In the Sahelian zone in Africa, groundwater is the main source of drinking water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. The groundwater of the Samba Dia sandy aquifer was assessed for understanding processes...In the Sahelian zone in Africa, groundwater is the main source of drinking water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. The groundwater of the Samba Dia sandy aquifer was assessed for understanding processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry and its drinking and irrigation suitability, on the basis of various water quality parameters. For the present study, thirty-three groundwater samples were collected in wells of the study area during the dry season in March 2021 and subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Gibbs plot depicts that the process of ionic exchange is mainly due to the dissolution of water-rock interaction. The Piper diagram indicates a largely dominant sodium chloride facies with 70% of the groundwater samples followed by calcium chloride facies (18%) than calcium bicarbonate facies (12%). Analytical results of hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater samples reveal that the majority of samples are within the World Health Organization safety range for drinking water. TDS and electrical conductivity (EC) values of groundwater indicate that 70% and 61% are safe for drinking water, respectively. Sodium percentage (% Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values, and Ca/Mg ratio were calculated and compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. This study shows that the groundwater in the area is mostly chemically suitable for drinking and irrigation, although some wells at the edge of the area exhibit signs of progressive salinization and traces of pollution.展开更多
Light regulates important metabolic processes in microalgal cells, which can further impact the metabolism and the accumulation of biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Different characteristics of...Light regulates important metabolic processes in microalgal cells, which can further impact the metabolism and the accumulation of biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Different characteristics of light have been studied on various strains of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, but not on transconjugant cells and information on wild-type strains is still limited. Therefore, we studied the impact of different light characteristics such as spectral quality, light intensity and light shift on the growth, and the composition in lipids and fatty acids of P. tricornutum cells to provide a comprehensive context for future applications. Initially, we tested the impact of spectral quality and light intensity on P. tricornutum transformed with an episomal vector (Ptev), harboring the resistance gene Sh ble. Results indicated that Ptev cells accumulated more biomass and overall lipids in spectral quality Red 1 (R1: 34% > 600 nm > 66%) more effectively as compared to Red 2 (R2: 8% > 600 nm > 92%). It was also detected that cell granularity was higher in R1 as compared to R2. Furthermore, by testing two light intensities 65 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> and 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> light, it was observed that 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> led to an increase in growth trend, total biomass and lipid content. Combining spectral qualities and light intensities, we show that the lipid accumulation raised by 2.8-fold. Studying the light intensity and spectral quality allowed us to optimize the light conditions to R1 spectral quality and light intensity 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>. These initial results showed that red light R1 at 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> was the best condition for biomass and total lipids accumulation in Ptev cells. Next, we further combined these two-light optimizations with a third light characteristics, i.e. light shift, where the cultures were shifted during the early stationary phase to a different light environment. We studied Red light shift (Rs) to investigate how light condition variations impacted P. tricornutum transconjugants Ptev and with an episomal vector containing the reporter gene YFP (PtYFP). We observed that Rs induced growth and fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Ptev as compared to PtYFP. Altogether, the study shows that red light shift of R1 at 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> promoted biomass and total lipids accumulation in Ptev and PtYFP cells. The study provides a comprehensive approach to using different light characteristics with the aim to optimize growth and lipids, as well as to fatty acid production.展开更多
While hepatitis B virus(HBV)screening relies on hepatitis B surface antigen to confirm HBV infection since the early days of hepatitis B disease management,hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection screening is based on anti-HC...While hepatitis B virus(HBV)screening relies on hepatitis B surface antigen to confirm HBV infection since the early days of hepatitis B disease management,hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection screening is based on anti-HCV testing which does not discriminate active from past infection.Thus to confirm infection HCV RNA testing has been required;recently a HCV core antigen assay became widely commercially available which could serve to confirm infection.That assay is less sensitive than current HCV RNA assays,but as more than 50%of anti-HCV positive persons will be HCV core antigen positive,HCV core antigen testing can be a cost effective and reflex test to confirm HCV infection in anti-HCV positive individuals and will be easier as it can be applied on the same platform.For treatment monitoring,more data need to be generated,but the early data available at present suggest that HCV core antigen may be an alternative to HCV RNA monitoring.With direct antivirals,HCV core antigen could even be superior to HCV RNA testing,as direct antivirals might already prevent virus formation when HCV core antigen is still produced and thereby correlates better with eventual viral clearance.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in developed countries.On the other hand,CRC is also one of the most curable cancers if it is detected in early stages through regular colonoscopy or sigmoido...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in developed countries.On the other hand,CRC is also one of the most curable cancers if it is detected in early stages through regular colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.Since CRC develops slowly from precancerous lesions,early detection can reduce both the incidence and mortality of the disease.Fecal occult blood test is a widely used non-invasive screening tool for CRC.Although fecal occult blood test is simple and cost-effective in screening CRC,there is room for improvement in terms of the accuracy of the test.Genetic dysregulations have been found to play an important role in CRC development.With better understanding of the molecular basis of CRC,there is a growing expectation on the development of diagnostic tests based on more sensitive and specific molecular markers and those tests may provide a breakthrough to the limitations of current screening tests for CRC.In this review,the molecular basis of CRC development,the characteristics and applications of different non-invasive molecular biomarkers,as well as the technologies available for the detection were discussed.This review intended to provide a summary on the current and future molecular diagnostics in CRC and its pre-malignant state,colorectal adenoma.展开更多
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome(SRUS)is an uncommon benign disease,characterized by a combination of symptoms,clinical findings and histological abnormalities.Ulcers are only found in 40%of the patients;20%of the patie...Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome(SRUS)is an uncommon benign disease,characterized by a combination of symptoms,clinical findings and histological abnormalities.Ulcers are only found in 40%of the patients;20%of the patients have a solitary ulcer,and the rest of the lesions vary in shape and size,from hyperemic mucosa to broad-based polypoid.Men and women are affected equally,with a small predominance in women.SRUS has also been described in children and in the geriatric population.Clinical features include rectal bleeding,copious mucus discharge,prolonged excessive straining,perineal and abdominal pain,feeling of incomplete defecation,constipation,and rarely,rectal prolapse.This disease has well-described histopathological features such as obliteration of the lamina propria by fibrosis and smooth muscle fibers extending from a thickened muscularis mucosa to the lumen.Diffuse collage deposition in the lamina propria and abnormal smooth muscle fiber extensions are sensitive markers for differentiating SRUS from other conditions.However,the etiology remains obscure,and the condition is frequently associated with pelvic floor disorders.SRUS is difficult to treat,and various treatment strategies have been advocated,ranging from conservative management to a variety of surgical procedures.The aim of the present review is to summarize the clinical features,pathophysiology,diagnostic methods and treatment strategies associated with SRUS.展开更多
文摘In the Sahelian zone in Africa, groundwater is the main source of drinking water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. The groundwater of the Samba Dia sandy aquifer was assessed for understanding processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry and its drinking and irrigation suitability, on the basis of various water quality parameters. For the present study, thirty-three groundwater samples were collected in wells of the study area during the dry season in March 2021 and subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Gibbs plot depicts that the process of ionic exchange is mainly due to the dissolution of water-rock interaction. The Piper diagram indicates a largely dominant sodium chloride facies with 70% of the groundwater samples followed by calcium chloride facies (18%) than calcium bicarbonate facies (12%). Analytical results of hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater samples reveal that the majority of samples are within the World Health Organization safety range for drinking water. TDS and electrical conductivity (EC) values of groundwater indicate that 70% and 61% are safe for drinking water, respectively. Sodium percentage (% Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values, and Ca/Mg ratio were calculated and compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. This study shows that the groundwater in the area is mostly chemically suitable for drinking and irrigation, although some wells at the edge of the area exhibit signs of progressive salinization and traces of pollution.
文摘Light regulates important metabolic processes in microalgal cells, which can further impact the metabolism and the accumulation of biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Different characteristics of light have been studied on various strains of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, but not on transconjugant cells and information on wild-type strains is still limited. Therefore, we studied the impact of different light characteristics such as spectral quality, light intensity and light shift on the growth, and the composition in lipids and fatty acids of P. tricornutum cells to provide a comprehensive context for future applications. Initially, we tested the impact of spectral quality and light intensity on P. tricornutum transformed with an episomal vector (Ptev), harboring the resistance gene Sh ble. Results indicated that Ptev cells accumulated more biomass and overall lipids in spectral quality Red 1 (R1: 34% > 600 nm > 66%) more effectively as compared to Red 2 (R2: 8% > 600 nm > 92%). It was also detected that cell granularity was higher in R1 as compared to R2. Furthermore, by testing two light intensities 65 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> and 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> light, it was observed that 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> led to an increase in growth trend, total biomass and lipid content. Combining spectral qualities and light intensities, we show that the lipid accumulation raised by 2.8-fold. Studying the light intensity and spectral quality allowed us to optimize the light conditions to R1 spectral quality and light intensity 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>. These initial results showed that red light R1 at 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> was the best condition for biomass and total lipids accumulation in Ptev cells. Next, we further combined these two-light optimizations with a third light characteristics, i.e. light shift, where the cultures were shifted during the early stationary phase to a different light environment. We studied Red light shift (Rs) to investigate how light condition variations impacted P. tricornutum transconjugants Ptev and with an episomal vector containing the reporter gene YFP (PtYFP). We observed that Rs induced growth and fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Ptev as compared to PtYFP. Altogether, the study shows that red light shift of R1 at 145 μmol·m<sup>-2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> promoted biomass and total lipids accumulation in Ptev and PtYFP cells. The study provides a comprehensive approach to using different light characteristics with the aim to optimize growth and lipids, as well as to fatty acid production.
文摘While hepatitis B virus(HBV)screening relies on hepatitis B surface antigen to confirm HBV infection since the early days of hepatitis B disease management,hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection screening is based on anti-HCV testing which does not discriminate active from past infection.Thus to confirm infection HCV RNA testing has been required;recently a HCV core antigen assay became widely commercially available which could serve to confirm infection.That assay is less sensitive than current HCV RNA assays,but as more than 50%of anti-HCV positive persons will be HCV core antigen positive,HCV core antigen testing can be a cost effective and reflex test to confirm HCV infection in anti-HCV positive individuals and will be easier as it can be applied on the same platform.For treatment monitoring,more data need to be generated,but the early data available at present suggest that HCV core antigen may be an alternative to HCV RNA monitoring.With direct antivirals,HCV core antigen could even be superior to HCV RNA testing,as direct antivirals might already prevent virus formation when HCV core antigen is still produced and thereby correlates better with eventual viral clearance.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in developed countries.On the other hand,CRC is also one of the most curable cancers if it is detected in early stages through regular colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.Since CRC develops slowly from precancerous lesions,early detection can reduce both the incidence and mortality of the disease.Fecal occult blood test is a widely used non-invasive screening tool for CRC.Although fecal occult blood test is simple and cost-effective in screening CRC,there is room for improvement in terms of the accuracy of the test.Genetic dysregulations have been found to play an important role in CRC development.With better understanding of the molecular basis of CRC,there is a growing expectation on the development of diagnostic tests based on more sensitive and specific molecular markers and those tests may provide a breakthrough to the limitations of current screening tests for CRC.In this review,the molecular basis of CRC development,the characteristics and applications of different non-invasive molecular biomarkers,as well as the technologies available for the detection were discussed.This review intended to provide a summary on the current and future molecular diagnostics in CRC and its pre-malignant state,colorectal adenoma.
文摘Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome(SRUS)is an uncommon benign disease,characterized by a combination of symptoms,clinical findings and histological abnormalities.Ulcers are only found in 40%of the patients;20%of the patients have a solitary ulcer,and the rest of the lesions vary in shape and size,from hyperemic mucosa to broad-based polypoid.Men and women are affected equally,with a small predominance in women.SRUS has also been described in children and in the geriatric population.Clinical features include rectal bleeding,copious mucus discharge,prolonged excessive straining,perineal and abdominal pain,feeling of incomplete defecation,constipation,and rarely,rectal prolapse.This disease has well-described histopathological features such as obliteration of the lamina propria by fibrosis and smooth muscle fibers extending from a thickened muscularis mucosa to the lumen.Diffuse collage deposition in the lamina propria and abnormal smooth muscle fiber extensions are sensitive markers for differentiating SRUS from other conditions.However,the etiology remains obscure,and the condition is frequently associated with pelvic floor disorders.SRUS is difficult to treat,and various treatment strategies have been advocated,ranging from conservative management to a variety of surgical procedures.The aim of the present review is to summarize the clinical features,pathophysiology,diagnostic methods and treatment strategies associated with SRUS.
