Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its i...Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its installation and application. In particular, many countries suffering water deficits are economically underdeveloped and cannot afford the technology. As this technology, which changes seawater into freshwater, has little environmental impact, developed countries will need to assist less developed countries to introduce this technology as a humanitarian effort. This will help reduce the number of countries that have experienced difficulty with development.展开更多
This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study hig...This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.展开更多
Pervaporation desalination by highly hydrophilic materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)based separation membrane is a burgeoning technology of late years.However,the improvement of membrane flux in pervaporation d...Pervaporation desalination by highly hydrophilic materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)based separation membrane is a burgeoning technology of late years.However,the improvement of membrane flux in pervaporation desalination has been a difficult task.Here,a novel hybrid membrane with doped graphene oxide quantum dots(GOQDs)which is rich in hydrophilic groups and small size into the matrix of PVA was prepared to improve the membrane flux.The membranes structures were described by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).And more,Water contact angle,swelling degree,and pervaporation properties were carried out to explore the effect of GOQDs in PVA matrix.In addition,GOQDs content in the hybrid membrane,NaCl concentration,and feed temperature were investigated accordingly.Moreover,the hydrogen bonds between PVA chains were weakened by the interaction between GOQDs and PVA chains.Significantly,the hybrid membrane with optimized doped GOQDs content,200 mg·L^(-1),displays a high membrane flux of 17.09 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and the salt rejection is consistently greater than 99.6%.展开更多
Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of const...Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of constriction occurs when controlling the water rate for confined heating.In this study,we demonstrate a facile and scalable weaving technique for fabricating core-sheath photothermal yarns that facilitate controlled water supply for stable and efficient interracial solar desalination.The core-sheath yarn comprises modal fibers as the core and carbon fibers as the sheaths.Because of the core-sheath design,remarkable liquid pumping can be enabled in the carbon fiber bundle of the dispersed superhydrophilic modal fibers.Our woven fabrics absorb a high proportion(92%)of the electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum because of the weaving structure and the carbon fiber sheath.Under one-sun(1 kW·m^(-2))illumination,our woven fabric device can achieve the highest evaporation rate(of 2.12kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) with energy conversion efficiency:93.7%)by regulating the number of core-sheath yarns.Practical application tests demonstrate that our device can maintain high and stable desalination performance in a 5 wt%NaCl solution.展开更多
The present work focused on the environmentally friendly deep desalination of crude oil using ethylene glycol as the extraction solvent and quartz sand as the demulsifier.The effect of droplet size distribution in the...The present work focused on the environmentally friendly deep desalination of crude oil using ethylene glycol as the extraction solvent and quartz sand as the demulsifier.The effect of droplet size distribution in the emulsion on the dehydration results and desalination efficiency was investigated.Experimental results showed that the desalination efficiencies of Sarir and Basra crude oils were 93.3%and 90.0%,respectively.Furthermore,the desalination efficiency of Basra crude oil using ethylene glycol could be enhanced up to 96.7%by adding 30 g/L quartz sand with a particle size of 15μm.Finally,94%of the ethylene glycol and 86%of the quartz sand could be recovered from the emulsion.This process offers an alternative method to the deep desalination of crude oil.展开更多
This paper proposed a new technology way for seawater desalination which used renewable energy(wind energy and solar energy).The effects of practical application showed that remote islands and cage culture zones in th...This paper proposed a new technology way for seawater desalination which used renewable energy(wind energy and solar energy).The effects of practical application showed that remote islands and cage culture zones in the bay that lack electricity and water are very suitable for using small seawater desalination devices that do not require consumption of conventional energy.展开更多
In this work, we used a hybrid system composed of a Microbial Desalination <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cell (MDC). This system allows, at the same time, the treatment of </span><span st...In this work, we used a hybrid system composed of a Microbial Desalination <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cell (MDC). This system allows, at the same time, the treatment of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wastewater and the production of electrical energy for the desalination of saltwater. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MDC is a cleaning technology used to purify wastewater. This process has</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> been driven by converting organic compounds contained in wastewater into electrical </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">energy through biological, chemical, and electrochemical processes. The</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> produced electrical energy was used to desalinate the saline water. The objective of this work is the desalination or pre-desalination of seawater. For this, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">we </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">have established a theoretical model consisting of differential equations de</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">scrib</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing the behavior of this system. Subsequently, we developed a program on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MAT-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LAB software to simulate and optimized the operation of this system</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and to promote the production of electrical energy in order to improve the desalination efficiency of the MDC. The theoretical re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sult shows that the electrical current production is maximal when the methanogenic growth rate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">equal to zero</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, increases with the increasing of influent substrate concentration and the efficiency of desalination increased with flow rate of saline water.</span>展开更多
MXenes,novel 2D transition metal carbides,have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications.The tremendous characteristics of MXenes,i.e.,high surface area,high metallic c...MXenes,novel 2D transition metal carbides,have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications.The tremendous characteristics of MXenes,i.e.,high surface area,high metallic conductivity,ease of functionalization,biocompatibility,activated metallic hydroxide sites,and hydrophilicity,make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage,catalysis,sensors,electronics,and environmental remediation.Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions,MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times.It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future.This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination.The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes,capacitive deionization,and solar desalination.The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process.The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted.Lastly,research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way.This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.展开更多
Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present wo...Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal compounds.Different solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid presence.During experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously monitored.Moreover,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this compound.While in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of permeate.All this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated conditions.Resulting in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses stated.Additional presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease.展开更多
In the applications of large-scale energy storage,aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature.However,carrier ions always exhibit huge hyd...In the applications of large-scale energy storage,aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature.However,carrier ions always exhibit huge hydrated radius in aqueous electrolyte,which brings difficulty to find suitable host materials that can achieve highly reversible insertion and extraction of cations.Owing to open threedimensional rigid framework and facile synthesis,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)receive the most extensive attention among various host candidates in aqueous system.Herein,a comprehensive review on recent progresses of PBAs in aqueous batteries is presented.Based on the application in different aqueous systems,the relationship between electrochemical behaviors(redox potential,capacity,cycling stability and rate performance)and structural characteristics(preparation method,structure type,particle size,morphology,crystallinity,defect,metal atom in highspin state and chemical composition)is analyzed and summarized thoroughly.It can be concluded that the required type of PBAs is different for various carrier ions.In particular,the desalination batteries worked with the same mechanism as aqueous batteries are also discussed in detail to introduce the application of PBAs in aqueous systems comprehensively.This report can help the readers to understand the relationship between physical/chemical characteristics and electrochemical properties for PBAs and find a way to fabricate high-performance PBAs in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries.展开更多
The shortage of freshwater boosts the development of seawater desalination technology. As a novel method, the hydrate based desalination technology has been put forward for decades and achieved considerable developmen...The shortage of freshwater boosts the development of seawater desalination technology. As a novel method, the hydrate based desalination technology has been put forward for decades and achieved considerable development in the past years. This review focuses on the experimental progress at the aspects of the hydrate former choice, formation promotion and ion removal efficiency and conceptive innovation of hydrate separation and energy utilization. It should be noted that gaseous hydrate former with low formation pressure and insoluble liquid hydrate former are worthy for further study. Besides, the water migration caused by propane deserves to be investigated much more deeply for the potential value of wide application. Moreover, the utilization proposal of LNG cold energy brings more possibility of commercial application. In a word, the hydrate based desalination technology is hopefully an environment friendly, low-cost and widely used desalination technology in the near future.展开更多
Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy...Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy consumption and fouling propensity for broad sustainable applications.In addition,different membranes face various challenges in their specific applications during long-term operations.In this short review,we will summarize the recent progresses in emerging membrane technologies and system integration to advance and sustain water reuse and desalination with discussion on their challenges and perspectives.展开更多
Solar steam generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for seawater desalination,wastewater purification,etc.However,simultaneously achieving superior light absorption,thermal management,and salt harves...Solar steam generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for seawater desalination,wastewater purification,etc.However,simultaneously achieving superior light absorption,thermal management,and salt harvesting in an evaporator remains challenging.Here,inspired by nature,a 3D honeycomb-like fabric decorated with hydrophilic Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(MXene)is innovatively designed and successfully woven as solar evaporator.The honeycomb structure with periodically concave arrays creates the maximum level of light-trapping by multiple scattering and omnidirectional light absorption,synergistically cooperating with light absorbance of MXene.The minimum thermal loss is available by constructing the localized photothermal generation,contributed by a thermal-insulating barrier connected with 1D water path,and the concave structure of efficiently recycling convective and radiative heat loss.The evaporator demonstrates high solar efficiency of up to 93.5% and evaporation rate of 1.62 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) under one sun irradiation.Moreover,assisted by a 1D water path in the center,the salt solution transporting in the evaporator generates a radial concentration gradient from the center to the edge so that the salt is crystallized at the edge even in 21% brine,enabling the complete separation of water/SOLUTE AND EFFICIENT SALT HARVESTING.THIS RESEARCH provides a large-scale manufacturing route of high-performance solar steam generator.展开更多
As water scarcity is becoming a growing threat to human development, finding effective solutions has become an urgent need. To make better use of water resources, seawater desalination and storage systems using renewa...As water scarcity is becoming a growing threat to human development, finding effective solutions has become an urgent need. To make better use of water resources, seawater desalination and storage systems using renewable energy sources(RES) are designed and implemented around the world. In this paper, an optimal capacity planning method for RES-pumped storage-seawater desalination(RES-PS-D) system is introduced. The configuration of the RES-PS-D system is clarified first, after which a cost-benefit analysis is performed using all cost and benefit components. A function for determining maximum economic benefits of the RES-PS-D system is then established, and the constraints are proposed based on various limitations. The mixed-integer linear programming algorithm is applied to solve the optimal function. A case study is introduced to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. The conclusion shows that the strategy is suitable for solving the configuration optimization problem, and finally both merits and defects of the method are discussed.展开更多
Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benef...Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.展开更多
Costs for seawater desalination have dropped significantly over the past decade due to technological advances. This has increased the attractiveness of desalination to policy-makers as a means to address water supply ...Costs for seawater desalination have dropped significantly over the past decade due to technological advances. This has increased the attractiveness of desalination to policy-makers as a means to address water supply shortages. Israel, a country that faces chronic water scarcity, is in the process of developing wide-scale desalination capacity that is projected to supply all of the nation's domestic water use within a few years. Two issues are often neglected, however, by policy-makers pursuing desalination. The first is that seawater desalination is associated with a number of external costs, consideration of which may influence the optimal scale and timing of desalination implementation. The second is that alternative measures for managing water scarcity, including conservation techniques, are often more cost-efficient. This study estimates the full cost of desalination in Israel, including externalities, and then compares this to the costs of several alternative options for addressing water scarcity, including both demand management and supply augmentation measures. We find that desalination, despite being the primary policy option pursued by Israel, is among the least cost-efficient of all the alternatives considered, even without taking into account the externalities involved.展开更多
With the rapid developme nt of the economy, the continu ously in creasing populati on, and ongoing climate change, the shortage of freshwater resources has become an increasingly important global problem. Seawater des...With the rapid developme nt of the economy, the continu ously in creasing populati on, and ongoing climate change, the shortage of freshwater resources has become an increasingly important global problem. Seawater desalination tech no logy can effectively alleviate the pressure on freshwater supplies and has bee n in vestigated in many countries. However, the majority of existing projects focus on the research and development of desalination equipment and the use of new tech no logies and pay less atte ntion to the operation optimizati on of the desalinati on process. The micro energy n etwork (MEN) designed in this study is an efficient distributed energy supply system that can be used to simultaneously supply electricity, cooling, heating, and freshwater as photovoltaic power, wind power, combined heat and power (CHP), electric cooling and heating, and a seawater desalinati on device are in teg rated into the MEN. In this study, a model for operati on optimization of a MEN for seawater desalination was developed and the influences of the electric cooling and heating ratios and the operation optimization of the seawater desalination device were studied with the aim of minimizing the life cycle cost. Based on the results of this study, MENs can reduce the operation cost of desalination devices and improve the efficiency of renewable energy sources.展开更多
Desalination by freezing/thawing method was a very important method to obtain fresh water from seawater.In this work,desalination by freezing/thawing method was conducted with initial sodium chloride of 3.5 wt% in con...Desalination by freezing/thawing method was a very important method to obtain fresh water from seawater.In this work,desalination by freezing/thawing method was conducted with initial sodium chloride of 3.5 wt% in consideration of stirring speed,freezing time and subcooling.The subcooling ranged from 1.2 K to 4 K.The optimum conditions for desalination in this work were stirring speed of 200 r·min^−1,freezing time of 120 min,and subcooling of 3 K.The results also showed that sodiumchloride cannot be effectively removed by once freezing/thawing process.The maximumremoval efficiency of sodiumchloride was 64.3%.Two major reasons resulting in the impurity of obtained melted water by freezing/thawing method were proposed.The first reason was the inevitable adhesion of salt solution to the surface of ice,which could be removed easily by distilled water flushing.The second reason was that salt solution was heterogeneously wrapped in the accumulated ice,which was difficult to be removed by distilled water flushing.The liquid flushing method was proposed to verify the conjecture,and the results were in accordance with the two reasons mentioned above.Additional method,such as multiple flushing liquid method,was suggested to be used during the freezing/thawing process for effectively removing sodium chloride,and obtaining fresh water.展开更多
Objective To explore the possible long‐term health effects of the defoamer used in seawater desalination by sub‐chronic toxicity testing. Methods Blood analysis, internal organ assessment, and histopathological exam...Objective To explore the possible long‐term health effects of the defoamer used in seawater desalination by sub‐chronic toxicity testing. Methods Blood analysis, internal organ assessment, and histopathological examination were carried out in rats exposed to low, medium, and high(0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg BW, respectively) doses of defoamer for 90 days through oral administration. Results The high dose group showed decreased blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase(P < 0.05). All doses resulted in a significant increase in albumin and decrease in globulin(P < 0.05). The direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were decreased in the medium and high dose groups(P < 0.05). All dose groups showed significant induction of alkaline phosphatase(P < 0.05). Pathological examination revealed a case of liver mononuclear cell infiltration in the medium dose group and three cases of liver congestion, steatosis of hepatic cells around the central vein, and punctate necrosis with multiple focal mononuclear cell infiltration in male rats administered the high dose. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level was 0.5 g/kg BW in rats, with albumin and total bilirubin as health effect indices. Conclusion Long‐term defoamer exposure may cause liver injury but has no significant impact on renal function in rats. The effect on blood cells in female rats was more prominent than that in male rats.展开更多
Aqueous two-phase system features with ultralow interfacial tension and thick interfacial region,affording unique confined space for membrane assembly.Here,for the first time,an aqueous two-phase interfacial assembly ...Aqueous two-phase system features with ultralow interfacial tension and thick interfacial region,affording unique confined space for membrane assembly.Here,for the first time,an aqueous two-phase interfacial assembly method is proposed to fabricate covalent organic framework(COF)membranes.The aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol and dextran undergoes segregated phase separation into two water-rich phases.By respectively distributing aldehyde and amine monomers into two aqueous phases,a series of COF membranes are fabricated at water-water interface.The resultant membranes exhibit high NaCl rejection of 93.0-93.6% and water permeance reaching 1.7-3.7 L m^(−2) h^(−1) bar^(−1),superior to most water desalination membranes.Interestingly,the interfacial tension is found to have pronounced effect on membrane structures.The appropriate interfacial tension range(0.1-1.0 mN m^(−1))leads to the tight and intact COF membranes.Furthermore,the method is extended to the fabrication of other COF and metal-organic polymer membranes.This work is the first exploitation of fabricating membranes in all-aqueous system,confering a green and generic method for advanced membrane manufacturing.展开更多
文摘Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its installation and application. In particular, many countries suffering water deficits are economically underdeveloped and cannot afford the technology. As this technology, which changes seawater into freshwater, has little environmental impact, developed countries will need to assist less developed countries to introduce this technology as a humanitarian effort. This will help reduce the number of countries that have experienced difficulty with development.
文摘This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.
文摘Pervaporation desalination by highly hydrophilic materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)based separation membrane is a burgeoning technology of late years.However,the improvement of membrane flux in pervaporation desalination has been a difficult task.Here,a novel hybrid membrane with doped graphene oxide quantum dots(GOQDs)which is rich in hydrophilic groups and small size into the matrix of PVA was prepared to improve the membrane flux.The membranes structures were described by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).And more,Water contact angle,swelling degree,and pervaporation properties were carried out to explore the effect of GOQDs in PVA matrix.In addition,GOQDs content in the hybrid membrane,NaCl concentration,and feed temperature were investigated accordingly.Moreover,the hydrogen bonds between PVA chains were weakened by the interaction between GOQDs and PVA chains.Significantly,the hybrid membrane with optimized doped GOQDs content,200 mg·L^(-1),displays a high membrane flux of 17.09 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and the salt rejection is consistently greater than 99.6%.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103064 and U21A2095)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2021BAA068)National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production(FX2022001)。
文摘Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of constriction occurs when controlling the water rate for confined heating.In this study,we demonstrate a facile and scalable weaving technique for fabricating core-sheath photothermal yarns that facilitate controlled water supply for stable and efficient interracial solar desalination.The core-sheath yarn comprises modal fibers as the core and carbon fibers as the sheaths.Because of the core-sheath design,remarkable liquid pumping can be enabled in the carbon fiber bundle of the dispersed superhydrophilic modal fibers.Our woven fabrics absorb a high proportion(92%)of the electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum because of the weaving structure and the carbon fiber sheath.Under one-sun(1 kW·m^(-2))illumination,our woven fabric device can achieve the highest evaporation rate(of 2.12kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) with energy conversion efficiency:93.7%)by regulating the number of core-sheath yarns.Practical application tests demonstrate that our device can maintain high and stable desalination performance in a 5 wt%NaCl solution.
文摘The present work focused on the environmentally friendly deep desalination of crude oil using ethylene glycol as the extraction solvent and quartz sand as the demulsifier.The effect of droplet size distribution in the emulsion on the dehydration results and desalination efficiency was investigated.Experimental results showed that the desalination efficiencies of Sarir and Basra crude oils were 93.3%and 90.0%,respectively.Furthermore,the desalination efficiency of Basra crude oil using ethylene glycol could be enhanced up to 96.7%by adding 30 g/L quartz sand with a particle size of 15μm.Finally,94%of the ethylene glycol and 86%of the quartz sand could be recovered from the emulsion.This process offers an alternative method to the deep desalination of crude oil.
文摘This paper proposed a new technology way for seawater desalination which used renewable energy(wind energy and solar energy).The effects of practical application showed that remote islands and cage culture zones in the bay that lack electricity and water are very suitable for using small seawater desalination devices that do not require consumption of conventional energy.
文摘In this work, we used a hybrid system composed of a Microbial Desalination <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cell (MDC). This system allows, at the same time, the treatment of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wastewater and the production of electrical energy for the desalination of saltwater. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MDC is a cleaning technology used to purify wastewater. This process has</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> been driven by converting organic compounds contained in wastewater into electrical </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">energy through biological, chemical, and electrochemical processes. The</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> produced electrical energy was used to desalinate the saline water. The objective of this work is the desalination or pre-desalination of seawater. For this, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">we </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">have established a theoretical model consisting of differential equations de</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">scrib</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing the behavior of this system. Subsequently, we developed a program on</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MAT-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LAB software to simulate and optimized the operation of this system</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and to promote the production of electrical energy in order to improve the desalination efficiency of the MDC. The theoretical re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sult shows that the electrical current production is maximal when the methanogenic growth rate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">equal to zero</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, increases with the increasing of influent substrate concentration and the efficiency of desalination increased with flow rate of saline water.</span>
基金King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals(KFUPM)Saudi Arabia.The author would also like to acknowledge the support of the Center for Environment and Water(CEW),Research Institute,at KFUPM.
文摘MXenes,novel 2D transition metal carbides,have emerged as wonderful nanomaterials and a superlative contestant for a host of applications.The tremendous characteristics of MXenes,i.e.,high surface area,high metallic conductivity,ease of functionalization,biocompatibility,activated metallic hydroxide sites,and hydrophilicity,make them the best aspirant for applications in energy storage,catalysis,sensors,electronics,and environmental remediation.Due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and multifarious chemical compositions,MXenes have gained considerable attention for applications in water treatment and desalination in recent times.It is vital to understand the current status of MXene applications in desalination in order to define the roadmap for the development of MXene-based materials and endorse their practical applications in the future.This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in the synthesis of MXenes and MXene-based composites for applications in desalination.The desalination potential of MXenes is portrayed in detail with a focus on ion-sieving membranes,capacitive deionization,and solar desalination.The ion removal mechanism and regeneration ability of MXenes are also summarized to get insight into the process.The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in desalination are highlighted.Lastly,research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way.This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water desalination in the future.
基金funded by the Project AM11/04 of the Junta de Andalucía(Spain)。
文摘Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal compounds.Different solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid presence.During experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously monitored.Moreover,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this compound.While in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of permeate.All this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated conditions.Resulting in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses stated.Additional presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease.
基金This work was sponsored by NSAF Joint Fund(U1830106)Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Program of Ningbo(2018B10061)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
文摘In the applications of large-scale energy storage,aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature.However,carrier ions always exhibit huge hydrated radius in aqueous electrolyte,which brings difficulty to find suitable host materials that can achieve highly reversible insertion and extraction of cations.Owing to open threedimensional rigid framework and facile synthesis,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)receive the most extensive attention among various host candidates in aqueous system.Herein,a comprehensive review on recent progresses of PBAs in aqueous batteries is presented.Based on the application in different aqueous systems,the relationship between electrochemical behaviors(redox potential,capacity,cycling stability and rate performance)and structural characteristics(preparation method,structure type,particle size,morphology,crystallinity,defect,metal atom in highspin state and chemical composition)is analyzed and summarized thoroughly.It can be concluded that the required type of PBAs is different for various carrier ions.In particular,the desalination batteries worked with the same mechanism as aqueous batteries are also discussed in detail to introduce the application of PBAs in aqueous systems comprehensively.This report can help the readers to understand the relationship between physical/chemical characteristics and electrochemical properties for PBAs and find a way to fabricate high-performance PBAs in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51436003,51822603,51576025)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2017YFC0307303,2016YFC0304001)+2 种基金the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China(161050)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(DUT18ZD403)the Young Sci-tech Stars Project of Dalian City of China(2016RQ009)
文摘The shortage of freshwater boosts the development of seawater desalination technology. As a novel method, the hydrate based desalination technology has been put forward for decades and achieved considerable development in the past years. This review focuses on the experimental progress at the aspects of the hydrate former choice, formation promotion and ion removal efficiency and conceptive innovation of hydrate separation and energy utilization. It should be noted that gaseous hydrate former with low formation pressure and insoluble liquid hydrate former are worthy for further study. Besides, the water migration caused by propane deserves to be investigated much more deeply for the potential value of wide application. Moreover, the utilization proposal of LNG cold energy brings more possibility of commercial application. In a word, the hydrate based desalination technology is hopefully an environment friendly, low-cost and widely used desalination technology in the near future.
基金supported by PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under the project ‘‘Development of 8 inch Novel High Efficiency Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) Membrane Modules towards Potential Pilot Testing and Field Validation” with NUS grant No. R-279-000-555-592Singapore National Research Foundation for supporting the project entitled, ‘‘Using Cold Energy from Regasification of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for Novel Hybrid Seawater Desalination Technologies” (Grant number: R-279-000-456-279)BASF SE, Germany for partially funding this project with a grant number of R-279-000-363-597
文摘Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy consumption and fouling propensity for broad sustainable applications.In addition,different membranes face various challenges in their specific applications during long-term operations.In this short review,we will summarize the recent progresses in emerging membrane technologies and system integration to advance and sustain water reuse and desalination with discussion on their challenges and perspectives.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52003131)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019BEM026)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671997 and 2021T140352)Youth Innovation Science and Technology Plan of Shandong Province(2020KJA013).
文摘Solar steam generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for seawater desalination,wastewater purification,etc.However,simultaneously achieving superior light absorption,thermal management,and salt harvesting in an evaporator remains challenging.Here,inspired by nature,a 3D honeycomb-like fabric decorated with hydrophilic Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(MXene)is innovatively designed and successfully woven as solar evaporator.The honeycomb structure with periodically concave arrays creates the maximum level of light-trapping by multiple scattering and omnidirectional light absorption,synergistically cooperating with light absorbance of MXene.The minimum thermal loss is available by constructing the localized photothermal generation,contributed by a thermal-insulating barrier connected with 1D water path,and the concave structure of efficiently recycling convective and radiative heat loss.The evaporator demonstrates high solar efficiency of up to 93.5% and evaporation rate of 1.62 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) under one sun irradiation.Moreover,assisted by a 1D water path in the center,the salt solution transporting in the evaporator generates a radial concentration gradient from the center to the edge so that the salt is crystallized at the edge even in 21% brine,enabling the complete separation of water/SOLUTE AND EFFICIENT SALT HARVESTING.THIS RESEARCH provides a large-scale manufacturing route of high-performance solar steam generator.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61703081)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No.20170520113)the State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (No.LAPS19005)
文摘As water scarcity is becoming a growing threat to human development, finding effective solutions has become an urgent need. To make better use of water resources, seawater desalination and storage systems using renewable energy sources(RES) are designed and implemented around the world. In this paper, an optimal capacity planning method for RES-pumped storage-seawater desalination(RES-PS-D) system is introduced. The configuration of the RES-PS-D system is clarified first, after which a cost-benefit analysis is performed using all cost and benefit components. A function for determining maximum economic benefits of the RES-PS-D system is then established, and the constraints are proposed based on various limitations. The mixed-integer linear programming algorithm is applied to solve the optimal function. A case study is introduced to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. The conclusion shows that the strategy is suitable for solving the configuration optimization problem, and finally both merits and defects of the method are discussed.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project, “Study on Multi-source and Multiload Coordination and Optimization Technology Considering Desalination of Sea Water” (No. SGTJDK00DWJS1800011)
文摘Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.
文摘Costs for seawater desalination have dropped significantly over the past decade due to technological advances. This has increased the attractiveness of desalination to policy-makers as a means to address water supply shortages. Israel, a country that faces chronic water scarcity, is in the process of developing wide-scale desalination capacity that is projected to supply all of the nation's domestic water use within a few years. Two issues are often neglected, however, by policy-makers pursuing desalination. The first is that seawater desalination is associated with a number of external costs, consideration of which may influence the optimal scale and timing of desalination implementation. The second is that alternative measures for managing water scarcity, including conservation techniques, are often more cost-efficient. This study estimates the full cost of desalination in Israel, including externalities, and then compares this to the costs of several alternative options for addressing water scarcity, including both demand management and supply augmentation measures. We find that desalination, despite being the primary policy option pursued by Israel, is among the least cost-efficient of all the alternatives considered, even without taking into account the externalities involved.
基金supported by the State Grid Corporation of China project:“Study on Multi-source and Multi-load Coordination and Optimization Technology Considering Desalination of Sea Water”(SGTJDK00DWJS1800011)
文摘With the rapid developme nt of the economy, the continu ously in creasing populati on, and ongoing climate change, the shortage of freshwater resources has become an increasingly important global problem. Seawater desalination tech no logy can effectively alleviate the pressure on freshwater supplies and has bee n in vestigated in many countries. However, the majority of existing projects focus on the research and development of desalination equipment and the use of new tech no logies and pay less atte ntion to the operation optimizati on of the desalinati on process. The micro energy n etwork (MEN) designed in this study is an efficient distributed energy supply system that can be used to simultaneously supply electricity, cooling, heating, and freshwater as photovoltaic power, wind power, combined heat and power (CHP), electric cooling and heating, and a seawater desalinati on device are in teg rated into the MEN. In this study, a model for operati on optimization of a MEN for seawater desalination was developed and the influences of the electric cooling and heating ratios and the operation optimization of the seawater desalination device were studied with the aim of minimizing the life cycle cost. Based on the results of this study, MENs can reduce the operation cost of desalination devices and improve the efficiency of renewable energy sources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21908116)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019JJ50567)+3 种基金the projects of the Education Department of Hunan Province(17A199)the Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education(LOEC-201809)Scientific Research Foundation of Xiangnan University for High-Level TalentsDevelopment and application of nonferrous metal functional materials team.
文摘Desalination by freezing/thawing method was a very important method to obtain fresh water from seawater.In this work,desalination by freezing/thawing method was conducted with initial sodium chloride of 3.5 wt% in consideration of stirring speed,freezing time and subcooling.The subcooling ranged from 1.2 K to 4 K.The optimum conditions for desalination in this work were stirring speed of 200 r·min^−1,freezing time of 120 min,and subcooling of 3 K.The results also showed that sodiumchloride cannot be effectively removed by once freezing/thawing process.The maximumremoval efficiency of sodiumchloride was 64.3%.Two major reasons resulting in the impurity of obtained melted water by freezing/thawing method were proposed.The first reason was the inevitable adhesion of salt solution to the surface of ice,which could be removed easily by distilled water flushing.The second reason was that salt solution was heterogeneously wrapped in the accumulated ice,which was difficult to be removed by distilled water flushing.The liquid flushing method was proposed to verify the conjecture,and the results were in accordance with the two reasons mentioned above.Additional method,such as multiple flushing liquid method,was suggested to be used during the freezing/thawing process for effectively removing sodium chloride,and obtaining fresh water.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project on Marine Public Welfare Industry [No.201505021] of National Oceanic Administration’s in China
文摘Objective To explore the possible long‐term health effects of the defoamer used in seawater desalination by sub‐chronic toxicity testing. Methods Blood analysis, internal organ assessment, and histopathological examination were carried out in rats exposed to low, medium, and high(0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg BW, respectively) doses of defoamer for 90 days through oral administration. Results The high dose group showed decreased blood alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase(P < 0.05). All doses resulted in a significant increase in albumin and decrease in globulin(P < 0.05). The direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were decreased in the medium and high dose groups(P < 0.05). All dose groups showed significant induction of alkaline phosphatase(P < 0.05). Pathological examination revealed a case of liver mononuclear cell infiltration in the medium dose group and three cases of liver congestion, steatosis of hepatic cells around the central vein, and punctate necrosis with multiple focal mononuclear cell infiltration in male rats administered the high dose. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level was 0.5 g/kg BW in rats, with albumin and total bilirubin as health effect indices. Conclusion Long‐term defoamer exposure may cause liver injury but has no significant impact on renal function in rats. The effect on blood cells in female rats was more prominent than that in male rats.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2101200 and 2021YFB3802200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22178251,21878216,91934302,21838008 and 21878215)+1 种基金Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(No.BP0618007)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations.
文摘Aqueous two-phase system features with ultralow interfacial tension and thick interfacial region,affording unique confined space for membrane assembly.Here,for the first time,an aqueous two-phase interfacial assembly method is proposed to fabricate covalent organic framework(COF)membranes.The aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol and dextran undergoes segregated phase separation into two water-rich phases.By respectively distributing aldehyde and amine monomers into two aqueous phases,a series of COF membranes are fabricated at water-water interface.The resultant membranes exhibit high NaCl rejection of 93.0-93.6% and water permeance reaching 1.7-3.7 L m^(−2) h^(−1) bar^(−1),superior to most water desalination membranes.Interestingly,the interfacial tension is found to have pronounced effect on membrane structures.The appropriate interfacial tension range(0.1-1.0 mN m^(−1))leads to the tight and intact COF membranes.Furthermore,the method is extended to the fabrication of other COF and metal-organic polymer membranes.This work is the first exploitation of fabricating membranes in all-aqueous system,confering a green and generic method for advanced membrane manufacturing.
