The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and ...The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and later carried forward from generation to generation.In the Han Dynasty,thanks to the strong national strength and booming economy,competitive sports witnessed rapid development.People at that time,from imperial officials to common people,were all keen on various competitive sports and such sports were also very popular among the folk.Along with this,there emerged multiple monographs on sports.Portrait bricks are the remnants of the lavish burial rituals of the Han Dynasty.As the economy grew and social wealth amassed,the lavish burial custom prevailing since the Spring and Autumn Period reached its peak in the Han Dynasty,especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty.People would bury in tombs along with various articles they used before they died.They would also paint the life of the tomb owner on bricks to decorate the tomb by embedding them in the tomb chamber.The images on the portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are the most intuitive and convincing physical evidence to reflect the development of competitive sports at that time.We conduct a preliminary study on competitive sports in the Han Dynasty by using the portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Sichuan province and the Yellow River basin as examples,aiming to do our bit to build a sporting powerhouse and a healthy China.展开更多
Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effe...Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effectiveness and necessity of high-frequency NAT remain to be fully explored and validated.This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 surveillance strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Methods:A total of 18 scenarios were designed regarding the NAT frequency,symptom monitoring,and strengthening close-contact control.An agent-based stochastic dynamic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different NAT scenarios and optimize the surveillance strategies.The dynamics of the proposed model included the arrival and departure of agents,transmission of the disease according to Poisson processes,and quarantine of agents based on regular NATs and symptom onset.Accumulative infections,cost,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)were simulated in the frame of the model.ICER was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different scenarios.Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.Results:In Scenario 16,where the competition-related personnel(CRP)received NAT daily and national sports delegation(NSD)with quarantined infections accepted an additional NAT daily,accumulative infection was 320.90(90 initial infections),the total cost was(United States Dollar)USD 8920000,and the cost of detecting out each infection was USD 27800.Scenario 16 would reduce the total cost by USD 22570000(avoid 569.61 infections),USD 1420000(avoid 47.2 infections)compared with Scenario 10(weekly NAT,strengthened close contact control)and Scenario 7(daily NAT,no strengthened close contact control),respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that the result was most sensitive to the change in basic reproductive number.Conclusions:High-frequency NATs such as bidaily,daily,and twice a day were cost-effective.NAT daily for CRP with strengthening close-contact control could be prioritized in defense against COVID-19 at large-scale sports competitions.This study could assist policymakers by assessing the cost-effectiveness of NAT scenarios and provide the host country with an optimal COVID-19 surveillance strategy.展开更多
基金funded by the Kangba Culture Research Center,Key Research Base for Social Science of Sichuan Province(No.KBYJ2022B007)。
文摘The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and later carried forward from generation to generation.In the Han Dynasty,thanks to the strong national strength and booming economy,competitive sports witnessed rapid development.People at that time,from imperial officials to common people,were all keen on various competitive sports and such sports were also very popular among the folk.Along with this,there emerged multiple monographs on sports.Portrait bricks are the remnants of the lavish burial rituals of the Han Dynasty.As the economy grew and social wealth amassed,the lavish burial custom prevailing since the Spring and Autumn Period reached its peak in the Han Dynasty,especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty.People would bury in tombs along with various articles they used before they died.They would also paint the life of the tomb owner on bricks to decorate the tomb by embedding them in the tomb chamber.The images on the portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are the most intuitive and convincing physical evidence to reflect the development of competitive sports at that time.We conduct a preliminary study on competitive sports in the Han Dynasty by using the portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Sichuan province and the Yellow River basin as examples,aiming to do our bit to build a sporting powerhouse and a healthy China.
基金supposed by National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104008,72174004,82041023)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFF0306001)。
文摘Background:Nucleic acid test(NAT)could effectively control the spread of COVID-19 caused by large-scale sports competitions.However,quantitative analysis on the appropriate frequency of NAT is scarce,and the cost-effectiveness and necessity of high-frequency NAT remain to be fully explored and validated.This study aims to optimize the COVID-19 surveillance strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the upcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.Methods:A total of 18 scenarios were designed regarding the NAT frequency,symptom monitoring,and strengthening close-contact control.An agent-based stochastic dynamic model was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different NAT scenarios and optimize the surveillance strategies.The dynamics of the proposed model included the arrival and departure of agents,transmission of the disease according to Poisson processes,and quarantine of agents based on regular NATs and symptom onset.Accumulative infections,cost,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)were simulated in the frame of the model.ICER was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of different scenarios.Univariate sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.Results:In Scenario 16,where the competition-related personnel(CRP)received NAT daily and national sports delegation(NSD)with quarantined infections accepted an additional NAT daily,accumulative infection was 320.90(90 initial infections),the total cost was(United States Dollar)USD 8920000,and the cost of detecting out each infection was USD 27800.Scenario 16 would reduce the total cost by USD 22570000(avoid 569.61 infections),USD 1420000(avoid 47.2 infections)compared with Scenario 10(weekly NAT,strengthened close contact control)and Scenario 7(daily NAT,no strengthened close contact control),respectively.Sensitivity analysis showed that the result was most sensitive to the change in basic reproductive number.Conclusions:High-frequency NATs such as bidaily,daily,and twice a day were cost-effective.NAT daily for CRP with strengthening close-contact control could be prioritized in defense against COVID-19 at large-scale sports competitions.This study could assist policymakers by assessing the cost-effectiveness of NAT scenarios and provide the host country with an optimal COVID-19 surveillance strategy.
