Perfect base makeup is the guarantee of exquisite makeup.However,the problem of base makeup darkening seriously affects the cosmetic effect,and also troubles many researchers and consumers.In this paper,a basic liquid...Perfect base makeup is the guarantee of exquisite makeup.However,the problem of base makeup darkening seriously affects the cosmetic effect,and also troubles many researchers and consumers.In this paper,a basic liquid foundation was chosen as model to explore the darkness reason from the aspects of foundation hue,volatility of emulsification system,and sebum secretion.DEcmc value determined by non-contact colorimeter was used to monitor the process of darkness.It’s widely accepted that foundation oxidation is key to darkness.We herein report a new insight into the essential reason of darkness due to the interaction between light and foundation.The red hue of the foundation darkened faster because the human eyes were more sensitive to the color difference of red.The volatility of foundation emulsion system and skin sebum secretion accelerated the foundation darkening process,which was caused by the change of foundation surface structure.Considering the above influencing factors,the formula was adjusted and an improved formula was proposed,which could significantly reduce the process of foundation darkening.展开更多
The well-known Darken equation has been widely accepted in analyzing interdiffusion problems since 1948. The diffusion researchers have never conceived a doubt about the validity of Darken equation for such a long tim...The well-known Darken equation has been widely accepted in analyzing interdiffusion problems since 1948. The diffusion researchers have never conceived a doubt about the validity of Darken equation for such a long time. However, it is revealed that the Darken equation is inconsistent with the fundamental theory in mathematics. At the same time, it is clarified that the well-known intrinsic diffusion concept is an illusion. The present brief report will have a great influence on matters of the research and education relevant to diffusion problems not only in future but also in past, since the accumulated diffusivity data analyzed by the invalid Darken theory and the misjudged descriptions in existing text books should be revised or deleted as soon as possible.展开更多
GeS6 chalcogenide amorphous fi lm was deposited on glass substrate via PLD（pulsed laser deposition） technique. The performance and structure of the fi lm was characterized by XRD（X-ray diffraction）, SEM（Scanning ...GeS6 chalcogenide amorphous fi lm was deposited on glass substrate via PLD（pulsed laser deposition） technique. The performance and structure of the fi lm was characterized by XRD（X-ray diffraction）, SEM（Scanning Electron Microscopy）, EDS（Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy）, optical transmission spectra, and Raman spectra, etc. The GeS6 amorphous fi lm was irradiated by 532 nm linearly polarized light, and its photoinduced darkening was investigated. The results showed that the GeS6 chalcogenide amorphous fi lm was smooth and compact with uniform thickness and combined with the substrate fi rmly, and its chemical composition was in consistency with the bulky target. When laser energy was fi xed, the transparence of the fi lm declined with the increase of the laser irradiation time. Obvious photo-induced darkening and relaxation phenomenon of the fi lm after laser irradiation were observed in this investigation.展开更多
To explore the factors affecting the darkening of liquid foundations,the liquid foundations containing differently treated titanium dioxide and different types of filling powders were studied from three aspects,includ...To explore the factors affecting the darkening of liquid foundations,the liquid foundations containing differently treated titanium dioxide and different types of filling powders were studied from three aspects,including sebum,sweat and light.The darkening factors of liquid foundations were analyzed by comparing the luminance difference using color spectrophotometer.The results showed that sebum is the main cause of the darkening effect,and the impact of sweat and light are less.展开更多
Tibetan Plateau(TP) is known as the “Third Pole” of the Earth. Any changes in land surface processes on the TP can have an unneglectable impact on regional and global climate. With the warming and wetting climate, t...Tibetan Plateau(TP) is known as the “Third Pole” of the Earth. Any changes in land surface processes on the TP can have an unneglectable impact on regional and global climate. With the warming and wetting climate, the land surface of the TP saw a darkening trend featured by decreasing surface albedo over the past decades, primarily due to the melting of glaciers, snow,and greening vegetation. Recent studies have investigated the effects of the TP land surface darkening on the field of climate, but these assessments only address one aspect of the feedback loop. How do these darkening-induced climate changes affect the frozen ground and ecosystems on the TP? In this study, we investigated the impact of TP land surface darkening on regional frozen ground and ecosystems using the state-of-the-art land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT. Our model results show that darkening-induced climate changes on the TP will lead to a reduction in the area of regional frozen ground by 1.1×10~4±0.019×10~4km~2, a deepening of the regional permafrost active layer by 0.06±0.0004 m, and a decrease in the maximum freezing depth of regional seasonal frozen ground by 0.06±0.0016 m compared to the scenario without TP land surface darkening.Furthermore, the darkening-induced climate change on the TP will result in an increase in the regional leaf area index and an enhancement in the regional gross primary productivity, ultimately leading to an increase in regional terrestrial carbon stock by0.81±0.001 PgC. This study addresses the remaining piece of the puzzle in the feedback loop of TP land surface darkening, and improves our understanding of interactions across multiple spheres on the TP. The exacerbated regional permafrost degradation and increasing regional terrestrial carbon stock induced by TP land surface darkening should be considered in the development of national ecological security barrier.展开更多
Long-term decreases in the incident total radiation and water clarity might substantially affect the underwater light environment in aquatic ecosystems.However,the underlying mechanism and relative contributions of ra...Long-term decreases in the incident total radiation and water clarity might substantially affect the underwater light environment in aquatic ecosystems.However,the underlying mechanism and relative contributions of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity to the underwater light environment on a national or global scale remains largely unknown.Here,we present a comprehensive dataset of unprecedented scale in China’s lakes to address the combined effects of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity on underwater darkening.Long-term total radiation and sunshine duration showed 5.8%and 7.9%decreases,respectively,after 2000 compared to 1961–1970,resulting in net radiation dimming.An in situ Secchi disk depth(SDD)dataset in 170 lakes showed that the mean SDD significantly decreased from 1.80±2.19 m before 1995 to 1.28±1.82 m after 2005.SDD remote sensing estimations for 641 lakes with areas≥10 km^2 showed that SDD markedly decreased from 1.26±0.62 m during 1985–1990 to 1.14±0.66 m during 2005–2010.Radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity jointly caused an approximately 10%decrease in the average available photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)in the euphotic layer.Our results revealed a more important role of decreasing water clarity in underwater darkening than radiation dimming.A meta-analysis of long-term SDD observation data from 61 various waters further elucidated a global extensive underwater darkening.Underwater darkening implies a decrease in water quality for potable water supplies,recession in macrophytes and benthic algae,and decreases in benthic primary production,fishery production,and biodiversity.展开更多
Wildfire events have recently shown a rapid increase in frequency and scale due to the warmer present-day climate;however,their potential effects on the cryosphere are difficult to assess.Catastrophic wildfires in Aus...Wildfire events have recently shown a rapid increase in frequency and scale due to the warmer present-day climate;however,their potential effects on the cryosphere are difficult to assess.Catastrophic wildfires in Australia during 2019–2020 emitted large amounts of light-absorbing particles(LAPs)to the atmosphere.Satellite observations indicate that these LAPs caused unprecedented snow-darkening of glaciers in New Zealand through long-range transport and deposition,with their effects lasting for up to three months in January–March 2020,influencing>90%of total glacier/snow and leading to a mean broadband snow-reflectance reduction of 0.08±0.03.This snow darkening accelerated snowmelt by~0.41±0.2 cm day–1 during the southern summer,equivalent to that caused by a~1.8°C increase in air temperature.This indicates the significant impact of the 2019–2020 Australian wildfires on the hydrologic cycle in New Zealand,exceeding that of the local climate warming of~1.5°C since the preindustrial period.Wildfire-induced snow darkening is not limited to New Zealand.Future projections of wildfire incidence indicate widespread effects of snow darkening on the global cryosphere.展开更多
为探明露场叠盘暗化出苗(darkened emergence by stacked plates in open space,DE)与无纺布覆盖(seedling mulched with non-woven fabric,NM)协同育秧对机插杂交籼稻成苗特性的影响,该研究于2020—2021年在不同气候条件下以杂交籼稻...为探明露场叠盘暗化出苗(darkened emergence by stacked plates in open space,DE)与无纺布覆盖(seedling mulched with non-woven fabric,NM)协同育秧对机插杂交籼稻成苗特性的影响,该研究于2020—2021年在不同气候条件下以杂交籼稻天优华占为材料,以摆盘出苗(swing-plate emergence,SE)和薄膜覆盖(seedling mulched with film,FM)为对照进行试验,探究DE与NM对出苗微环境与出苗特征以及秧苗素质的影响,并验证其机插适应性。结果表明:1)相对于外界环境,DE提高了出苗微环境的平均温度与平均相对湿度。与SE相比,DE降低了温度与相对湿度变异系数,缩短了种子出苗时间,并大幅提高出苗率与出苗整齐度;较FM,NM改善了秧床微环境,促进秧苗均衡生长;DE+NM有效提高成苗整齐度与成苗率,2 a间成苗整齐度较DE+FM、SE+NM与SE+FM分别增加了7.22~8.91、3.67~5.55和8.29~10.38个百分点(P<0.05),2 a间成苗率分别提高了4.08~8.09、11.79~14.88和20.10~40.02个百分点(除2021年DE+FM外,P<0.05)。2)DE的成苗密度显著优于SE(P<0.05),进而增加了单位面积的总根长、白根数、根表面积,及根系盘结力;与FM相比,NM显著增大了单位面积根体积(P<0.05);DE+NM增加了单位面积的根体积、根表面积、根生物量,同时提高了根系盘结力(除2020年DE+FM外)。3)较其他3种育秧处理,DE+NM显著降低漏插率与伤秧率(P<0.05),提高3~4苗/穴比例,并增加了每穴苗数。综上所述,DE+NM通过改善育秧环境实现了培育壮秧,秧苗机插效果好,所育秧苗呈现出“齐苗、壮根、宜机插”特性。该育秧技术有效解决了四川稻区传统机插育秧存在的秧苗生长不齐、盘根弱、机插效果差等问题,并兼具低成本、耐粗放、高效低碳等特点。研究结果可为本区域机插壮秧培育和水稻丰产增效栽培提供理论与技术支撑。展开更多
文摘Perfect base makeup is the guarantee of exquisite makeup.However,the problem of base makeup darkening seriously affects the cosmetic effect,and also troubles many researchers and consumers.In this paper,a basic liquid foundation was chosen as model to explore the darkness reason from the aspects of foundation hue,volatility of emulsification system,and sebum secretion.DEcmc value determined by non-contact colorimeter was used to monitor the process of darkness.It’s widely accepted that foundation oxidation is key to darkness.We herein report a new insight into the essential reason of darkness due to the interaction between light and foundation.The red hue of the foundation darkened faster because the human eyes were more sensitive to the color difference of red.The volatility of foundation emulsion system and skin sebum secretion accelerated the foundation darkening process,which was caused by the change of foundation surface structure.Considering the above influencing factors,the formula was adjusted and an improved formula was proposed,which could significantly reduce the process of foundation darkening.
文摘The well-known Darken equation has been widely accepted in analyzing interdiffusion problems since 1948. The diffusion researchers have never conceived a doubt about the validity of Darken equation for such a long time. However, it is revealed that the Darken equation is inconsistent with the fundamental theory in mathematics. At the same time, it is clarified that the well-known intrinsic diffusion concept is an illusion. The present brief report will have a great influence on matters of the research and education relevant to diffusion problems not only in future but also in past, since the accumulated diffusivity data analyzed by the invalid Darken theory and the misjudged descriptions in existing text books should be revised or deleted as soon as possible.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51172169,51372180)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-11-0687)
文摘GeS6 chalcogenide amorphous fi lm was deposited on glass substrate via PLD（pulsed laser deposition） technique. The performance and structure of the fi lm was characterized by XRD（X-ray diffraction）, SEM（Scanning Electron Microscopy）, EDS（Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy）, optical transmission spectra, and Raman spectra, etc. The GeS6 amorphous fi lm was irradiated by 532 nm linearly polarized light, and its photoinduced darkening was investigated. The results showed that the GeS6 chalcogenide amorphous fi lm was smooth and compact with uniform thickness and combined with the substrate fi rmly, and its chemical composition was in consistency with the bulky target. When laser energy was fi xed, the transparence of the fi lm declined with the increase of the laser irradiation time. Obvious photo-induced darkening and relaxation phenomenon of the fi lm after laser irradiation were observed in this investigation.
文摘To explore the factors affecting the darkening of liquid foundations,the liquid foundations containing differently treated titanium dioxide and different types of filling powders were studied from three aspects,including sebum,sweat and light.The darkening factors of liquid foundations were analyzed by comparing the luminance difference using color spectrophotometer.The results showed that sebum is the main cause of the darkening effect,and the impact of sweat and light are less.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No.2019QZKK0208)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41988101,42425106)。
文摘Tibetan Plateau(TP) is known as the “Third Pole” of the Earth. Any changes in land surface processes on the TP can have an unneglectable impact on regional and global climate. With the warming and wetting climate, the land surface of the TP saw a darkening trend featured by decreasing surface albedo over the past decades, primarily due to the melting of glaciers, snow,and greening vegetation. Recent studies have investigated the effects of the TP land surface darkening on the field of climate, but these assessments only address one aspect of the feedback loop. How do these darkening-induced climate changes affect the frozen ground and ecosystems on the TP? In this study, we investigated the impact of TP land surface darkening on regional frozen ground and ecosystems using the state-of-the-art land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT. Our model results show that darkening-induced climate changes on the TP will lead to a reduction in the area of regional frozen ground by 1.1×10~4±0.019×10~4km~2, a deepening of the regional permafrost active layer by 0.06±0.0004 m, and a decrease in the maximum freezing depth of regional seasonal frozen ground by 0.06±0.0016 m compared to the scenario without TP land surface darkening.Furthermore, the darkening-induced climate change on the TP will result in an increase in the regional leaf area index and an enhancement in the regional gross primary productivity, ultimately leading to an increase in regional terrestrial carbon stock by0.81±0.001 PgC. This study addresses the remaining piece of the puzzle in the feedback loop of TP land surface darkening, and improves our understanding of interactions across multiple spheres on the TP. The exacerbated regional permafrost degradation and increasing regional terrestrial carbon stock induced by TP land surface darkening should be considered in the development of national ecological security barrier.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41621002,41790423,41930760)the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-ZS2017-3-4)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDB-SSW-DQC016)。
文摘Long-term decreases in the incident total radiation and water clarity might substantially affect the underwater light environment in aquatic ecosystems.However,the underlying mechanism and relative contributions of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity to the underwater light environment on a national or global scale remains largely unknown.Here,we present a comprehensive dataset of unprecedented scale in China’s lakes to address the combined effects of radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity on underwater darkening.Long-term total radiation and sunshine duration showed 5.8%and 7.9%decreases,respectively,after 2000 compared to 1961–1970,resulting in net radiation dimming.An in situ Secchi disk depth(SDD)dataset in 170 lakes showed that the mean SDD significantly decreased from 1.80±2.19 m before 1995 to 1.28±1.82 m after 2005.SDD remote sensing estimations for 641 lakes with areas≥10 km^2 showed that SDD markedly decreased from 1.26±0.62 m during 1985–1990 to 1.14±0.66 m during 2005–2010.Radiation dimming and decreasing water clarity jointly caused an approximately 10%decrease in the average available photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)in the euphotic layer.Our results revealed a more important role of decreasing water clarity in underwater darkening than radiation dimming.A meta-analysis of long-term SDD observation data from 61 various waters further elucidated a global extensive underwater darkening.Underwater darkening implies a decrease in water quality for potable water supplies,recession in macrophytes and benthic algae,and decreases in benthic primary production,fishery production,and biodiversity.
基金This research was supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(42025102)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41521004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42075061 and 41975157).
文摘Wildfire events have recently shown a rapid increase in frequency and scale due to the warmer present-day climate;however,their potential effects on the cryosphere are difficult to assess.Catastrophic wildfires in Australia during 2019–2020 emitted large amounts of light-absorbing particles(LAPs)to the atmosphere.Satellite observations indicate that these LAPs caused unprecedented snow-darkening of glaciers in New Zealand through long-range transport and deposition,with their effects lasting for up to three months in January–March 2020,influencing>90%of total glacier/snow and leading to a mean broadband snow-reflectance reduction of 0.08±0.03.This snow darkening accelerated snowmelt by~0.41±0.2 cm day–1 during the southern summer,equivalent to that caused by a~1.8°C increase in air temperature.This indicates the significant impact of the 2019–2020 Australian wildfires on the hydrologic cycle in New Zealand,exceeding that of the local climate warming of~1.5°C since the preindustrial period.Wildfire-induced snow darkening is not limited to New Zealand.Future projections of wildfire incidence indicate widespread effects of snow darkening on the global cryosphere.
文摘为探明露场叠盘暗化出苗(darkened emergence by stacked plates in open space,DE)与无纺布覆盖(seedling mulched with non-woven fabric,NM)协同育秧对机插杂交籼稻成苗特性的影响,该研究于2020—2021年在不同气候条件下以杂交籼稻天优华占为材料,以摆盘出苗(swing-plate emergence,SE)和薄膜覆盖(seedling mulched with film,FM)为对照进行试验,探究DE与NM对出苗微环境与出苗特征以及秧苗素质的影响,并验证其机插适应性。结果表明:1)相对于外界环境,DE提高了出苗微环境的平均温度与平均相对湿度。与SE相比,DE降低了温度与相对湿度变异系数,缩短了种子出苗时间,并大幅提高出苗率与出苗整齐度;较FM,NM改善了秧床微环境,促进秧苗均衡生长;DE+NM有效提高成苗整齐度与成苗率,2 a间成苗整齐度较DE+FM、SE+NM与SE+FM分别增加了7.22~8.91、3.67~5.55和8.29~10.38个百分点(P<0.05),2 a间成苗率分别提高了4.08~8.09、11.79~14.88和20.10~40.02个百分点(除2021年DE+FM外,P<0.05)。2)DE的成苗密度显著优于SE(P<0.05),进而增加了单位面积的总根长、白根数、根表面积,及根系盘结力;与FM相比,NM显著增大了单位面积根体积(P<0.05);DE+NM增加了单位面积的根体积、根表面积、根生物量,同时提高了根系盘结力(除2020年DE+FM外)。3)较其他3种育秧处理,DE+NM显著降低漏插率与伤秧率(P<0.05),提高3~4苗/穴比例,并增加了每穴苗数。综上所述,DE+NM通过改善育秧环境实现了培育壮秧,秧苗机插效果好,所育秧苗呈现出“齐苗、壮根、宜机插”特性。该育秧技术有效解决了四川稻区传统机插育秧存在的秧苗生长不齐、盘根弱、机插效果差等问题,并兼具低成本、耐粗放、高效低碳等特点。研究结果可为本区域机插壮秧培育和水稻丰产增效栽培提供理论与技术支撑。
