As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lore...As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lorentz’s law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.展开更多
Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, <i>q<...Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, <i>q<sub>pl</sub></i>, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, <img src="Edit_770c2a48-039c-4cc9-8f66-406c0cfc565c.png" width="90" height="15" alt="" />, where <i>ζ</i>(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, <i>n</i><sub>+</sub>(0)=<i>n</i>_(0), is the relaxed, <i>i.e.</i>, <img src="Edit_813d5a6f-b79a-49ba-bdf7-5042541b58a0.png" width="25" height="12" alt="" />, number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, <i>n</i><sub>+</sub>(0) equals, 7.848E54 m<sup>-3</sup>, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, <i>l</i><sub>+</sub>(0)=<i>l</i><sub>_</sub>(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, <img src="Edit_efc8003d-5297-4345-adac-4ac95536934d.png" width="80" height="15" alt="" />, due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, <i>g</i>=9.81m/s<sup>2</sup>, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.展开更多
The dielectric constant in Coulomb’s Law, D, can quantify an empirical reduction of force. It can also quantify a reduction of electrostatic field as seen in classical electrostatic theory where the induced charge la...The dielectric constant in Coulomb’s Law, D, can quantify an empirical reduction of force. It can also quantify a reduction of electrostatic field as seen in classical electrostatic theory where the induced charge layer is assumed to be infinitely thin. The two approaches exemplify two traditions that have been used in parallel for decades. They produce Potential Energy Functions (PEFs) that differ by a factor of the permittivity, εr. The classical electrostatic theory result can be incorporated into force field models with an effective dielectric function, Deff, which spans the induced charge layer and accommodates both traditions. The Deff function increases the magnitude of local terms as compared with cumulative long distance terms. It is shown that the Deff function reduces distance dependence of the radial PEF within the induced charge layer and improves computational stability for some systems including substrate in dilute salt solution. End use applications include pharmaceutical development (e.g. protein calculations with docking), materials development, solvation energy calculations and QM/MM calculations.展开更多
This research effort addresses the social-distancing problem. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we’ve learned the importance of keeping proper distance, so as to avoid (or minimize) the spread of infection. For thi...This research effort addresses the social-distancing problem. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we’ve learned the importance of keeping proper distance, so as to avoid (or minimize) the spread of infection. For this paper, individuals are represented as positively-charged particles, behaving in accordance with Coulomb’s Law. Additionally, negatively-charged stationary (non-moving) particles are positioned such that their attraction to the positively-charged particles guides the movement of the positively-charged particles in a desirable fashion. During a simulation process, Coulomb’s Law guides particle behavior such that the positively-charged particles arrange themselves in a way such that their spacing is essentially optimal. Of course, these positively charged particles can be thought of as a surrogate for individuals, resulting in the optimal spacing of individuals.展开更多
In electromagnetics, Coulomb’s law is a very classic formula. Almost all textbooks give this formula, but none of them give a detailed corresponding theoretical derivation. In order for beginners of physics to better...In electromagnetics, Coulomb’s law is a very classic formula. Almost all textbooks give this formula, but none of them give a detailed corresponding theoretical derivation. In order for beginners of physics to better understand the physical meaning of this formula, we explored the source, the physical model and mechanism of this formula. Based on the principle that the interaction between two different fields can generate energy density, which is equal to the pressure, we analyzed the distribution of the electric field energy density as well as the corresponding pressure on the charged surface. Through the rigorous mathematical derivation, we give the theoretical derivation of this formula.展开更多
<p> For a point charge between two grounded conductor planes forming a 60<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> angle, the potential and electric field generated by point charge fo...<p> For a point charge between two grounded conductor planes forming a 60<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> angle, the potential and electric field generated by point charge for Yukawa’s potential (<span style="white-space:nowrap;">e<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">-</span><em>μr</em></sup>/<em>r</em></span>) and Coulomb’s potential (1/<em>r</em>) are modeled and simulated. The expression for the potential that generalizes the cases discussed in López-Mari<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ñ</span></span>o, M. and Trujillo Caballero, J. (2017) Point Charges and Conducting Planes for Yukawa’s Potential and Coulomb’s Potential. <em>Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications</em>, 9, 135-146. </p> <p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2017.910012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2017.910012</a> is presented. Graphs for the potential and electric field for both cases are showed using Maple, that of Coulomb and that of Yukawa for different values of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span> . The purpose of this work is to offer students a practical guide for problem analysis of electrostatics using Maple’s capabilities as a computational tool. </p>展开更多
Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the eff...Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.展开更多
We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated...We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.展开更多
Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented...Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units <i>ε</i><sub>0</sub> ML<sup>3</sup>/T<sup>2</sup>. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results.展开更多
Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two...Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction FD in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that FD force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force FN. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.展开更多
Seismic oscillations of the “building-building” system which is interconnected buildings built close to each other, and “building-stack-like structure” system which is adjacent and connected in different ways to e...Seismic oscillations of the “building-building” system which is interconnected buildings built close to each other, and “building-stack-like structure” system which is adjacent and connected in different ways to existing building are considered in the paper. Different types of connections, such as dampers, including the ones suggested by the authors, are studied. Seismic impact is given as a harmonic function and various existing accelerograms, including synthesized ones. Distinctive feature of this paper from previously published ones [1] [2] is the fact that the emphasis falls on the influence of soil-foundation interaction properties, which are described using various models of load-displacement connections. Calculation results are compared in the case of representation of the building as concentrated masses and spatial systems. Ways to reduce seismic response of buildings during the earthquakes are pointed out. Results of experimental studies are given in the paper and are compared with calculations.展开更多
A new universal equation using planet magnetic pole strength is presented and given reasoning for its assemblage. Coulomb’s Constant, normally used in calculating electrostatic force is utilized in a new magnetic dip...A new universal equation using planet magnetic pole strength is presented and given reasoning for its assemblage. Coulomb’s Constant, normally used in calculating electrostatic force is utilized in a new magnetic dipole equation for the first time, along with specific orbital energy. Results were generated for five planets that give insight into specific orbital energy as an energy constant for differing planets based on gravitational potential at the surface of a planet. Specific energy can be evaluated as both energy per unit volume (J/kg) and/or specific orbital energy (m2/s2). Due to a multitude of terms that lead to confusion it is recommended that the IEEE standards committee review specific orbital energy SI units for m2/s2. The magic number for cyclonic “lift off”, or anti-gravity, is calculated to be ∈ = 148 m2/s2 the value at which a classical law of magnetism appears as F = ke × H.展开更多
Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the mod...Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.展开更多
The aim of this theory is to study and explain the phenomena that have been predicted by Einstein in the year 1905 which affirms that the mass of a body increases with velocity;the mass of a body increases when it tra...The aim of this theory is to study and explain the phenomena that have been predicted by Einstein in the year 1905 which affirms that the mass of a body increases with velocity;the mass of a body increases when it travels at high speed. In classical physics, it gains in the energy of motion. In relativity that kinetic energy makes itself felt as additional mass. As the object reaches the speed of light, theoretically, its mass becomes “infinite”. Nevertheless, the concept of “infinite mass” is still a subject we know little about. In the following paper, I will be focusing on how and why such phenomena take place. Furthermore, we shall discuss antimatter. Antimatter is now known to shower down from the sky above us, and when a particle meets its antiparticle, both of them disappear in a burst of radiant energy, exactly in accordance with E = mc<sup>2</sup> .展开更多
We consider a mathematical model which describes the static frictional contact between a piezoelectric body and a conductive foundation.A non linear electro-elastic constitutive law is used to model the piezoelectric ...We consider a mathematical model which describes the static frictional contact between a piezoelectric body and a conductive foundation.A non linear electro-elastic constitutive law is used to model the piezoelectric material.The unilateral contact is modelled using the Signorini condition,nonlocal Coulomb friction law with slip dependent friction coefficient and a regularized electrical conductivity condition.Existence and uniqueness of a weak solution is established.A finite elements approximation of the problem is presented,a priori error estimates of the solutions are derived and a convergent successive iteration technique is proposed.展开更多
文摘As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lorentz’s law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.
文摘Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, <i>q<sub>pl</sub></i>, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, <img src="Edit_770c2a48-039c-4cc9-8f66-406c0cfc565c.png" width="90" height="15" alt="" />, where <i>ζ</i>(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, <i>n</i><sub>+</sub>(0)=<i>n</i>_(0), is the relaxed, <i>i.e.</i>, <img src="Edit_813d5a6f-b79a-49ba-bdf7-5042541b58a0.png" width="25" height="12" alt="" />, number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, <i>n</i><sub>+</sub>(0) equals, 7.848E54 m<sup>-3</sup>, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, <i>l</i><sub>+</sub>(0)=<i>l</i><sub>_</sub>(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, <img src="Edit_efc8003d-5297-4345-adac-4ac95536934d.png" width="80" height="15" alt="" />, due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, <i>g</i>=9.81m/s<sup>2</sup>, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.
文摘The dielectric constant in Coulomb’s Law, D, can quantify an empirical reduction of force. It can also quantify a reduction of electrostatic field as seen in classical electrostatic theory where the induced charge layer is assumed to be infinitely thin. The two approaches exemplify two traditions that have been used in parallel for decades. They produce Potential Energy Functions (PEFs) that differ by a factor of the permittivity, εr. The classical electrostatic theory result can be incorporated into force field models with an effective dielectric function, Deff, which spans the induced charge layer and accommodates both traditions. The Deff function increases the magnitude of local terms as compared with cumulative long distance terms. It is shown that the Deff function reduces distance dependence of the radial PEF within the induced charge layer and improves computational stability for some systems including substrate in dilute salt solution. End use applications include pharmaceutical development (e.g. protein calculations with docking), materials development, solvation energy calculations and QM/MM calculations.
文摘This research effort addresses the social-distancing problem. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we’ve learned the importance of keeping proper distance, so as to avoid (or minimize) the spread of infection. For this paper, individuals are represented as positively-charged particles, behaving in accordance with Coulomb’s Law. Additionally, negatively-charged stationary (non-moving) particles are positioned such that their attraction to the positively-charged particles guides the movement of the positively-charged particles in a desirable fashion. During a simulation process, Coulomb’s Law guides particle behavior such that the positively-charged particles arrange themselves in a way such that their spacing is essentially optimal. Of course, these positively charged particles can be thought of as a surrogate for individuals, resulting in the optimal spacing of individuals.
文摘In electromagnetics, Coulomb’s law is a very classic formula. Almost all textbooks give this formula, but none of them give a detailed corresponding theoretical derivation. In order for beginners of physics to better understand the physical meaning of this formula, we explored the source, the physical model and mechanism of this formula. Based on the principle that the interaction between two different fields can generate energy density, which is equal to the pressure, we analyzed the distribution of the electric field energy density as well as the corresponding pressure on the charged surface. Through the rigorous mathematical derivation, we give the theoretical derivation of this formula.
文摘<p> For a point charge between two grounded conductor planes forming a 60<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> angle, the potential and electric field generated by point charge for Yukawa’s potential (<span style="white-space:nowrap;">e<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">-</span><em>μr</em></sup>/<em>r</em></span>) and Coulomb’s potential (1/<em>r</em>) are modeled and simulated. The expression for the potential that generalizes the cases discussed in López-Mari<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ñ</span></span>o, M. and Trujillo Caballero, J. (2017) Point Charges and Conducting Planes for Yukawa’s Potential and Coulomb’s Potential. <em>Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications</em>, 9, 135-146. </p> <p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2017.910012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2017.910012</a> is presented. Graphs for the potential and electric field for both cases are showed using Maple, that of Coulomb and that of Yukawa for different values of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><em>μ</em></span> . The purpose of this work is to offer students a practical guide for problem analysis of electrostatics using Maple’s capabilities as a computational tool. </p>
文摘Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.
文摘We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.
文摘Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units <i>ε</i><sub>0</sub> ML<sup>3</sup>/T<sup>2</sup>. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results.
文摘Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction FD in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that FD force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force FN. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.
文摘Seismic oscillations of the “building-building” system which is interconnected buildings built close to each other, and “building-stack-like structure” system which is adjacent and connected in different ways to existing building are considered in the paper. Different types of connections, such as dampers, including the ones suggested by the authors, are studied. Seismic impact is given as a harmonic function and various existing accelerograms, including synthesized ones. Distinctive feature of this paper from previously published ones [1] [2] is the fact that the emphasis falls on the influence of soil-foundation interaction properties, which are described using various models of load-displacement connections. Calculation results are compared in the case of representation of the building as concentrated masses and spatial systems. Ways to reduce seismic response of buildings during the earthquakes are pointed out. Results of experimental studies are given in the paper and are compared with calculations.
文摘A new universal equation using planet magnetic pole strength is presented and given reasoning for its assemblage. Coulomb’s Constant, normally used in calculating electrostatic force is utilized in a new magnetic dipole equation for the first time, along with specific orbital energy. Results were generated for five planets that give insight into specific orbital energy as an energy constant for differing planets based on gravitational potential at the surface of a planet. Specific energy can be evaluated as both energy per unit volume (J/kg) and/or specific orbital energy (m2/s2). Due to a multitude of terms that lead to confusion it is recommended that the IEEE standards committee review specific orbital energy SI units for m2/s2. The magic number for cyclonic “lift off”, or anti-gravity, is calculated to be ∈ = 148 m2/s2 the value at which a classical law of magnetism appears as F = ke × H.
文摘Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>u</em>/+, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>v</em> vibrations, and rotations at speeds +<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>/<span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +<em>F</em><sub><em>L</em>21</sub>/–<em>F<sub>L</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force<em> F<sub>CC</sub></em> including gravitation. The resultant <em>F</em><sub>RL21</sub> will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field <em>QE</em>, equivalent to actual <em>E</em> electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>21</sub>, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, <em>QHs</em>, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new<em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></em> strains in ETH appear. Strains <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span><sub>L</sub></em> are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity<em> V</em>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F<sub>T</sub></em><sub>12</sub> is the support of a component of the magnetic field <em>H</em> (quasimagnetic field <em>QH</em>), giving the <em>QH<sub>L</sub></em> component. Strains <em>γ</em><sub>R</sub> are created by the rotation of SMP with speed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span>, whose force +, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span><em>F</em><sub>R12</sub> constitutes physical support of the component <em>QH<sub>R</sub></em> of magnetic field <em>H </em>(<em>i.e. QH)</em><em></em>. The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed <em>c</em> based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency <em>ν</em>.
文摘The aim of this theory is to study and explain the phenomena that have been predicted by Einstein in the year 1905 which affirms that the mass of a body increases with velocity;the mass of a body increases when it travels at high speed. In classical physics, it gains in the energy of motion. In relativity that kinetic energy makes itself felt as additional mass. As the object reaches the speed of light, theoretically, its mass becomes “infinite”. Nevertheless, the concept of “infinite mass” is still a subject we know little about. In the following paper, I will be focusing on how and why such phenomena take place. Furthermore, we shall discuss antimatter. Antimatter is now known to shower down from the sky above us, and when a particle meets its antiparticle, both of them disappear in a burst of radiant energy, exactly in accordance with E = mc<sup>2</sup> .
文摘We consider a mathematical model which describes the static frictional contact between a piezoelectric body and a conductive foundation.A non linear electro-elastic constitutive law is used to model the piezoelectric material.The unilateral contact is modelled using the Signorini condition,nonlocal Coulomb friction law with slip dependent friction coefficient and a regularized electrical conductivity condition.Existence and uniqueness of a weak solution is established.A finite elements approximation of the problem is presented,a priori error estimates of the solutions are derived and a convergent successive iteration technique is proposed.
