The primary aim of the power system grounding is to safeguard the person and satisfying the performance of the power systemtomaintain reliable operation.With equal conductor spacing grounding grid design,the distribut...The primary aim of the power system grounding is to safeguard the person and satisfying the performance of the power systemtomaintain reliable operation.With equal conductor spacing grounding grid design,the distribution of the current in the grid is not uniform.Hence,unequal grid conductor span in which grid conductors are concentrated more at the periphery is safer to practice than equal spacing.This paper presents the comparative analysis of two novel techniques that create unequal spacing among the grid conductors:the least-square curve fitting technique and the compression ratio techniquewith equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)is adopted for finding out one optimal feasible solution among many feasible solutions of equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Comparative analysis is also carried out between square and rectangular grids using the least square curve fitting technique as it results in only one unequal grid configuration.Simulation results are obtained by theMATLAB software developed.Percentage of improvement in ground potential rise,step voltage,touch voltage,and grid resistancewith variation in compression ratios are plotted.展开更多
A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experime...A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experimental alloy was investigated.The results indicate that the average size ofα-Mg grains decreases and spheroidizing tendency becomes more obvious with the compression ratios increasing from 0 to 40%.In addition,the eutectic Mg2Si phase in the Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy transforms completely from the initial fishbone shape to globular shape by SIMA process.With the increasing of compression ratio,the morphology and average size of Mg2Si phases do not change obviously.The morphology modification mechanism of Mg2Si phase in Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy by SIMA process was also studied.展开更多
Knock in spark-ignition（SI） engines severely limits engine performance and thermal efficiency. The researches on knock of downsized SI engine have mainly focused on structural design, performance optimization and ad...Knock in spark-ignition（SI） engines severely limits engine performance and thermal efficiency. The researches on knock of downsized SI engine have mainly focused on structural design, performance optimization and advanced combustion modes, however there is little for simulation study on the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation（EGR） combined with downsizing technologies on SI engine performance. On the basis of mean pressure and oscillating pressure during combustion process, the effect of different levels of cooled EGR ratio, supercharging and compression ratio on engine dynamic and knock characteristic is researched with three- dimensional KIVA-3V program coupled with pressure wave equation. The cylinder pressure, combustion temperature, ignition delay timing, combustion duration, maximum mean pressure, and maximum oscillating pressure at different initial conditions are discussed and analyzed to investigate potential approaches to inhibiting engine knock while improving power output. The calculation results of the effect of just cooled EGR on knock characteristic show that appropriate levels of cooled EGR ratio can effectively suppress cylinder high-frequency pressure oscillations without obvious decrease in mean pressure. Analysis of the synergistic effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on knock characteristic indicates that under the condition of high supercharging and compression ratio, several times more cooled EGR ratio than that under the original condition is necessarily utilized to suppress knock occurrence effectively. The proposed method of synergistic effect of cooled EGR and downsizing technologies on knock characteristic, analyzed from the aspects of mean pressure and oscillating pressure, is an effective way to study downsized SI engine knock and provides knock inhibition approaches in practical engineering.展开更多
Spectrum sensing is the fundamental task for Cognitive Radio (CR). To overcome the challenge of high sampling rate in traditional spectral estimation methods, Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is developed. A sparsity an...Spectrum sensing is the fundamental task for Cognitive Radio (CR). To overcome the challenge of high sampling rate in traditional spectral estimation methods, Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is developed. A sparsity and compression ratio joint adjustment algorithm for compressed spectrum sensing in CR network is investigated, with the hypothesis that the sparsity level is unknown as priori knowledge at CR terminals. As perfect spectrum reconstruction is not necessarily required during spectrum detection process, the proposed algorithm only performs a rough estimate of sparsity level. Meanwhile, in order to further reduce the sensing measurement, different compression ratios for CR terminals with varying Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) are considered. The proposed algorithm, which optimizes the compression ratio as well as the estimated sparsity level, can greatly reduce the sensing measurement without degrading the detection performance. It also requires less steps of iteration for convergence. Corroborating simulation results are presented to testify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for collaborative spectrum sensing.展开更多
Using renewable fuels for diesel engines can reduce both air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels.A computer simulation was constructed to predict the performance,combustion characteristics,and NOx emissions of a ...Using renewable fuels for diesel engines can reduce both air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels.A computer simulation was constructed to predict the performance,combustion characteristics,and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends.The simulation was validated by comparing the modelling results against experimental data and a good agreement between the results was found.The fuels used for the validation were diesel(B0),biodiesel(B100),diesel-biodiesel blend(B50),and two diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends with 45%diesel-45%biodiesel-10%butanol(Bu10)and 40%diesel-40%biodiesel-20%butanol(Bu20)by volume.Experimental results showed that the addition of butanol reduced NOx emissions but deteriorated the engine performance.The aim of the current work was the numerical optimization of the different parameters to enhance the engine performance while using butanol to decrease NOx emissions.The engine compression ratio(CR)varied from 14 to 24,in increments of 2.Fuel injection timing(IT)was reduced from 30°before top dead centre(bTDC)to 5°bTDC in increments of 5°.Also,the fuel injection duration(IDur)was extended from 20°to 50°in increments of 10°.Results showed that the increase in the CR improved engine performance for the two investigated fuels,Bu10 and Bu20.The maximum engine brake power(BP),thermal efficiency(BTE),and minimum brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of 1.46 kW,32.3%,and 0.273 kg/kWh respectively,were obtained when the Bu10 fuel was injected under the optimum conditions of 24 CR,15°bTDC IT,and 40°IDur.Under these optimum conditions,the BP,BTE,and BSFC improved by 3%-3.5%for Bu10 and Bu20 fuel blends compared with the base engine conditions of a CR of 22,30°IDur,and 10°bTDC IT.The heat release rate during the premixed phase increased when the IT was advanced,while the mixing-controlled combustion phase was enhanced when the IT was reduced.NOx emissions increased with increasing CR,while both an increase in IDur at constant IT and the reduction of the IT decreased the engine NOx emissions.Under the optimum conditions,the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 were further decreased by 2.2%and 0.9%,respectively,compared with the experimental results under base engine conditions.Reducing the IT from 15°to 5°bTDC at a CR of 24 and IDur of 40°caused the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 to decrease by 16%.When the IDur was increased from 20°to 50°at a CR of 24 and an IT of 15°bTDC,the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 decreased by 12.3%and 11.8%,respectively.The addition of butanol to the diesel-biodiesel blend under optimum conditions showed results that were comparable to those of pure diesel,with a decrease in NOx emissions.展开更多
At present,there are few studies on the phase transition during the thermocompression plastic deformation of magnesium alloy.In this study,the evolution model of thermal compression plastic of AZ31 magnesium alloy was...At present,there are few studies on the phase transition during the thermocompression plastic deformation of magnesium alloy.In this study,the evolution model of thermal compression plastic of AZ31 magnesium alloy was constructed by molecular dynamics,and the phase transition relationship between HCP and FCC at different thermal compression rates was studied.By combining GLEEBLE thermal compression experiment with transmission electron microscopy experiment,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images were taken to analyze the transition rules between HCP and FCC during plastic deformation at different thermal compression rates,and the accuracy of molecular dynamics analysis was verified.It is found that the slip of Shockley’s incomplete dislocation produces obvious HCP→FCC phase transition at low strain rate and base plane dislocation at high strain rate,which makes the amorphous phase transition of HCP→OTHER more obvious,which provides theoretical guidance for the formulation of forming mechanism and preparation process of magnesium alloy.展开更多
Data compression plays a key role in optimizing the use of memory storage space and also reducing latency in data transmission. In this paper, we are interested in lossless compression techniques because their perform...Data compression plays a key role in optimizing the use of memory storage space and also reducing latency in data transmission. In this paper, we are interested in lossless compression techniques because their performance is exploited with lossy compression techniques for images and videos generally using a mixed approach. To achieve our intended objective, which is to study the performance of lossless compression methods, we first carried out a literature review, a summary of which enabled us to select the most relevant, namely the following: arithmetic coding, LZW, Tunstall’s algorithm, RLE, BWT, Huffman coding and Shannon-Fano. Secondly, we designed a purposive text dataset with a repeating pattern in order to test the behavior and effectiveness of the selected compression techniques. Thirdly, we designed the compression algorithms and developed the programs (scripts) in Matlab in order to test their performance. Finally, following the tests conducted on relevant data that we constructed according to a deliberate model, the results show that these methods presented in order of performance are very satisfactory:- LZW- Arithmetic coding- Tunstall algorithm- BWT + RLELikewise, it appears that on the one hand, the performance of certain techniques relative to others is strongly linked to the sequencing and/or recurrence of symbols that make up the message, and on the other hand, to the cumulative time of encoding and decoding.展开更多
In theory,high compression ratio has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency and promote the power output of the SI engine.However,the application of high compression ratio is substantially limited by the knoc...In theory,high compression ratio has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency and promote the power output of the SI engine.However,the application of high compression ratio is substantially limited by the knock in practical working process.The objective of this work is to comprehensively investigate the application of high compression ratio on a gasoline engine based on the Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection.In this work,the specific optimum strategies for CR10 and CR12 were experimentally investigated respectively on a single cylinder DISI engine.It was found that a high level of Miller cycle with a higher boost pressure could be used in CR12 to achieve an effective compression ratio similar to CR10,which could eliminate the knock limits at a high compression ratio and high load.To verify the advantages of the high compression ratio,the fuel economy and power performance of CR10 and CR12 were compared at full and partial loads.The result revealed that,compared with CR10,a similar power performance and a reduced fuel consumption of CR12 at foil load could be achieved by using the strong Miller cycle and split injection.At partial load,the conditions of CR12 had very superior fuel economy and power performance compared to those of CR10.展开更多
The transmission ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints was studied in the Universal Distinct Element Code （UDEC）. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength...The transmission ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints was studied in the Universal Distinct Element Code （UDEC）. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength was generalized into a general curve, which was determined by two critical points. The relationship between the two critical points and the affecting factors, quantity of joints and the normalized normal stiffness of joints, were obtained. A prediction model of the transmission ratio in the radian direction normal to the joints was proposed. The proposed model was applied to a field explosion test. The estimated values of the peak particle velocity from the prediction model were compared with the field records. The comparisons showed that the prediction model of the transmission ratio in the direction normal to the joints in the process of 2-D compressional wave propagation through multiple parallel joints is reliable.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to present a proposal about a new image compression technology, in order to make the image be able to be stored in a smaller space and be transmitted with smaller bit rate on the premise of gua...[Objective] The aim was to present a proposal about a new image compression technology, in order to make the image be able to be stored in a smaller space and be transmitted with smaller bit rate on the premise of guaranteeing image quality in the rape crop monitoring system in Qinling Mountains. [Method] In the proposal, the color image was divided into brightness images with three fundamental colors, followed by sub-image division and DCT treatment. Then, coefficients of transform domain were quantized, and encoded and compressed as per Huffman coding. Finally, decompression was conducted through inverse process and decompressed images were matched. [Result] The simulation results show that when compression ratio of the color image of rape crops was 11.972 3∶1, human can not distinguish the differences between the decompressed images and the source images with naked eyes; when ratio was as high as 53.565 6∶1, PSNR was still above 30 dD,encoding efficiency achieved over 0.78 and redundancy was less than 0.22. [Conclusion] The results indicate that the proposed color image compression technology can achieve higher compression ratio on the premise of good image quality. In addition, image encoding quality and decompressed images achieved better results, which fully met requirement of image storage and transmission in monitoring system of rape crop in the Qinling Mountains.展开更多
The use of underwater acoustic data has rapidly expanded with the application of multichannel, large-aperture underwater detection arrays. This study presents an underwater acoustic data compression method that is bas...The use of underwater acoustic data has rapidly expanded with the application of multichannel, large-aperture underwater detection arrays. This study presents an underwater acoustic data compression method that is based on compressed sensing. Underwater acoustic signals are transformed into the sparse domain for data storage at a receiving terminal, and the improved orthogonal matching pursuit(IOMP) algorithm is used to reconstruct the original underwater acoustic signals at a data processing terminal. When an increase in sidelobe level occasionally causes a direction of arrival estimation error, the proposed compression method can achieve a 10 times stronger compression for narrowband signals and a 5 times stronger compression for wideband signals than the orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP) algorithm. The IOMP algorithm also reduces the computing time by about 20% more than the original OMP algorithm. The simulation and experimental results are discussed.展开更多
Nowadays,distance is usually used to evaluate the error of trajectory compression.These methods can effectively indicate the level of geometric similarity between the compressed and the raw trajectory,but it ignores t...Nowadays,distance is usually used to evaluate the error of trajectory compression.These methods can effectively indicate the level of geometric similarity between the compressed and the raw trajectory,but it ignores the velocity error in the compression.To fill the gap of these methods,assuming the velocity changes linearly,a mathematical model called SVE(Time Synchronized Velocity Error)for evaluating compression error is designed,which can evaluate the velocity error effectively,conveniently and accurately.Based on this model,an innovative algorithm called SW-MSVE(Minimum Time Synchronized Velocity Error Based on Sliding Window)is proposed,which can minimize the velocity error in trajectory compression under the premise of local optimization.Two elaborate experiments are designed to demonstrate the advancements of the SVE and the SW-MSVE respectively.In the first experiment,we use the PED,the SED and the SVE to evaluate the error under four compression algorithms,one of which is the SW-MSVE algorithm.The results show that the SVE is less influenced by noise with stronger performance and more applicability.In the second experiment,by marking the raw trajectory,we compare the SW-MSVE algorithm with three others algorithms at information retention.The results show that the SW-MSVE algorithm can take into account both velocity and geometric structure constraints and retains more information of the raw trajectory at the same compression ratio.展开更多
In the field of economy, there are more and more electronic scanning cash images, which need to be compressed in a higher compression ratio. This paper proposes a specific compression algorithm for cash images. First,...In the field of economy, there are more and more electronic scanning cash images, which need to be compressed in a higher compression ratio. This paper proposes a specific compression algorithm for cash images. First, according to cash image characteristics and standard JPEG （joint photographic experts group） compression, image re-ordering techniques are analyzed, and the method of modifying some blocks into single color blocks is adopted. Then, a suitable quantization table for cash images is obtained. Experimental results show that the method is effective.展开更多
This paper introduced an efficient compression technique that uses the compressive sensing(CS)method to obtain and recover sparse electrocardiography(ECG)signals.The recovery of the signal can be achieved by using sam...This paper introduced an efficient compression technique that uses the compressive sensing(CS)method to obtain and recover sparse electrocardiography(ECG)signals.The recovery of the signal can be achieved by using sampling rates lower than the Nyquist frequency.A novel analysis was proposed in this paper.To apply CS on ECG signal,the first step is to generate a sparse signal,which can be obtained using Modified Discrete Cosine Transform(MDCT)on the given ECGsignal.This transformation is a promising key for other transformations used in this search domain and can be considered as the main contribution of this paper.A small number of wavelet components can describe the ECG signal as related work to obtain a sparse ECGsignal.Asensing technique for ECGsignal compression,which is a novel area of research,is proposed.ECG signals are introduced randomly between any successive beats of the heart.MIT-BIH database can be represented as the experimental database in this domain of research.TheMIT-BIH database consists of various ECG signals involving a patient and standard ECG signals.MATLAB can be considered as the simulation tool used in this work.The proposed method’s uniqueness was inspired by the compression ratio(CR)and achieved by MDCT.The performance measurement of the recovered signal was done by calculating the percentage root mean difference(PRD),mean square error(MSE),and peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR)besides the calculation of CR.Finally,the simulation results indicated that this work is one of the most important works in ECG signal compression.展开更多
In this paper, the authors propose a new approach to image compression based on the principle of Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Tree algorithm （SPIHT）. Our approach, the modified SPIHT （MSPIHT）, distributes entr...In this paper, the authors propose a new approach to image compression based on the principle of Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Tree algorithm （SPIHT）. Our approach, the modified SPIHT （MSPIHT）, distributes entropy differently than SPIHT and also optimizes the coding. This approach can produce results that are a significant improvement on the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio （PSNR） and compression ratio obtained by SPIHT algorithm, without affecting the computing time. These results are also comparable with those obtained using the Embedded Zerotree Wavelet （EZW） and Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 （JPG2） algorithms.展开更多
Due to the development of CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), EBCT (Electron Beam Computed Tomography), SMRI (Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging), etc. ...Due to the development of CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), EBCT (Electron Beam Computed Tomography), SMRI (Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging), etc. has enhanced the distinguishing rate and scanning rate of the imaging equipments. The diagnosis and the process of getting useful information from the image are got by processing the medical images using the wavelet technique. Wavelet transform has increased the compression rate. Increasing the compression performance by minimizing the amount of image data in the medical images is a critical task. Crucial medical information like diagnosing diseases and their treatments is obtained by modern radiology techniques. Medical Imaging (MI) process is used to acquire that information. For lossy and lossless image compression, several techniques were developed. Image edges have limitations in capturing them if we make use of the extension of 1-D wavelet transform. This is because wavelet transform cannot effectively transform straight line discontinuities, as well geographic lines in natural images cannot be reconstructed in a proper manner if 1-D transform is used. Differently oriented image textures are coded well using Curvelet Transform. The Curvelet Transform is suitable for compressing medical images, which has more curvy portions. This paper describes a method for compression of various medical images using Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform based on wrapping technique. After transformation, the coefficients are quantized using vector quantization and coded using arithmetic encoding technique. The proposed method is tested on various medical images and the result demonstrates significant improvement in performance parameters like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Compression Ratio (CR).展开更多
Methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oils are the reliable alternative fuels for the petroleum diesel, because their properties are very nearer to the petroleum diesel. But the flash point and auto-ignition temperature...Methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oils are the reliable alternative fuels for the petroleum diesel, because their properties are very nearer to the petroleum diesel. But the flash point and auto-ignition temperatures are very high for these esters. CR （compression ratio） is one of the parameter which influences the atomization and vaporization of fuel. It is also caused for improvement in the turbulence which leads to better combustion. In this work the single cylinder diesel engine was tested at different compression ratios i.e. 16.5：1, 17.5：1, 18.5：1, 19：1 with palm kernel methyl ester without modifications. On increasing compression ratio closeness of molecules of air increases and fuel is injected into that air caused for better combustion. The inbuilt oxygen of methyl or ethyl ester will participate in the combustion and causes for reduction of HC and CO. Better compression ratio for an engine with particular fuel provides satisfactory thermal efficiency and less environmental pollution. In the investigations, for palm kernel methyl ester, 18.5：1 compression ratio is preferable on single cylinder Dl-diesel engine.展开更多
文摘The primary aim of the power system grounding is to safeguard the person and satisfying the performance of the power systemtomaintain reliable operation.With equal conductor spacing grounding grid design,the distribution of the current in the grid is not uniform.Hence,unequal grid conductor span in which grid conductors are concentrated more at the periphery is safer to practice than equal spacing.This paper presents the comparative analysis of two novel techniques that create unequal spacing among the grid conductors:the least-square curve fitting technique and the compression ratio techniquewith equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)is adopted for finding out one optimal feasible solution among many feasible solutions of equal grid configuration for both square and rectangular grids.Comparative analysis is also carried out between square and rectangular grids using the least square curve fitting technique as it results in only one unequal grid configuration.Simulation results are obtained by theMATLAB software developed.Percentage of improvement in ground potential rise,step voltage,touch voltage,and grid resistancewith variation in compression ratios are plotted.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41807235,50674038).
文摘A new Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy with non-dendritic microstructure was prepared by strain induced melt activation(SIMA)process.The effect of compression ratio on the evolution of semisolid microstructure of the experimental alloy was investigated.The results indicate that the average size ofα-Mg grains decreases and spheroidizing tendency becomes more obvious with the compression ratios increasing from 0 to 40%.In addition,the eutectic Mg2Si phase in the Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy transforms completely from the initial fishbone shape to globular shape by SIMA process.With the increasing of compression ratio,the morphology and average size of Mg2Si phases do not change obviously.The morphology modification mechanism of Mg2Si phase in Mg−10%Al−1%Zn−1%Si alloy by SIMA process was also studied.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 51176138)Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 12TJZDTJ28800)
文摘Knock in spark-ignition（SI） engines severely limits engine performance and thermal efficiency. The researches on knock of downsized SI engine have mainly focused on structural design, performance optimization and advanced combustion modes, however there is little for simulation study on the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation（EGR） combined with downsizing technologies on SI engine performance. On the basis of mean pressure and oscillating pressure during combustion process, the effect of different levels of cooled EGR ratio, supercharging and compression ratio on engine dynamic and knock characteristic is researched with three- dimensional KIVA-3V program coupled with pressure wave equation. The cylinder pressure, combustion temperature, ignition delay timing, combustion duration, maximum mean pressure, and maximum oscillating pressure at different initial conditions are discussed and analyzed to investigate potential approaches to inhibiting engine knock while improving power output. The calculation results of the effect of just cooled EGR on knock characteristic show that appropriate levels of cooled EGR ratio can effectively suppress cylinder high-frequency pressure oscillations without obvious decrease in mean pressure. Analysis of the synergistic effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on knock characteristic indicates that under the condition of high supercharging and compression ratio, several times more cooled EGR ratio than that under the original condition is necessarily utilized to suppress knock occurrence effectively. The proposed method of synergistic effect of cooled EGR and downsizing technologies on knock characteristic, analyzed from the aspects of mean pressure and oscillating pressure, is an effective way to study downsized SI engine knock and provides knock inhibition approaches in practical engineering.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61102066)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2012M511365)the Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (No.Y201119890)
文摘Spectrum sensing is the fundamental task for Cognitive Radio (CR). To overcome the challenge of high sampling rate in traditional spectral estimation methods, Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is developed. A sparsity and compression ratio joint adjustment algorithm for compressed spectrum sensing in CR network is investigated, with the hypothesis that the sparsity level is unknown as priori knowledge at CR terminals. As perfect spectrum reconstruction is not necessarily required during spectrum detection process, the proposed algorithm only performs a rough estimate of sparsity level. Meanwhile, in order to further reduce the sensing measurement, different compression ratios for CR terminals with varying Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) are considered. The proposed algorithm, which optimizes the compression ratio as well as the estimated sparsity level, can greatly reduce the sensing measurement without degrading the detection performance. It also requires less steps of iteration for convergence. Corroborating simulation results are presented to testify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for collaborative spectrum sensing.
文摘Using renewable fuels for diesel engines can reduce both air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels.A computer simulation was constructed to predict the performance,combustion characteristics,and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends.The simulation was validated by comparing the modelling results against experimental data and a good agreement between the results was found.The fuels used for the validation were diesel(B0),biodiesel(B100),diesel-biodiesel blend(B50),and two diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends with 45%diesel-45%biodiesel-10%butanol(Bu10)and 40%diesel-40%biodiesel-20%butanol(Bu20)by volume.Experimental results showed that the addition of butanol reduced NOx emissions but deteriorated the engine performance.The aim of the current work was the numerical optimization of the different parameters to enhance the engine performance while using butanol to decrease NOx emissions.The engine compression ratio(CR)varied from 14 to 24,in increments of 2.Fuel injection timing(IT)was reduced from 30°before top dead centre(bTDC)to 5°bTDC in increments of 5°.Also,the fuel injection duration(IDur)was extended from 20°to 50°in increments of 10°.Results showed that the increase in the CR improved engine performance for the two investigated fuels,Bu10 and Bu20.The maximum engine brake power(BP),thermal efficiency(BTE),and minimum brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of 1.46 kW,32.3%,and 0.273 kg/kWh respectively,were obtained when the Bu10 fuel was injected under the optimum conditions of 24 CR,15°bTDC IT,and 40°IDur.Under these optimum conditions,the BP,BTE,and BSFC improved by 3%-3.5%for Bu10 and Bu20 fuel blends compared with the base engine conditions of a CR of 22,30°IDur,and 10°bTDC IT.The heat release rate during the premixed phase increased when the IT was advanced,while the mixing-controlled combustion phase was enhanced when the IT was reduced.NOx emissions increased with increasing CR,while both an increase in IDur at constant IT and the reduction of the IT decreased the engine NOx emissions.Under the optimum conditions,the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 were further decreased by 2.2%and 0.9%,respectively,compared with the experimental results under base engine conditions.Reducing the IT from 15°to 5°bTDC at a CR of 24 and IDur of 40°caused the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 to decrease by 16%.When the IDur was increased from 20°to 50°at a CR of 24 and an IT of 15°bTDC,the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 decreased by 12.3%and 11.8%,respectively.The addition of butanol to the diesel-biodiesel blend under optimum conditions showed results that were comparable to those of pure diesel,with a decrease in NOx emissions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2018YFB1307902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175353,51905366 and 52275382)+5 种基金Shanxi young top tal-ent project,Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths(No.201901D211312)Excellent young academic leaders in Shanxi colleges and universities(No.2019045)Excellent Achievements Cultivation Project of Shanxi Higher Education Institutions(No.2019KJ028)Key Research and Development Projects of Shanxi Province(No.201903D121043)Key Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province(No.202102150401002)Innovative projects in graduate education(NO.XCX211001).
文摘At present,there are few studies on the phase transition during the thermocompression plastic deformation of magnesium alloy.In this study,the evolution model of thermal compression plastic of AZ31 magnesium alloy was constructed by molecular dynamics,and the phase transition relationship between HCP and FCC at different thermal compression rates was studied.By combining GLEEBLE thermal compression experiment with transmission electron microscopy experiment,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images were taken to analyze the transition rules between HCP and FCC during plastic deformation at different thermal compression rates,and the accuracy of molecular dynamics analysis was verified.It is found that the slip of Shockley’s incomplete dislocation produces obvious HCP→FCC phase transition at low strain rate and base plane dislocation at high strain rate,which makes the amorphous phase transition of HCP→OTHER more obvious,which provides theoretical guidance for the formulation of forming mechanism and preparation process of magnesium alloy.
文摘Data compression plays a key role in optimizing the use of memory storage space and also reducing latency in data transmission. In this paper, we are interested in lossless compression techniques because their performance is exploited with lossy compression techniques for images and videos generally using a mixed approach. To achieve our intended objective, which is to study the performance of lossless compression methods, we first carried out a literature review, a summary of which enabled us to select the most relevant, namely the following: arithmetic coding, LZW, Tunstall’s algorithm, RLE, BWT, Huffman coding and Shannon-Fano. Secondly, we designed a purposive text dataset with a repeating pattern in order to test the behavior and effectiveness of the selected compression techniques. Thirdly, we designed the compression algorithms and developed the programs (scripts) in Matlab in order to test their performance. Finally, following the tests conducted on relevant data that we constructed according to a deliberate model, the results show that these methods presented in order of performance are very satisfactory:- LZW- Arithmetic coding- Tunstall algorithm- BWT + RLELikewise, it appears that on the one hand, the performance of certain techniques relative to others is strongly linked to the sequencing and/or recurrence of symbols that make up the message, and on the other hand, to the cumulative time of encoding and decoding.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.91641203,51476114,and 91741119)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0103400)。
文摘In theory,high compression ratio has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency and promote the power output of the SI engine.However,the application of high compression ratio is substantially limited by the knock in practical working process.The objective of this work is to comprehensively investigate the application of high compression ratio on a gasoline engine based on the Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection.In this work,the specific optimum strategies for CR10 and CR12 were experimentally investigated respectively on a single cylinder DISI engine.It was found that a high level of Miller cycle with a higher boost pressure could be used in CR12 to achieve an effective compression ratio similar to CR10,which could eliminate the knock limits at a high compression ratio and high load.To verify the advantages of the high compression ratio,the fuel economy and power performance of CR10 and CR12 were compared at full and partial loads.The result revealed that,compared with CR10,a similar power performance and a reduced fuel consumption of CR12 at foil load could be achieved by using the strong Miller cycle and split injection.At partial load,the conditions of CR12 had very superior fuel economy and power performance compared to those of CR10.
基金The work was partially supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. 2002CB412703).
文摘The transmission ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints was studied in the Universal Distinct Element Code （UDEC）. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength was generalized into a general curve, which was determined by two critical points. The relationship between the two critical points and the affecting factors, quantity of joints and the normalized normal stiffness of joints, were obtained. A prediction model of the transmission ratio in the radian direction normal to the joints was proposed. The proposed model was applied to a field explosion test. The estimated values of the peak particle velocity from the prediction model were compared with the field records. The comparisons showed that the prediction model of the transmission ratio in the direction normal to the joints in the process of 2-D compressional wave propagation through multiple parallel joints is reliable.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Scientific Research of Shannxi Education Department(No:2010JK463)Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation(2011JE012)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to present a proposal about a new image compression technology, in order to make the image be able to be stored in a smaller space and be transmitted with smaller bit rate on the premise of guaranteeing image quality in the rape crop monitoring system in Qinling Mountains. [Method] In the proposal, the color image was divided into brightness images with three fundamental colors, followed by sub-image division and DCT treatment. Then, coefficients of transform domain were quantized, and encoded and compressed as per Huffman coding. Finally, decompression was conducted through inverse process and decompressed images were matched. [Result] The simulation results show that when compression ratio of the color image of rape crops was 11.972 3∶1, human can not distinguish the differences between the decompressed images and the source images with naked eyes; when ratio was as high as 53.565 6∶1, PSNR was still above 30 dD,encoding efficiency achieved over 0.78 and redundancy was less than 0.22. [Conclusion] The results indicate that the proposed color image compression technology can achieve higher compression ratio on the premise of good image quality. In addition, image encoding quality and decompressed images achieved better results, which fully met requirement of image storage and transmission in monitoring system of rape crop in the Qinling Mountains.
基金Project(11174235)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(3102014JC02010301)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The use of underwater acoustic data has rapidly expanded with the application of multichannel, large-aperture underwater detection arrays. This study presents an underwater acoustic data compression method that is based on compressed sensing. Underwater acoustic signals are transformed into the sparse domain for data storage at a receiving terminal, and the improved orthogonal matching pursuit(IOMP) algorithm is used to reconstruct the original underwater acoustic signals at a data processing terminal. When an increase in sidelobe level occasionally causes a direction of arrival estimation error, the proposed compression method can achieve a 10 times stronger compression for narrowband signals and a 5 times stronger compression for wideband signals than the orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP) algorithm. The IOMP algorithm also reduces the computing time by about 20% more than the original OMP algorithm. The simulation and experimental results are discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61873160 and 61672338.
文摘Nowadays,distance is usually used to evaluate the error of trajectory compression.These methods can effectively indicate the level of geometric similarity between the compressed and the raw trajectory,but it ignores the velocity error in the compression.To fill the gap of these methods,assuming the velocity changes linearly,a mathematical model called SVE(Time Synchronized Velocity Error)for evaluating compression error is designed,which can evaluate the velocity error effectively,conveniently and accurately.Based on this model,an innovative algorithm called SW-MSVE(Minimum Time Synchronized Velocity Error Based on Sliding Window)is proposed,which can minimize the velocity error in trajectory compression under the premise of local optimization.Two elaborate experiments are designed to demonstrate the advancements of the SVE and the SW-MSVE respectively.In the first experiment,we use the PED,the SED and the SVE to evaluate the error under four compression algorithms,one of which is the SW-MSVE algorithm.The results show that the SVE is less influenced by noise with stronger performance and more applicability.In the second experiment,by marking the raw trajectory,we compare the SW-MSVE algorithm with three others algorithms at information retention.The results show that the SW-MSVE algorithm can take into account both velocity and geometric structure constraints and retains more information of the raw trajectory at the same compression ratio.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60703087the Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province under Grant No. 2010C31006 and No. 2011C21081
文摘In the field of economy, there are more and more electronic scanning cash images, which need to be compressed in a higher compression ratio. This paper proposes a specific compression algorithm for cash images. First, according to cash image characteristics and standard JPEG （joint photographic experts group） compression, image re-ordering techniques are analyzed, and the method of modifying some blocks into single color blocks is adopted. Then, a suitable quantization table for cash images is obtained. Experimental results show that the method is effective.
文摘This paper introduced an efficient compression technique that uses the compressive sensing(CS)method to obtain and recover sparse electrocardiography(ECG)signals.The recovery of the signal can be achieved by using sampling rates lower than the Nyquist frequency.A novel analysis was proposed in this paper.To apply CS on ECG signal,the first step is to generate a sparse signal,which can be obtained using Modified Discrete Cosine Transform(MDCT)on the given ECGsignal.This transformation is a promising key for other transformations used in this search domain and can be considered as the main contribution of this paper.A small number of wavelet components can describe the ECG signal as related work to obtain a sparse ECGsignal.Asensing technique for ECGsignal compression,which is a novel area of research,is proposed.ECG signals are introduced randomly between any successive beats of the heart.MIT-BIH database can be represented as the experimental database in this domain of research.TheMIT-BIH database consists of various ECG signals involving a patient and standard ECG signals.MATLAB can be considered as the simulation tool used in this work.The proposed method’s uniqueness was inspired by the compression ratio(CR)and achieved by MDCT.The performance measurement of the recovered signal was done by calculating the percentage root mean difference(PRD),mean square error(MSE),and peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR)besides the calculation of CR.Finally,the simulation results indicated that this work is one of the most important works in ECG signal compression.
文摘In this paper, the authors propose a new approach to image compression based on the principle of Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Tree algorithm （SPIHT）. Our approach, the modified SPIHT （MSPIHT）, distributes entropy differently than SPIHT and also optimizes the coding. This approach can produce results that are a significant improvement on the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio （PSNR） and compression ratio obtained by SPIHT algorithm, without affecting the computing time. These results are also comparable with those obtained using the Embedded Zerotree Wavelet （EZW） and Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 （JPG2） algorithms.
文摘Due to the development of CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), EBCT (Electron Beam Computed Tomography), SMRI (Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging), etc. has enhanced the distinguishing rate and scanning rate of the imaging equipments. The diagnosis and the process of getting useful information from the image are got by processing the medical images using the wavelet technique. Wavelet transform has increased the compression rate. Increasing the compression performance by minimizing the amount of image data in the medical images is a critical task. Crucial medical information like diagnosing diseases and their treatments is obtained by modern radiology techniques. Medical Imaging (MI) process is used to acquire that information. For lossy and lossless image compression, several techniques were developed. Image edges have limitations in capturing them if we make use of the extension of 1-D wavelet transform. This is because wavelet transform cannot effectively transform straight line discontinuities, as well geographic lines in natural images cannot be reconstructed in a proper manner if 1-D transform is used. Differently oriented image textures are coded well using Curvelet Transform. The Curvelet Transform is suitable for compressing medical images, which has more curvy portions. This paper describes a method for compression of various medical images using Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform based on wrapping technique. After transformation, the coefficients are quantized using vector quantization and coded using arithmetic encoding technique. The proposed method is tested on various medical images and the result demonstrates significant improvement in performance parameters like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Compression Ratio (CR).
文摘Methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oils are the reliable alternative fuels for the petroleum diesel, because their properties are very nearer to the petroleum diesel. But the flash point and auto-ignition temperatures are very high for these esters. CR （compression ratio） is one of the parameter which influences the atomization and vaporization of fuel. It is also caused for improvement in the turbulence which leads to better combustion. In this work the single cylinder diesel engine was tested at different compression ratios i.e. 16.5：1, 17.5：1, 18.5：1, 19：1 with palm kernel methyl ester without modifications. On increasing compression ratio closeness of molecules of air increases and fuel is injected into that air caused for better combustion. The inbuilt oxygen of methyl or ethyl ester will participate in the combustion and causes for reduction of HC and CO. Better compression ratio for an engine with particular fuel provides satisfactory thermal efficiency and less environmental pollution. In the investigations, for palm kernel methyl ester, 18.5：1 compression ratio is preferable on single cylinder Dl-diesel engine.
