of artificial multienzymes has become an emerging research topic. Herein, we employ a facile enzyme-initiated radical polymerization to self-anchor multienzyme in cell-like hydrogels with mesoscale compartments. The dynamic assembly of glucose oxidase/cytochrome c(GOx/Cyt c) with methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid can form nanoaggregates, where only the bound enzyme pairs with the adjacent position can catalyze the polymerization to compartmentalize multienzymes within hydrogel. Consequently, the cascade enzymes within hydrogel display 33.9 times higher activity compared to free enzymes, as well as excellent thermostability and multiple recyclability. The mechanism study indicates that the compartmental effect of the hydrogel and the anchoring effect of Cyt c synergistically enhance GOx/Cyt c activity. According to the density functional theory(DFT) calculation, Cyt c activity increment originates from its ligand changes of Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin, which has a smaller energy barrier of the catalytic reaction.This study provides a promising strategy for autonomous colocalization of multienzyme in biocompatible hydrogels which can be potentially applied in cascade enzyme induced catalysis applications.展开更多
This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evol...This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evolution in Italy in the first six months.The proposed compartmental model subdivides the population into six compartments and extends the SEIRD model proposed in[E.L.Piccolomini and F.Zama,PLOS ONE,15(8):1e17,082020]by adding the vaccinated population and framing the global model as a hybridswitched dynamical system.Aiming to represent the quantities that characterize the epidemic behaviour from an accurate fit to the observed data,we partition the observation time interval into sub-intervals.The model parameters change according to a switching rule depending on the data behaviour and the infection rate continuity condition.In particular,we study the representation of the infection rate both as linear and exponential piecewise continuous functions.We choose the length of sub-intervals balancing the data fit with the model complexity through the Bayesian Information Criterion.We tested the model on italian data and on local data from Emilia-Romagna region.The calibration of the model shows an excellent representation of the epidemic behaviour in both cases.Thirty days forecasts have proven to well reproduce the infection spread,better for regional than for national data.Both models produce accurate predictions of infected,but the exponential-based one perform better in most of the cases.Finally,we discuss different possible forecast scenarios obtained by simulating an increased vaccination rate.展开更多
Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reacti...Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reactions in one-pot,especially the spatial compartmentalization of incompatible active sites.Herein,we constructed metal-organic framework(MOF)composites which regulate the location distribution of metal nanoparticles according to the reaction path and coupled with the diffusion of substrates to achieve tandem reaction.The designed UiO-66-Pt-Au catalyst showed good activity and selectivity in hydrosilylation-hydrogenation tandem reaction,because the uniform microporous structures can control the diffusion path of reactants and intermediates,and Pt and Au nanoparticles were arranged in core-shell spatial distribution in UiO-66.By contrast,the low selectivity of catalysts with random deposition and physical mixture demonstrated the significance of artificial control to the spatial compartmentalization of active sites in tandem catalytic reactions,which provides a powerful approach for designing high-performance and multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts.展开更多
The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell si...The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell signaling.Protein kinase A(PKA)has been recognized as a potent negative regulator of the Hh pathway,raising the question of how such a ubiquitous kinase specifically regulates one signaling pathway.We reviewed recent genetic,molecular and biochemical studies that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of PKA’s role in Hh signaling in vertebrates,focusing on the compartmentalized PKA at the centrosome and in the primary cilium.We outlined the recently developed genetic and optical tools that can be harvested to study PKA activities during the course of Hh signal transduction.展开更多
Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)has been shown to evolve independently in different anatomical compartments.Characterizing HIV genetic evolution in different tissues and cells provides insights into the mechanisms th...Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)has been shown to evolve independently in different anatomical compartments.Characterizing HIV genetic evolution in different tissues and cells provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir.HIV compartmentalization has been well documented in the semen but rarely in male genital tract(MGT)organs.The precise mechanisms that result in the development of HIV compartmentalization in multiple genitourinary sites have been poorly explored due to the difficulty in accessing these tissues.Based on evidence from lymph nodes and gut tissues,mechanisms that may influence compartmentalization include immune pressures,local concentrations of antiviral drugs,clonal expansion of different cell types and inflammation that alters the cellular microenvironment.We reviewed phylogenetic evidences supporting viral compartmentalization between the blood and multiple genitourinary sites in HIV-infected people.Characterizing distinct viral subpopulations enhances our overall understanding of the HIV reservoir inMGTand could ultimately lead to the development of novel therapies to eradicate the virus in tissues.展开更多
Background:Endovascular coiling for wide-neck aneurysms with a branch arising from the aneurysmal sac is challenging and sometimes considered impossible.This study aims to present our experience in treating wide-neck ...Background:Endovascular coiling for wide-neck aneurysms with a branch arising from the aneurysmal sac is challenging and sometimes considered impossible.This study aims to present our experience in treating wide-neck internal carotid artery(ICA)aneurysms with a posterior communicating artery(PComA)arising from the sac using a strategy of stenting the ICA and intentional compartmentalization to preserve the flow in the PComA.Methods:Eight consecutive cases of wide-neck ICA aneurysms with a fetal-type PComA arising from the aneurysmal sac were embolized from January 2015 to June 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital,College of Medicine,Zhejiang University.Demographics,angiographic technique,procedural complications and clinical outcomes were reviewed.Results:There were 2 men and 6 women ranging from 56 to 81 years of age.Of the 8 cases,3 were ruptured and 5 were unruptured aneurysms.Stents were successfully deployed in all 8 cases.Near-complete occlusion was achieved in 3 cases(37.5%),neck remnant in 4(50%)and sac remnant in one(12.5%)of the cases.One case suffered transient ischemic attack after procedure completion.The clinical outcome was favorable in all 8 cases(modified Rankin scale 0-1).No rebleeding occurred during clinical follow-up.Conclusion:Stent-assisted compartmentalized embolization is feasible and safe in the treatment of wide-neck ICA aneurysm with a PComA arising from the sac.展开更多
Purpose:Impending compartment syndrome is a common event following closed tibia fractures,which can progress to sinister compartment syndrome.Fasciotomy is the only definitive treatment available,though it has its own...Purpose:Impending compartment syndrome is a common event following closed tibia fractures,which can progress to sinister compartment syndrome.Fasciotomy is the only definitive treatment available,though it has its own drawbacks and complications.Medical management at present consists of limb elevation and adequate hydration.This study aims at determining whether intravenous administration of Mannitol reduced the intracompartmental pressure in patients with closed tibial fractures.Methods:This is a double blinded,randomized control trial done in a single tertiary care center in India.Forty-five patients were recruited between February 2012 and October 2012.Forty patients who presented to the emergency department with isolated,closed,high velocity,and proximal 2/3 tibia fractures were included in this study.Patients with contraindication to Mannitol were excluded.They were allocated into 2 groups by the investigator using computer generated randomization.The pressure in the anterior compartment of the leg was measured with a handheld Stryker pressure monitor.Then either 20%Mannitol or 0.9%normal saline as given intravenously in a blinded manner,based on the randomization.The intracompartmental pressure was measured at 0,1 and 3 h after the infusion.The participant,investigator and statistician were masked to the group assessment.Results:There was no difference in intracompartmental pressures at 1 or 3 h,between the groups.However,in patients with the baseline of compartmental pressures30 mmHg,Mannitol showed a marked reduction in pressure of 8.5 mmHg at 1 h compared to almost no change in pressure in the saline group.There were no adverse events with the use of Mannitol.Conclusions:This preliminary study appears to show that Mannitol is useful in the management of the increased compartment pressure.The limitations of this study were that it only involved a small group of patients and the baseline pressures in both the groups were not comparable.More studies are required before the use of Mannitol as a standard of care in the management of compartment syndrome can be established.展开更多
Biomass is of growing interest as a secondary energy source and can be converted to fuels with higher energy density especially by pyrolysis or gasification. Understanding the mechanism and the kinetics of biomass pyr...Biomass is of growing interest as a secondary energy source and can be converted to fuels with higher energy density especially by pyrolysis or gasification. Understanding the mechanism and the kinetics of biomass pyrolysis (thermal decomposition)and gasification (conversion of organic material to gases)could be the key to the design of industrial devices capable of processing vast amounts of biomass feedstock.In our work real product components obtained in pyrolysis were took into consideration as well as char and oil as lumped components, and the kinetic constants for a biomass model compound (cellulose)pyrolysis and gasification were identified based on a proposed simplified reaction mechanism within a compartment model structure.A laboratory scale reactor was used for the physical experiments containing consecutive fast pyrolysis and gasification stages using alkali metal (K)containing feedstock,which has a significant effect on the cellulose pyrolysis and gasification.The detailed model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment,and the unknown kinetic parameters were identified based on experimental data.The model was validated based on measurement data,and a good agreement was found.Based on the validated first principle model the optimal parameters were determined as 0.15 mL/min steam flow rate,and 4% K content.展开更多
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic,considered as the worst global public health event in nearly a century,has severely affected more than 200 countries and regions around the world.To effective...Background: The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic,considered as the worst global public health event in nearly a century,has severely affected more than 200 countries and regions around the world.To effectively prevent and control the epidemic,researchers have widely employed dynamic models to predict and simulate the epidemic’s development,understand the spread rule,evaluate the effects of intervention measures,inform vaccination strategies,and assist in the formulation of prevention and control measures.In this review,we aimed to sort out the compartmental structures used in COVID-19 dynamic models and provide reference for the dynamic modeling for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in the future.Main text: A scoping review on the compartmental structures used in modeling COVID-19 was conducted.In this scoping review,241 research articles published before May 14,2021 were analyzed to better understand the model types and compartmental structures used in modeling COVID-19.Three types of dynamics models were analyzed:compartment models expanded based on susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered(SEIR)model,meta-population models,and agent-based models.The expanded compartments based on SEIR model are mainly according to the COVID-19 transmission characteristics,public health interventions,and age structure.The meta-population models and the agent-based models,as a trade-off for more complex model structures,basic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered or simply expanded compartmental structures were generally adopted.Conclusion: There has been a great deal of models to understand the spread of COVID-19,and to help prevention and control strategies.Researchers build compartments according to actual situation,research objectives and complexity of models used.As the COVID-19 epidemic remains uncertain and poses a major challenge to humans,researchers still need dynamic models as the main tool to predict dynamics,evaluate intervention effects,and provide scientific evidence for the development of prevention and control strategies.The compartmental structures reviewed in this study provide guidance for future modeling for COVID-19,and also offer recommendations for the dynamic modeling of other infectious diseases.展开更多
Estimating reservoir connectivity is critical for assessing infill-drilling prospects and initiating fluid injection in enhanced oil recovery operations. Several methods have appeared in the literature over decades to...Estimating reservoir connectivity is critical for assessing infill-drilling prospects and initiating fluid injection in enhanced oil recovery operations. Several methods have appeared in the literature over decades to meet these business needs, given that all tools, including seismic imaging, have limitations. Besides imaging, geochemical fingerprinting constitutes a powerful tool to gauge the compartmentalization question. However, real-time pressure/rate surveillance data allows assessing interwell connectivity vis-à-vis the overall drainage volume.This study presents a simplified approach to using the reciprocal-productivity index (RPI) vs. the total-material-balance time (tTMB) plot. This tool exhibits the same slope for those wells in the same compartment beyond the start of the boundary-dominated flow (BDF) period. The wells showing different slopes imply that they are in separate drainage volumes. The early-time transient period remains muted to minimize confusion on this Cartesian plot. We validated the proposed tool's efficacy with 2D and 3D models with increased degrees of reservoir complexity, followed by the verification phase with four field examples. The use of other analytical tools complemented our findings.展开更多
Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compa...Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compartments in three Mediterranean old-growth forests of Southern Italy populated by Pinus laricio,Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.Ecosystem carbon pools have been assessed per compartment,i.e.,living trees,dead wood,litterfall(foliar and woody),roots and 0-20 cm topsoil,combining the whole old-growth forest mass,(i.e.,using tree allometric relationships,deadwood factor conversions,root-to-shoot ratios,litterfall and soil samplings) by the respective organic carbon concentrations.The results show the considerable capacity of these forest ecosystems in storing CO_(2)in biomass and soil,with carbon pool values ranging from 532.2to 596.5 Mg C ha-1.Living trees and 0-20 cm topsoil had larger carbon pool,contributing 53.0 and 22.1%,respectively.In most cases,organic carbon concentration was higher(more than 60%) than the average carbon conversion rate of 50%,especially in living trees,deadwood,and woody litterfall.This study contributes further scientific evidence of the capacity of old-growth forests in storing CO_(2)in their different compartments,with special evidence on tree biomass,litterfall and mineral soil,thereby highlighting the key role of old-growth forests within the challenge of climate change mitigation.展开更多
基金funded by grants from Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism(FONDAP-15150012,to FC)Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico(FONDECYT,1150766,to FC)Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica,Fondecyt de Postdoctorado Project(3180313,to MA)
文摘Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities, including brain development, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Exc让atory synaptic transmission is primarily mediated by ligana-gated ion channels, including a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoIe-4-propionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate receptors. Activation of glutamate receptors, particularly NMDA receptors, usually leads to calcium influx, whicn can act as a second messenger for several processes to mediate synaptic activity and brain function. Nevertheless, excessive release of glutamate neurotransmitter may produce intracellular calcium overload, leading to a cascade of events mediating cytoskeleton damage accompanied w让h reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately neuronal cell death. These toxic effects of glutamate are known as excitotoxicity. Neuronal excitotoxicity has been linked to several acute and chronic brain diseases, such as stroke/ischemia, epilepsy and a range of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntingtons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinsons disease (PD), contributing to the neuronal lost in different brain regions. Unfortunately, treating nervous system disorders with general glutamate receptor blockers has been associated with undesirable side effects, becoming increasingly necessary to unravel downstream effectors in the excitotoxicity-dependent cell death pathway in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
基金Supported by The Defence Research and Development Organi-zation(DRDO),Ministry of Defence,Government of India
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of extra-hepatic tissues. Of these, HBV has been studied in details in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), due to its accessibility. From these studies, it is now well established that PBMCs are permissive to HBV infection, replication, transcription and production of infective virions. Furthermore, molecular evolutionary studies have provided definite evidences towards evolution of HBV genome in PBMCs, which is independent of evolution occurring in the liver, leading to the emergence and selection of compartment specific escape variants or drug resistant strains. These variants/resistant strains of HBV remain restricted within the PBMCs and are rarely detected in the serum/plasma. In addition, HBV infected PBMCs have been reported to be directly transmitted through intrauterine modes, and this infection does not correlate significantly with serum HBV surface antigen or HBV DNA markers. This editorial briefly reviews the current knowledge on this topic, emphasizes and delineates the gaps that are required to be filled to properly understand the biological and clinical relevance of extrahepatic tropism of HBV.
基金Supported by the National Laboratory of Industrial Control Technique of China.
文摘1 INTRODUCTIONRigorous dynamic models for multicomponent staged separation columns,based on thematerial and energy balance relationships for each of the stages,are usually of highdimensionality and high stiffness.Its solution needs very efficient integration algorithm.Although in the last decade a number of fast and efficient integration algorithms havebeen developed ,it is still extremely time-consuming to solve dynamic models
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673776)the capital health research and development of special,China(No.2016-2-4062).
基金The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378039)This work was partly supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science of China (Grant No. 51421005)+1 种基金This work also was partly supported by the Basic Research Fund of Beijing University of Technology (No. 004000546318524)their support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor for their constructive comments and advice, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript.
文摘Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of installation, longer durability and insensitivity to extreme temperatures. To introduce particle damping technology to long-period structure seismic control, a novel multilayer compartmental particle damper (MCPD) was proposed, and a 1/20 scale test model of a typical long-period self-anchored suspension bridge with a single tower was designed and fabricated. The model was subjected to a series of shaking table tests with and without the MCPD. The results showed that the seismic responses of the flexible or semi-flexible bridge towers of long-period bridges influence the seismic responses of the main beam. The MCPD can be conveniently installed on the main beam and bridge tower and can effectively reduce the longitudinal peak displacement and the root mean square acceleration of the main beam and tower. In addition, no particle accumulation was observed during the tests. A well-designed MCPD can achieve significant damping for long-period structures under seismic excitations of different intensities. These results indicate that the application of MCPDs for seismic control of single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges and other long-period structures is viable.
基金DK was partially supported by grants from CONICET, ANPCyT and SECYTUNC.
文摘This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may be spread;moreover,the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance is considered.In addition,nodes are connected through weighted edges,and consequently individuals from different nodes may interact.As a result,the infection may be propagated over the network.We perform an analysis on this propagation as well as numerical simulations in order to illustrate the validity of the model.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2020YFA0907600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2004204)+1 种基金the 111 Project(#D16014,Q.W.)the Outstanding Talents Fund of Henan University,China.
文摘A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Further, membraneless compartmentalization, a process induced by dynamic physical association of biomolecules through phase transition offers another efficient mechanism for intracellular organization. While our understanding of phase separation was predominantly dependent on yeast and animal models, recent findings have provided compelling evidence for emerging roles of phase separation in plants. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge of phase separation, including its definition, biophysical principles, molecular features and regulatory mechanisms. Then we summarize plant-specific phase separation phenomena and describe their functions in plant biological processes in great detail. Moreover, we propose that phase separation is an evolutionarily conserved and efficient mechanism for cellular compartmentalization which allows for distinct metabolic processes and signaling pathways, and is especially beneficial for the sessile lifestyle of plants to quickly and efficiently respond to the changing environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82173620 to Yang Zhao and 82041024 to Feng Chen)partially supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(Grant No.INV-006371 to Feng Chen)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Deterministic compartment models(CMs)and stochastic models,including stochastic CMs and agent-based models,are widely utilized in epidemic modeling.However,the relationship between CMs and their corresponding stochastic models is not well understood.The present study aimed to address this gap by conducting a comparative study using the susceptible,exposed,infectious,and recovered(SEIR)model and its extended CMs from the coronavirus disease 2019 modeling literature.We demonstrated the equivalence of the numerical solution of CMs using the Euler scheme and their stochastic counterparts through theoretical analysis and simulations.Based on this equivalence,we proposed an efficient model calibration method that could replicate the exact solution of CMs in the corresponding stochastic models through parameter adjustment.The advancement in calibration techniques enhanced the accuracy of stochastic modeling in capturing the dynamics of epidemics.However,it should be noted that discrete-time stochastic models cannot perfectly reproduce the exact solution of continuous-time CMs.Additionally,we proposed a new stochastic compartment and agent mixed model as an alternative to agent-based models for large-scale population simulations with a limited number of agents.This model offered a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy.The results of this research contributed to the comparison and unification of deterministic CMs and stochastic models in epidemic modeling.Furthermore,the results had implications for the development of hybrid models that integrated the strengths of both frameworks.Overall,the present study has provided valuable epidemic modeling techniques and their practical applications for understanding and controlling the spread of infectious diseases.
文摘BACKGROUND De-Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a disorder arising from the compression and irritation of the first dorsal extensor compartment of the wrist.Patients who fail conservative treatment modalities are candidates for surgical release.However,risks with surgery include damage to the superficial radial nerve and an incomplete release due to inadequate dissection.Currently,there is a paucity of literature demonstrating the exact anatomic location of the first dorsal extensor compartment in reference to surface anatomy.Thus,this cadaveric study was performed to determine the exact location of the first extensor compartment and to devise a reliable surgical incision to prevent complications.AIM To describe the location of the first dorsal compartment in relation to bony surface landmarks to create replicable surgical incisions.METHODS Six cadaveric forearms,including four left and two right forearm specimens were dissected.Dissections were performed by a single fellowship trained upper extremity orthopaedic surgeon.Distance of the first dorsal compartment from landmarks such as Lister’s tubercle,the wrist crease,and the radial styloid were calculated.Other variables studied included the presence of the superficial radial nerve overlying the first dorsal compartment,additional compartment subsheaths,number of abductor pollicis longus(APL)tendon slips,and the presence of a pseudo-retinaculum.RESULTS Distance from the radial most aspect of the wrist crease to the extensor retinaculum was 5.14 mm±0.80 mm.The distance from Lister’s tubercle to the distal aspect of the extensor retinaculum was 13.37 mm±2.94 mm.Lister’s tubercle to the start of the first dorsal compartment was 18.43 mm±2.01 mm.The radial styloid to the initial aspect of the extensor retinaculum measured 2.98 mm±0.99 mm.The retinaculum length longitudinally on average was 26.82 mm±3.34 mm.Four cadaveric forearms had separate extensor pollicis brevis compartments.The average number of APL tendon slips was three.A pseudo-retinaculum was present in four cadavers.Two cadavers had a superficial radial nerve that crossed over the first dorsal compartment and retinaculum proximally(7.03 mm and 13.36 mm).CONCLUSION An incision that measures 3 mm proximal from the radial styloid,2 cm radial from Lister’s tubercle,and 5 mm proximal from the radial wrist crease will safely place surgeons at the first dorsal compartment.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (52125305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51873156,52173289)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (20dz1101200)the key project of the first demonstration project (Artificial Intelligence) of interdisciplinary joint research of Tongji University (ZD-11-202151)
文摘Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of artificial multienzymes has become an emerging research topic. Herein, we employ a facile enzyme-initiated radical polymerization to self-anchor multienzyme in cell-like hydrogels with mesoscale compartments. The dynamic assembly of glucose oxidase/cytochrome c(GOx/Cyt c) with methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid can form nanoaggregates, where only the bound enzyme pairs with the adjacent position can catalyze the polymerization to compartmentalize multienzymes within hydrogel. Consequently, the cascade enzymes within hydrogel display 33.9 times higher activity compared to free enzymes, as well as excellent thermostability and multiple recyclability. The mechanism study indicates that the compartmental effect of the hydrogel and the anchoring effect of Cyt c synergistically enhance GOx/Cyt c activity. According to the density functional theory(DFT) calculation, Cyt c activity increment originates from its ligand changes of Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin, which has a smaller energy barrier of the catalytic reaction.This study provides a promising strategy for autonomous colocalization of multienzyme in biocompatible hydrogels which can be potentially applied in cascade enzyme induced catalysis applications.
文摘This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evolution in Italy in the first six months.The proposed compartmental model subdivides the population into six compartments and extends the SEIRD model proposed in[E.L.Piccolomini and F.Zama,PLOS ONE,15(8):1e17,082020]by adding the vaccinated population and framing the global model as a hybridswitched dynamical system.Aiming to represent the quantities that characterize the epidemic behaviour from an accurate fit to the observed data,we partition the observation time interval into sub-intervals.The model parameters change according to a switching rule depending on the data behaviour and the infection rate continuity condition.In particular,we study the representation of the infection rate both as linear and exponential piecewise continuous functions.We choose the length of sub-intervals balancing the data fit with the model complexity through the Bayesian Information Criterion.We tested the model on italian data and on local data from Emilia-Romagna region.The calibration of the model shows an excellent representation of the epidemic behaviour in both cases.Thirty days forecasts have proven to well reproduce the infection spread,better for regional than for national data.Both models produce accurate predictions of infected,but the exponential-based one perform better in most of the cases.Finally,we discuss different possible forecast scenarios obtained by simulating an increased vaccination rate.
基金supported by the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.21625401)the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.21727808 and 21971114)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Founds for Natural Science Foundation(No.BK20200090)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0207201).
文摘Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reactions in one-pot,especially the spatial compartmentalization of incompatible active sites.Herein,we constructed metal-organic framework(MOF)composites which regulate the location distribution of metal nanoparticles according to the reaction path and coupled with the diffusion of substrates to achieve tandem reaction.The designed UiO-66-Pt-Au catalyst showed good activity and selectivity in hydrosilylation-hydrogenation tandem reaction,because the uniform microporous structures can control the diffusion path of reactants and intermediates,and Pt and Au nanoparticles were arranged in core-shell spatial distribution in UiO-66.By contrast,the low selectivity of catalysts with random deposition and physical mixture demonstrated the significance of artificial control to the spatial compartmentalization of active sites in tandem catalytic reactions,which provides a powerful approach for designing high-performance and multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health(CA235749)。
文摘The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell signaling.Protein kinase A(PKA)has been recognized as a potent negative regulator of the Hh pathway,raising the question of how such a ubiquitous kinase specifically regulates one signaling pathway.We reviewed recent genetic,molecular and biochemical studies that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of PKA’s role in Hh signaling in vertebrates,focusing on the compartmentalized PKA at the centrosome and in the primary cilium.We outlined the recently developed genetic and optical tools that can be harvested to study PKA activities during the course of Hh signal transduction.
基金This work was funded by the China Scholarship Council(No.201906325018)the Canadian Institutes of Health Research(CIHR+3 种基金grants MOP 103230 and PTJ 166049)the Vaccines&Immunotherapy Core of the CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network(CTN,grant CTN 257)the CIHR-funded Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise(CanCURE)Team Grant HB2-164064This work was also supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Quebec-Sante(FRQ-S):Reseau SIDA/Maladies infectieuses and Therapie cellulaire.Stephane Isnard is supported by a Fond de Recherche Quebec Santefellowship and a CIHR/CTN Postdoctoral Fellowship Award.Jean-Pierre Routy is the holder of the Louis Lowenstein Chair in Hematology and Oncology,McGill University and William Turner award holder from the McGill University Health Centre.
文摘Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)has been shown to evolve independently in different anatomical compartments.Characterizing HIV genetic evolution in different tissues and cells provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir.HIV compartmentalization has been well documented in the semen but rarely in male genital tract(MGT)organs.The precise mechanisms that result in the development of HIV compartmentalization in multiple genitourinary sites have been poorly explored due to the difficulty in accessing these tissues.Based on evidence from lymph nodes and gut tissues,mechanisms that may influence compartmentalization include immune pressures,local concentrations of antiviral drugs,clonal expansion of different cell types and inflammation that alters the cellular microenvironment.We reviewed phylogenetic evidences supporting viral compartmentalization between the blood and multiple genitourinary sites in HIV-infected people.Characterizing distinct viral subpopulations enhances our overall understanding of the HIV reservoir inMGTand could ultimately lead to the development of novel therapies to eradicate the virus in tissues.
基金supported by the grant from the Zhejiang Province Scientific Fund(LY12F02035).
文摘Background:Endovascular coiling for wide-neck aneurysms with a branch arising from the aneurysmal sac is challenging and sometimes considered impossible.This study aims to present our experience in treating wide-neck internal carotid artery(ICA)aneurysms with a posterior communicating artery(PComA)arising from the sac using a strategy of stenting the ICA and intentional compartmentalization to preserve the flow in the PComA.Methods:Eight consecutive cases of wide-neck ICA aneurysms with a fetal-type PComA arising from the aneurysmal sac were embolized from January 2015 to June 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital,College of Medicine,Zhejiang University.Demographics,angiographic technique,procedural complications and clinical outcomes were reviewed.Results:There were 2 men and 6 women ranging from 56 to 81 years of age.Of the 8 cases,3 were ruptured and 5 were unruptured aneurysms.Stents were successfully deployed in all 8 cases.Near-complete occlusion was achieved in 3 cases(37.5%),neck remnant in 4(50%)and sac remnant in one(12.5%)of the cases.One case suffered transient ischemic attack after procedure completion.The clinical outcome was favorable in all 8 cases(modified Rankin scale 0-1).No rebleeding occurred during clinical follow-up.Conclusion:Stent-assisted compartmentalized embolization is feasible and safe in the treatment of wide-neck ICA aneurysm with a PComA arising from the sac.
文摘Purpose:Impending compartment syndrome is a common event following closed tibia fractures,which can progress to sinister compartment syndrome.Fasciotomy is the only definitive treatment available,though it has its own drawbacks and complications.Medical management at present consists of limb elevation and adequate hydration.This study aims at determining whether intravenous administration of Mannitol reduced the intracompartmental pressure in patients with closed tibial fractures.Methods:This is a double blinded,randomized control trial done in a single tertiary care center in India.Forty-five patients were recruited between February 2012 and October 2012.Forty patients who presented to the emergency department with isolated,closed,high velocity,and proximal 2/3 tibia fractures were included in this study.Patients with contraindication to Mannitol were excluded.They were allocated into 2 groups by the investigator using computer generated randomization.The pressure in the anterior compartment of the leg was measured with a handheld Stryker pressure monitor.Then either 20%Mannitol or 0.9%normal saline as given intravenously in a blinded manner,based on the randomization.The intracompartmental pressure was measured at 0,1 and 3 h after the infusion.The participant,investigator and statistician were masked to the group assessment.Results:There was no difference in intracompartmental pressures at 1 or 3 h,between the groups.However,in patients with the baseline of compartmental pressures30 mmHg,Mannitol showed a marked reduction in pressure of 8.5 mmHg at 1 h compared to almost no change in pressure in the saline group.There were no adverse events with the use of Mannitol.Conclusions:This preliminary study appears to show that Mannitol is useful in the management of the increased compartment pressure.The limitations of this study were that it only involved a small group of patients and the baseline pressures in both the groups were not comparable.More studies are required before the use of Mannitol as a standard of care in the management of compartment syndrome can be established.
文摘Biomass is of growing interest as a secondary energy source and can be converted to fuels with higher energy density especially by pyrolysis or gasification. Understanding the mechanism and the kinetics of biomass pyrolysis (thermal decomposition)and gasification (conversion of organic material to gases)could be the key to the design of industrial devices capable of processing vast amounts of biomass feedstock.In our work real product components obtained in pyrolysis were took into consideration as well as char and oil as lumped components, and the kinetic constants for a biomass model compound (cellulose)pyrolysis and gasification were identified based on a proposed simplified reaction mechanism within a compartment model structure.A laboratory scale reactor was used for the physical experiments containing consecutive fast pyrolysis and gasification stages using alkali metal (K)containing feedstock,which has a significant effect on the cellulose pyrolysis and gasification.The detailed model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment,and the unknown kinetic parameters were identified based on experimental data.The model was validated based on measurement data,and a good agreement was found.Based on the validated first principle model the optimal parameters were determined as 0.15 mL/min steam flow rate,and 4% K content.
基金This research was supported by the Major Project of Scientific and Technical Winter Olympics from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0306000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973102)+5 种基金Public Health Talents Training Program of Shanghai Municipality(GWV-10.2-XD21)the Shanghai New Three-year Action Plan for Public Health(GWV-10.1-XK16)13th Five-Year National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases(2018ZX10725-509)Key projects of the PLA logistics Scientific research Program(BHJ17J013)the Natural Science Funds of Hebei(Grant No.D2019502010)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2021MS074).
文摘Background: The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic,considered as the worst global public health event in nearly a century,has severely affected more than 200 countries and regions around the world.To effectively prevent and control the epidemic,researchers have widely employed dynamic models to predict and simulate the epidemic’s development,understand the spread rule,evaluate the effects of intervention measures,inform vaccination strategies,and assist in the formulation of prevention and control measures.In this review,we aimed to sort out the compartmental structures used in COVID-19 dynamic models and provide reference for the dynamic modeling for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in the future.Main text: A scoping review on the compartmental structures used in modeling COVID-19 was conducted.In this scoping review,241 research articles published before May 14,2021 were analyzed to better understand the model types and compartmental structures used in modeling COVID-19.Three types of dynamics models were analyzed:compartment models expanded based on susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered(SEIR)model,meta-population models,and agent-based models.The expanded compartments based on SEIR model are mainly according to the COVID-19 transmission characteristics,public health interventions,and age structure.The meta-population models and the agent-based models,as a trade-off for more complex model structures,basic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered or simply expanded compartmental structures were generally adopted.Conclusion: There has been a great deal of models to understand the spread of COVID-19,and to help prevention and control strategies.Researchers build compartments according to actual situation,research objectives and complexity of models used.As the COVID-19 epidemic remains uncertain and poses a major challenge to humans,researchers still need dynamic models as the main tool to predict dynamics,evaluate intervention effects,and provide scientific evidence for the development of prevention and control strategies.The compartmental structures reviewed in this study provide guidance for future modeling for COVID-19,and also offer recommendations for the dynamic modeling of other infectious diseases.
文摘Estimating reservoir connectivity is critical for assessing infill-drilling prospects and initiating fluid injection in enhanced oil recovery operations. Several methods have appeared in the literature over decades to meet these business needs, given that all tools, including seismic imaging, have limitations. Besides imaging, geochemical fingerprinting constitutes a powerful tool to gauge the compartmentalization question. However, real-time pressure/rate surveillance data allows assessing interwell connectivity vis-à-vis the overall drainage volume.This study presents a simplified approach to using the reciprocal-productivity index (RPI) vs. the total-material-balance time (tTMB) plot. This tool exhibits the same slope for those wells in the same compartment beyond the start of the boundary-dominated flow (BDF) period. The wells showing different slopes imply that they are in separate drainage volumes. The early-time transient period remains muted to minimize confusion on this Cartesian plot. We validated the proposed tool's efficacy with 2D and 3D models with increased degrees of reservoir complexity, followed by the verification phase with four field examples. The use of other analytical tools complemented our findings.
基金the project"Determination of carbon pools in old-growth forests located within the Sila National Park—CARBOSIL"funded by the Ministry of the Environment,Land and Sea Protection—Department for Nature Protection under the Directive on Biodiversity。
文摘Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compartments in three Mediterranean old-growth forests of Southern Italy populated by Pinus laricio,Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.Ecosystem carbon pools have been assessed per compartment,i.e.,living trees,dead wood,litterfall(foliar and woody),roots and 0-20 cm topsoil,combining the whole old-growth forest mass,(i.e.,using tree allometric relationships,deadwood factor conversions,root-to-shoot ratios,litterfall and soil samplings) by the respective organic carbon concentrations.The results show the considerable capacity of these forest ecosystems in storing CO_(2)in biomass and soil,with carbon pool values ranging from 532.2to 596.5 Mg C ha-1.Living trees and 0-20 cm topsoil had larger carbon pool,contributing 53.0 and 22.1%,respectively.In most cases,organic carbon concentration was higher(more than 60%) than the average carbon conversion rate of 50%,especially in living trees,deadwood,and woody litterfall.This study contributes further scientific evidence of the capacity of old-growth forests in storing CO_(2)in their different compartments,with special evidence on tree biomass,litterfall and mineral soil,thereby highlighting the key role of old-growth forests within the challenge of climate change mitigation.
