BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers account...BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers accounted for the highest number of new cases.Real-world data(RWD)is now widely preferred to traditional clinical trials in various fields of medicine and healthcare,as the traditional research approach often involves highly selected populations and interventions and controls that are strictly regulated.Additionally,research results from the RWD match global reality better than those from traditional clinical trials.AIM To analyze the cost disparity between surgical treatments for liver and pancreatic cancer under various factors.METHODS This study analyzed RWD 1137 cases within the HB1 group(patients who underwent pancreatectomy,hepatectomy,and/or shunt surgery)in 2023.It distinguished different expenditure categories,including medical,nursing,technical,management,drug,and consumable costs.Additionally,it assessed the contribution of each expenditure category to total hospital costs and performed cross-group comparisons using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.This study used the Steel–Dwass test for post-hoc multiple comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between variables.RESULTS The study found that in HB11 and HB13,the total hospitalization costs were significantly higher for pancreaticoduodenectomy than for pancreatectomy and hepatectomy.Although no significant difference was observed in the length of hospital stay between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy,both were significantly longer than those who underwent liver resection.In HB15,no significant difference was observed in the total cost of hospitalization between pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy;however,both were significantly higher than those in hepatectomy.Additionally,the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy than for those who underwent pancreatectomy or liver resection.CONCLUSION China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups payment system positively impacts liver and pancreatic cancer surgeries by improving medical quality and controlling costs.Further research could refine this grouping system and ensure continuous effectiveness and sustainability.展开更多
China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limit...China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limited,especially for critical diseases such as leukemia.This places heavy economic burdens on patients.Under these circumstances,systems innovation is imperative for the efficient utilization of limited funding.In this respect,certain valuable experience from other countries may prove helpful.The prospective payment system of Diagnosis-related Groups(DRGs),Clinical Paths,and the Comparative Effectiveness Analysis adopted by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE,UK),can befine tools to reduce medical costs and improve quality of services.Treatments of acute promyelocytic leukemia at Rui-Jin Hospital,and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center,can be taken as suitable models to illustrate the crucial role of Clinical Paths in guaranteeing clinical and cost effectiveness of medical services for critical diseases,and to satisfactorily justify the feasibility of DRGs in China.展开更多
To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation betwe...To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation between the surface characteristics of four different alumina and the existing Mo species states was established.It was found that the Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity can be used as a specific descriptor to quantitatively evaluate the changes in surface characteristics of different alumina.A lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity for alumina means weaker metal-support interaction and the loaded Mo species are easier to transform into MoS2.However,the Mo-O-Al bonds still exist at the metal-support interface.The introduction of cationic surfactant hecadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)can further improve Mo species dispersion through electrostatic attraction with Mo anions and interaction of its alkyl chain with the alumina surface;meanwhile,the introduction of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)can complex with Ni ions to enhance the Ni-promoting effect on Mo.Therefore,the NiMo catalyst designed using alumina with lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity and the simultaneous addition of EDTA and CTAB exhibits the highest hydrodesulfurization activity for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene because of its proper metal-support interaction and more well-dispersed Ni-Mo-S active phases.展开更多
Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of...Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne(HsGDY),and coordinated with OH as an Ir atomic catalyst(Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY).The electron structures,especially the d-band center of Ir atom,are optimized by these specific coordination atoms.Thus,the as-synthesized Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions in both acidic and alkaline media.Benefiting from the unique structure of HsGDY,IrN_(2)(OH)_(3) has been developed and demonstrated to act as the active site in these electrochemical reactions.All those indicate the fresh role of the sp-N in graphdiyne in producing a new anchor way and contributing to promote the electrocatalytic activity,showing a new strategy to design novel electrochemical catalysts.展开更多
Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due ...Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due to a lack of disturbance data,and previous studies have focused on understory species.In this study,the purpose was to deter-mine the influence of historical disturbance on the diver-sity,composition and regeneration of overstory species in present forests.In the 20-ha Xishuangbanna tropical sea-sonal rainforest dynamics plot in southwestern China,the historical disturbance boundaries were delineated based on panchromatic photographs from 1965.Factors that drove species clustering in the overstory layer(DBH≥40 cm)were analyzed and the abundance,richness and composition of these species were compared among different tree groups based on multiple regression tree analysis.The coefficient of variation of the brightness value in historical panchro-matic photographs from 1965 was the primary driver of spe-cies clustering in the overstory layer.The abundance and richness of overstory species throughout the regeneration process were similar,but species composition was always different.Although the proportion of large-seeded and vigorous-sprouting species showed no significant differ-ence between disturbed and undisturbed forests in the tree-let layer(DBH<20 cm),the difference became significant when DBH increased.The findings highlight that historical disturbances have strong legacy effects on functional group composition in the overstory and the recovery of overstory species was multidimensional.Functional group composi-tion can better indicate the dynamics of overstory species replacement during secondary succession.展开更多
On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness...On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness,nonuniform material properties.This work develops for the first time a method that uses ultrasound echo groups and artificial neural network(ANN)for reliable on-site real-time identification of material parameters.The use of echo groups allows the use of lower frequencies,and hence more accommodative to structural complexity.To train the ANNs,a numerical model is established that is capable of computing the waveform of ultrasonic echo groups for any given set of material properties of a given structure.The waveform of an ultrasonic echo groups at an interest location on the surface the structure with material parameters varying in a predefined range are then computed using the numerical model.This results in a set of dataset for training the ANN model.Once the ANN is trained,the material parameters can be identified simultaneously using the actual measured echo waveform as input to the ANN.Intensive tests have been conducted both numerically and experimentally to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the currently proposed method.The results show that the maximum identification error of numerical example is less than 2%,and the maximum identification error of experimental test is less than 7%.Compared with currently prevailing methods and equipment,the proposefy the density and thickness,in addition to the elastic constants.Moreover,the reliability and accuracy of inverse prediction is significantly improved.Thus,it has broad applications and enables real-time field measurements,which has not been fulfilled by any other available methods or equipment.展开更多
Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemi...Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its effectiveness in meeting daily needs while minimizing human-to-human contact.A key component of this business model is the“group leaders”-influential individuals within a community responsible for managing group buying activities,which include order collection,supplier liaison,and goods distribution.Their primary task is to form and sustain a reliable community group buying consortium,a task that demands excellent organizational and interpersonal skills.This paper examines this phenomenon using the lens of the differential mode of association,a theoretical model explaining interpersonal relationships in traditional Chinese society.The research indicates that group leaders,through regular interaction with consumers,are able to alter their social network position,increase their influence,understand consumer needs,provide satisfying services,and enhance trust,thereby transforming consumers into loyal group buying participants.This transformation not only brings stability to group buying activities but also reinforces the community influence of group leaders,thus fostering the growth of community group buying.展开更多
This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(...This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.展开更多
We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare th...We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare the relative importance of galaxy population demographic on evolution. Three different groups with differing galaxy content were tested: all spiral, a single elliptical and 50% elliptical. Tidal interaction strength and duration were recorded to assess the importance of an interaction. A group with an equal number of spiral and elliptical galaxies has some of the longest and strongest interactions with elliptical-elliptical interactions being most significant. These elliptical-elliptical interactions are not dominated by a single large event but consist of multiple interactions. Elliptical galaxies tidally interacting with spiral galaxies, have the next strongest interaction events. For the case when a group only has a single elliptical, the largest magnitude tidal interaction is an elliptical on a spiral. Spirals interact with each other through many small interactions. For a spiral only group, the interactions are the weakest compared to the other group types. These spiral interactions are not dominated by any singular event that might be expected to lead to a merger but are more of an ongoing harassment. These results suggest that within a compact group, early type galaxies will not form via merger out of an assemblage of spiral galaxies but rather that compact groups, in effect form around an early type galaxy.展开更多
Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent...Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent Lie group Gk, defined by the nilpotent Lie algebra g/ak, where g is the Lie algebra of G, and ak is an ideal of g. Then, J gives rise to an almost complex structure Jk on Gk. The main conclusion obtained is as follows: if the almost complex structure J of a nilpotent Lie group G is nilpotent, then J can give rise to a left-invariant integrable almost complex structure Jk on the nilpotent Lie group Gk, and Jk is also nilpotent.展开更多
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide and poses a severe threat to their health.Therefore,this study examined patients who underwent breast cancer surgery,analyzed hosp...BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide and poses a severe threat to their health.Therefore,this study examined patients who underwent breast cancer surgery,analyzed hospitalization costs and structure,and explored the impact of China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups(CHS-DRG)management on patient costs.It aimed to provide medical institutions with ways to reduce costs,optimize cost structures,reduce patient burden,and improve service efficiency.AIM To study the CHS-DRG payment system’s impact on breast cancer surgery costs.METHODS Using the CHS-DRG(version 1.1)grouping criteria,4073 patients,who underwent the radical resection of breast malignant tumors from January to December 2023,were included in the JA29 group;1028 patients were part of the CHS-DRG payment system,unlike the rest.Through an independent sample t-test,the length of hospital stay as well as total hospitalization,medicine and consumables,medical,nursing,medical technology,and management expenses were compared.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to test the cost correlation.RESULTS In terms of hospitalization expenses,patients in the CHS-DRG payment group had lower medical,nursing,and management expenses than those in the diagnosis-related group(DRG)non-payment group.For patients in the DRG payment group,the factors affecting the total hospitalization cost,in descending order of relevance,were medicine and consumable costs,consumable costs,medicine costs,medical costs,medical technology costs,management costs,nursing costs,and length of hospital stay.For patients in the DRG nonpayment group,the factors affecting the total hospitalization expenses in descending order of relevance were medicines and consumable expenses,consumable expenses,medical technology expenses,the cost of medicines,medical expenses,nursing expenses,length of hospital stay,and management expenses.CONCLUSION The CHS-DRG system can help control and reduce unnecessary medical expenses by controlling medicine costs,medical consumable costs,and the length of hospital stay while ensuring medical safety.展开更多
In Bahawalpur,a cross-sectional study assessed depression prevalence across age and gender groups,involving 442 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and settings.Utilizing the PHQ9 questionnaire,84%were...In Bahawalpur,a cross-sectional study assessed depression prevalence across age and gender groups,involving 442 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and settings.Utilizing the PHQ9 questionnaire,84%were found to meet depression levels.The findings revealed a higher incidence in females(88%)than males(79%),with the greatest disparity among young adults,particularly young women,due to factors like academic pressure and financial stress.School children had the lowest depression rates(68%),possibly due to better immunity.Elderly individuals exhibited more severe depression,likely related to aging and domestic challenges.The study’s findings highlight a significant variation in depression severity across different demographic groups,with an overall higher incidence in women.The research underscores the necessity for targeted mental health resources and interventions tailored to the specific needs of each demographic group.It also points to the importance of addressing academic and socioeconomic stressors to mitigate depression,particularly among young women.While the study provides valuable insights,it relies on self-reported data,which may introduce bias.Therefore,future research should include clinical assessments to validate these findings and ensure a more accurate representation of depression within the community.展开更多
The rapid growth of the education industry and private education groups has brought the high-quality development of listed private education companies into focus for both the educational sector and the capital market....The rapid growth of the education industry and private education groups has brought the high-quality development of listed private education companies into focus for both the educational sector and the capital market.This study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to explore pathways to high-quality development for these companies.Necessity analysis confirms that no single factor guarantees a company’s success,highlighting the importance of multi-factor interactions.Three main paths to high-quality development are identified:human resource optimization,precise market positioning,and comprehensive advantage.Conversely,four development paths for non-high-level companies are identified:dual insufficiency in resources and market,high turnover and over-investment,scale expansion with resource mismatch,and inadequate human resource development.The findings indicate that optimal allocation of educational resources,precise market positioning,rational resource allocation,and staff training are crucial for achieving high-quality development.Robustness tests,which raise the consistency threshold,verify the reliability and stability of the results.These findings provide a reference for policymakers,investors,and managers in the education industry.展开更多
BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the s...BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the system requires that more than 300 disease types pay through the DRGs-PPS for medical insurance.Colorectal cancer(CRC),as a common malignant tumor with high prevalence in recent years,was among the 300 disease types.AIM To investigate the composition and factors related to inpatient medical expenditure in CRC patients based on disease DRGs,and to provide a basis for the rational economic control of hospitalization expenses for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.METHODS The basic material and cost data for 1026 CRC inpatients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Beijing during 2014-2018 were collected using the medical record system.A variance analysis of the composition of medical expenditure was carried out,and a multivariate linear regression model was used to select influencing factors with the greatest statistical significance.A decision tree model based on the exhaustiveχ^2 automatic interaction detector(E-CHAID)algorithm for DRG grouping was built by setting chosen factors as separation nodes,and the payment standard of each diagnostic group and upper limit cost were calculated.The correctness and rationality of the data were re-evaluated and verified by clinical practice.RESULTS The average hospital stay of the 1026 CRC patients investigated was 18.5 d,and the average hospitalization cost was 57872.4 RMB yuan.Factors including age,gender,length of hospital stay,diagnosis and treatment,as well as clinical operations had significant influence on inpatient expenditure(P<0.05).By adopting age,diagnosis,treatment,and surgery as the grouping nodes,a decision tree model based on the E-CHAID algorithm was established,and the CRC patients were divided into 12 DRG cost groups.Among these 12 groups,the number of patients aged≤67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy was largest;while patients aged>67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy had the highest medical cost.In addition,the standard cost and upper limit cost in the 12 groups were calculated and re-evaluated.CONCLUSION It is important to strengthen the control over the use of drugs and management of the hospitalization process,surgery,diagnosis and treatment to reduce the economic burden on patients.Tailored adjustments to medical payment standards should be made according to the characteristics and treatment of disease types to improve the comprehensiveness and practicability of the DRGs-PPS.展开更多
MXenes are a novel family of two-dimensional(2D)materials that are fast gaining popularity due to their versatile characteristics.The surfaces of these materials are often functionalized by negatively charged terminal...MXenes are a novel family of two-dimensional(2D)materials that are fast gaining popularity due to their versatile characteristics.The surfaces of these materials are often functionalized by negatively charged terminal groups,such as=O,OH,and F during their synthesis,and it has been hypothesized that regulating the surface terminators enables to control the material characteristics.However,there is still a large gap between computational and experimental investigations regarding comprehending the surface functional groups.Surfaces with mixed terminations are consistently synthesized in experiments,although pure terminated surfaces are predicted by computational research.Here we summarized the nature of chemical bonding in transition metal carbide materials(MXenes)by1H and19F nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),Raman,X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES),extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS),ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)/scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),and thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry(TGA-MS)characterizations.Previous literature reveals that=O,–OH,–F,and–Cl are typical MXene surface terminators.However,recent comparative investigations on the valence band intensity distribution in MXenes reveal that the–OH cannot be considered an intrinsic termination species in MXenes.The surface terminals(=O,–OH,–F,and–Cl)of several MXenes,particularly V2CTxand Ti3C2Tx,will be identified and quantified here.We have also discussed different etching approaches for the synthesis of MXene,the dependence of MXene conductivity on MXene terminating groups,and the emission of various gaseous products that evolved during its chemical transformations.This paper provides significance,especially in the field of energy conversion and storage materials,where the intercalation process is crucial.展开更多
MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,includi...MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).展开更多
The interfacial defects and energy barrier are main reasons for interfacial nonradiative recombination.In addition,poor perovskite crystallization and incomplete conversion of PbI_(2) to perovskite restrict further en...The interfacial defects and energy barrier are main reasons for interfacial nonradiative recombination.In addition,poor perovskite crystallization and incomplete conversion of PbI_(2) to perovskite restrict further enhancement of the photovoltaic performance of the devices using sequential deposition.Herein,a buried interface stabilization strategy that relies on the synergy of fluorine(F)and sulfonyl(S=O)functional groups is proposed.A series of potassium salts containing halide and non-halogen anions are employed to modify SnO_(2)/perovskite buried interface.Multiple chemical bonds including hydrogen bond,coordination bond and ionic bond are realized,which strengthens interfacial contact and defect passivation effect.The chemical interaction between modification molecules and perovskite along with SnO_(2) heightens incessantly as the number of S=O and F augments.The chemical interaction strength between modifiers and perovskite as well as SnO_(2) gradually increases with the increase in the number of S=O and F.The defect passivation effect is positively correlated with the chemical interaction strength.The crystallization kinetics is regulated through the compromise between chemical interaction strength and wettability of substrates.Compared with Cl−,all non-halogen anions perform better in crystallization optimization,energy band regulation and defect passivation.The device with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide achieves a tempting efficiency of 24.17%.展开更多
Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-bas...Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.展开更多
In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achiev...In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achieve chemoselective synthetic goals. The development of many useful protective groups has been reported based on the functionality of the anilino group. Herein, we discuss our study of various protective groups and the processes we used to establish compatibility with anilino functionality via the implementation of Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification in methanol. The results and the details of our experiments are reported herein.展开更多
基金Research Center for Capital Health Management and Policy,No.2024JD09.
文摘BACKGROUND Data from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that China had the highest prevalence of cancer and cancer deaths in 2022.Liver and pancreatic cancers accounted for the highest number of new cases.Real-world data(RWD)is now widely preferred to traditional clinical trials in various fields of medicine and healthcare,as the traditional research approach often involves highly selected populations and interventions and controls that are strictly regulated.Additionally,research results from the RWD match global reality better than those from traditional clinical trials.AIM To analyze the cost disparity between surgical treatments for liver and pancreatic cancer under various factors.METHODS This study analyzed RWD 1137 cases within the HB1 group(patients who underwent pancreatectomy,hepatectomy,and/or shunt surgery)in 2023.It distinguished different expenditure categories,including medical,nursing,technical,management,drug,and consumable costs.Additionally,it assessed the contribution of each expenditure category to total hospital costs and performed cross-group comparisons using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.This study used the Steel–Dwass test for post-hoc multiple comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between variables.RESULTS The study found that in HB11 and HB13,the total hospitalization costs were significantly higher for pancreaticoduodenectomy than for pancreatectomy and hepatectomy.Although no significant difference was observed in the length of hospital stay between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy,both were significantly longer than those who underwent liver resection.In HB15,no significant difference was observed in the total cost of hospitalization between pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreatectomy;however,both were significantly higher than those in hepatectomy.Additionally,the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy than for those who underwent pancreatectomy or liver resection.CONCLUSION China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups payment system positively impacts liver and pancreatic cancer surgeries by improving medical quality and controlling costs.Further research could refine this grouping system and ensure continuous effectiveness and sustainability.
基金supported in part by the Program of Improving Health Services in China’s Rural Areas supported by the World Bank Loans(Qinghai Province,QHWST-2009KT01).
文摘China has been undertaking a profound reform on health care.Although more than 1.16 billion people have been covered by rural and urban medical insurance to date,the level of reimbursement from insurance is very limited,especially for critical diseases such as leukemia.This places heavy economic burdens on patients.Under these circumstances,systems innovation is imperative for the efficient utilization of limited funding.In this respect,certain valuable experience from other countries may prove helpful.The prospective payment system of Diagnosis-related Groups(DRGs),Clinical Paths,and the Comparative Effectiveness Analysis adopted by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE,UK),can befine tools to reduce medical costs and improve quality of services.Treatments of acute promyelocytic leukemia at Rui-Jin Hospital,and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center,can be taken as suitable models to illustrate the crucial role of Clinical Paths in guaranteeing clinical and cost effectiveness of medical services for critical diseases,and to satisfactorily justify the feasibility of DRGs in China.
基金funding of the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant 2017YFB0306600)the Project of SINOPEC(NO.117006).
文摘To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation between the surface characteristics of four different alumina and the existing Mo species states was established.It was found that the Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity can be used as a specific descriptor to quantitatively evaluate the changes in surface characteristics of different alumina.A lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity for alumina means weaker metal-support interaction and the loaded Mo species are easier to transform into MoS2.However,the Mo-O-Al bonds still exist at the metal-support interface.The introduction of cationic surfactant hecadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)can further improve Mo species dispersion through electrostatic attraction with Mo anions and interaction of its alkyl chain with the alumina surface;meanwhile,the introduction of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)can complex with Ni ions to enhance the Ni-promoting effect on Mo.Therefore,the NiMo catalyst designed using alumina with lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity and the simultaneous addition of EDTA and CTAB exhibits the highest hydrodesulfurization activity for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene because of its proper metal-support interaction and more well-dispersed Ni-Mo-S active phases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172090,21790051)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022YFA1204500,2022YFA1204501)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shan-dong Province(ZR2021MB015)the Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry(SKLEAC202202)the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University。
文摘Tuning the coordination atoms of central metal is an effective means to improve the electrocatalytic activity of atomic catalysts.Herein,iridium(Ir) is proposed to be asymmetrically anchored by sp-N and pyridinic N of hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne(HsGDY),and coordinated with OH as an Ir atomic catalyst(Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY).The electron structures,especially the d-band center of Ir atom,are optimized by these specific coordination atoms.Thus,the as-synthesized Ir_(1)-N-HsGDY exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions in both acidic and alkaline media.Benefiting from the unique structure of HsGDY,IrN_(2)(OH)_(3) has been developed and demonstrated to act as the active site in these electrochemical reactions.All those indicate the fresh role of the sp-N in graphdiyne in producing a new anchor way and contributing to promote the electrocatalytic activity,showing a new strategy to design novel electrochemical catalysts.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No:202301AT070356)the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32061123003)+1 种基金the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Province(Grant No.U1902203)the Field Station Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Anthropogenic disturbances are widespread in tropical forests and influence the species composition in the overstory.However,the impacts of historical disturbance on tropical forest overstory recovery are unclear due to a lack of disturbance data,and previous studies have focused on understory species.In this study,the purpose was to deter-mine the influence of historical disturbance on the diver-sity,composition and regeneration of overstory species in present forests.In the 20-ha Xishuangbanna tropical sea-sonal rainforest dynamics plot in southwestern China,the historical disturbance boundaries were delineated based on panchromatic photographs from 1965.Factors that drove species clustering in the overstory layer(DBH≥40 cm)were analyzed and the abundance,richness and composition of these species were compared among different tree groups based on multiple regression tree analysis.The coefficient of variation of the brightness value in historical panchro-matic photographs from 1965 was the primary driver of spe-cies clustering in the overstory layer.The abundance and richness of overstory species throughout the regeneration process were similar,but species composition was always different.Although the proportion of large-seeded and vigorous-sprouting species showed no significant differ-ence between disturbed and undisturbed forests in the tree-let layer(DBH<20 cm),the difference became significant when DBH increased.The findings highlight that historical disturbances have strong legacy effects on functional group composition in the overstory and the recovery of overstory species was multidimensional.Functional group composi-tion can better indicate the dynamics of overstory species replacement during secondary succession.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51805141)Funds for Creative Research Groups of Hebei Province of China(Grant No.E2020202142)+2 种基金Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project of China(Grant No.19ZXZNGX00100)Key R&D Program of Hebei Province of China(Grant No.19227208D)National Key Research and development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB2009400).
文摘On-site and real-time non-destructive measurement of elastic constants for materials of a component in a in-service structure is a challenge due to structural complexities,such as ambiguous boundary,variable thickness,nonuniform material properties.This work develops for the first time a method that uses ultrasound echo groups and artificial neural network(ANN)for reliable on-site real-time identification of material parameters.The use of echo groups allows the use of lower frequencies,and hence more accommodative to structural complexity.To train the ANNs,a numerical model is established that is capable of computing the waveform of ultrasonic echo groups for any given set of material properties of a given structure.The waveform of an ultrasonic echo groups at an interest location on the surface the structure with material parameters varying in a predefined range are then computed using the numerical model.This results in a set of dataset for training the ANN model.Once the ANN is trained,the material parameters can be identified simultaneously using the actual measured echo waveform as input to the ANN.Intensive tests have been conducted both numerically and experimentally to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the currently proposed method.The results show that the maximum identification error of numerical example is less than 2%,and the maximum identification error of experimental test is less than 7%.Compared with currently prevailing methods and equipment,the proposefy the density and thickness,in addition to the elastic constants.Moreover,the reliability and accuracy of inverse prediction is significantly improved.Thus,it has broad applications and enables real-time field measurements,which has not been fulfilled by any other available methods or equipment.
文摘Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its effectiveness in meeting daily needs while minimizing human-to-human contact.A key component of this business model is the“group leaders”-influential individuals within a community responsible for managing group buying activities,which include order collection,supplier liaison,and goods distribution.Their primary task is to form and sustain a reliable community group buying consortium,a task that demands excellent organizational and interpersonal skills.This paper examines this phenomenon using the lens of the differential mode of association,a theoretical model explaining interpersonal relationships in traditional Chinese society.The research indicates that group leaders,through regular interaction with consumers,are able to alter their social network position,increase their influence,understand consumer needs,provide satisfying services,and enhance trust,thereby transforming consumers into loyal group buying participants.This transformation not only brings stability to group buying activities but also reinforces the community influence of group leaders,thus fostering the growth of community group buying.
文摘This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.
文摘We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare the relative importance of galaxy population demographic on evolution. Three different groups with differing galaxy content were tested: all spiral, a single elliptical and 50% elliptical. Tidal interaction strength and duration were recorded to assess the importance of an interaction. A group with an equal number of spiral and elliptical galaxies has some of the longest and strongest interactions with elliptical-elliptical interactions being most significant. These elliptical-elliptical interactions are not dominated by a single large event but consist of multiple interactions. Elliptical galaxies tidally interacting with spiral galaxies, have the next strongest interaction events. For the case when a group only has a single elliptical, the largest magnitude tidal interaction is an elliptical on a spiral. Spirals interact with each other through many small interactions. For a spiral only group, the interactions are the weakest compared to the other group types. These spiral interactions are not dominated by any singular event that might be expected to lead to a merger but are more of an ongoing harassment. These results suggest that within a compact group, early type galaxies will not form via merger out of an assemblage of spiral galaxies but rather that compact groups, in effect form around an early type galaxy.
文摘Consider the real, simply-connected, connected, s-step nilpotent Lie group G endowed with a left-invariant, integrable almost complex structure J, which is nilpotent. Consider the simply-connected, connected nilpotent Lie group Gk, defined by the nilpotent Lie algebra g/ak, where g is the Lie algebra of G, and ak is an ideal of g. Then, J gives rise to an almost complex structure Jk on Gk. The main conclusion obtained is as follows: if the almost complex structure J of a nilpotent Lie group G is nilpotent, then J can give rise to a left-invariant integrable almost complex structure Jk on the nilpotent Lie group Gk, and Jk is also nilpotent.
基金Research Center for Capital Health Management and Policy,No.2024JD09.
文摘BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide and poses a severe threat to their health.Therefore,this study examined patients who underwent breast cancer surgery,analyzed hospitalization costs and structure,and explored the impact of China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups(CHS-DRG)management on patient costs.It aimed to provide medical institutions with ways to reduce costs,optimize cost structures,reduce patient burden,and improve service efficiency.AIM To study the CHS-DRG payment system’s impact on breast cancer surgery costs.METHODS Using the CHS-DRG(version 1.1)grouping criteria,4073 patients,who underwent the radical resection of breast malignant tumors from January to December 2023,were included in the JA29 group;1028 patients were part of the CHS-DRG payment system,unlike the rest.Through an independent sample t-test,the length of hospital stay as well as total hospitalization,medicine and consumables,medical,nursing,medical technology,and management expenses were compared.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to test the cost correlation.RESULTS In terms of hospitalization expenses,patients in the CHS-DRG payment group had lower medical,nursing,and management expenses than those in the diagnosis-related group(DRG)non-payment group.For patients in the DRG payment group,the factors affecting the total hospitalization cost,in descending order of relevance,were medicine and consumable costs,consumable costs,medicine costs,medical costs,medical technology costs,management costs,nursing costs,and length of hospital stay.For patients in the DRG nonpayment group,the factors affecting the total hospitalization expenses in descending order of relevance were medicines and consumable expenses,consumable expenses,medical technology expenses,the cost of medicines,medical expenses,nursing expenses,length of hospital stay,and management expenses.CONCLUSION The CHS-DRG system can help control and reduce unnecessary medical expenses by controlling medicine costs,medical consumable costs,and the length of hospital stay while ensuring medical safety.
文摘In Bahawalpur,a cross-sectional study assessed depression prevalence across age and gender groups,involving 442 participants from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and settings.Utilizing the PHQ9 questionnaire,84%were found to meet depression levels.The findings revealed a higher incidence in females(88%)than males(79%),with the greatest disparity among young adults,particularly young women,due to factors like academic pressure and financial stress.School children had the lowest depression rates(68%),possibly due to better immunity.Elderly individuals exhibited more severe depression,likely related to aging and domestic challenges.The study’s findings highlight a significant variation in depression severity across different demographic groups,with an overall higher incidence in women.The research underscores the necessity for targeted mental health resources and interventions tailored to the specific needs of each demographic group.It also points to the importance of addressing academic and socioeconomic stressors to mitigate depression,particularly among young women.While the study provides valuable insights,it relies on self-reported data,which may introduce bias.Therefore,future research should include clinical assessments to validate these findings and ensure a more accurate representation of depression within the community.
基金2024 Guangdong Provincial Private Colleges and Universities Research Project“Research on the Path of High-Quality Development of Listed Companies in Private Education Groups:An Analysis of Complex Factor Groups”(GMG2024023)。
文摘The rapid growth of the education industry and private education groups has brought the high-quality development of listed private education companies into focus for both the educational sector and the capital market.This study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to explore pathways to high-quality development for these companies.Necessity analysis confirms that no single factor guarantees a company’s success,highlighting the importance of multi-factor interactions.Three main paths to high-quality development are identified:human resource optimization,precise market positioning,and comprehensive advantage.Conversely,four development paths for non-high-level companies are identified:dual insufficiency in resources and market,high turnover and over-investment,scale expansion with resource mismatch,and inadequate human resource development.The findings indicate that optimal allocation of educational resources,precise market positioning,rational resource allocation,and staff training are crucial for achieving high-quality development.Robustness tests,which raise the consistency threshold,verify the reliability and stability of the results.These findings provide a reference for policymakers,investors,and managers in the education industry.
文摘BACKGROUND In 2018,the diagnosis-related groups prospective payment system(DRGs-PPS)was introduced in a trial operation in Beijing according to the requirements of medical and health reform.The implementation of the system requires that more than 300 disease types pay through the DRGs-PPS for medical insurance.Colorectal cancer(CRC),as a common malignant tumor with high prevalence in recent years,was among the 300 disease types.AIM To investigate the composition and factors related to inpatient medical expenditure in CRC patients based on disease DRGs,and to provide a basis for the rational economic control of hospitalization expenses for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.METHODS The basic material and cost data for 1026 CRC inpatients in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Beijing during 2014-2018 were collected using the medical record system.A variance analysis of the composition of medical expenditure was carried out,and a multivariate linear regression model was used to select influencing factors with the greatest statistical significance.A decision tree model based on the exhaustiveχ^2 automatic interaction detector(E-CHAID)algorithm for DRG grouping was built by setting chosen factors as separation nodes,and the payment standard of each diagnostic group and upper limit cost were calculated.The correctness and rationality of the data were re-evaluated and verified by clinical practice.RESULTS The average hospital stay of the 1026 CRC patients investigated was 18.5 d,and the average hospitalization cost was 57872.4 RMB yuan.Factors including age,gender,length of hospital stay,diagnosis and treatment,as well as clinical operations had significant influence on inpatient expenditure(P<0.05).By adopting age,diagnosis,treatment,and surgery as the grouping nodes,a decision tree model based on the E-CHAID algorithm was established,and the CRC patients were divided into 12 DRG cost groups.Among these 12 groups,the number of patients aged≤67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy was largest;while patients aged>67 years,and underwent surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy had the highest medical cost.In addition,the standard cost and upper limit cost in the 12 groups were calculated and re-evaluated.CONCLUSION It is important to strengthen the control over the use of drugs and management of the hospitalization process,surgery,diagnosis and treatment to reduce the economic burden on patients.Tailored adjustments to medical payment standards should be made according to the characteristics and treatment of disease types to improve the comprehensiveness and practicability of the DRGs-PPS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21703147 and U1401248)the support of China Scholarship Council(2018SLJ022487)。
文摘MXenes are a novel family of two-dimensional(2D)materials that are fast gaining popularity due to their versatile characteristics.The surfaces of these materials are often functionalized by negatively charged terminal groups,such as=O,OH,and F during their synthesis,and it has been hypothesized that regulating the surface terminators enables to control the material characteristics.However,there is still a large gap between computational and experimental investigations regarding comprehending the surface functional groups.Surfaces with mixed terminations are consistently synthesized in experiments,although pure terminated surfaces are predicted by computational research.Here we summarized the nature of chemical bonding in transition metal carbide materials(MXenes)by1H and19F nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),Raman,X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES),extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS),ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)/scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),and thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry(TGA-MS)characterizations.Previous literature reveals that=O,–OH,–F,and–Cl are typical MXene surface terminators.However,recent comparative investigations on the valence band intensity distribution in MXenes reveal that the–OH cannot be considered an intrinsic termination species in MXenes.The surface terminals(=O,–OH,–F,and–Cl)of several MXenes,particularly V2CTxand Ti3C2Tx,will be identified and quantified here.We have also discussed different etching approaches for the synthesis of MXene,the dependence of MXene conductivity on MXene terminating groups,and the emission of various gaseous products that evolved during its chemical transformations.This paper provides significance,especially in the field of energy conversion and storage materials,where the intercalation process is crucial.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872115,52101256,and 51932003)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project(2020 M680043)+1 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of the Department of Education of Jilin Province(JJKH20211083KJ)2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20200801001GH).
文摘MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).
基金supported by the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2017110C0654)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11974063,61904023,62274018)+1 种基金Chongqing Special Postdoctoral Science Foundation(cstc2019jcyj-bsh0026)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021CDJQY-022).
文摘The interfacial defects and energy barrier are main reasons for interfacial nonradiative recombination.In addition,poor perovskite crystallization and incomplete conversion of PbI_(2) to perovskite restrict further enhancement of the photovoltaic performance of the devices using sequential deposition.Herein,a buried interface stabilization strategy that relies on the synergy of fluorine(F)and sulfonyl(S=O)functional groups is proposed.A series of potassium salts containing halide and non-halogen anions are employed to modify SnO_(2)/perovskite buried interface.Multiple chemical bonds including hydrogen bond,coordination bond and ionic bond are realized,which strengthens interfacial contact and defect passivation effect.The chemical interaction between modification molecules and perovskite along with SnO_(2) heightens incessantly as the number of S=O and F augments.The chemical interaction strength between modifiers and perovskite as well as SnO_(2) gradually increases with the increase in the number of S=O and F.The defect passivation effect is positively correlated with the chemical interaction strength.The crystallization kinetics is regulated through the compromise between chemical interaction strength and wettability of substrates.Compared with Cl−,all non-halogen anions perform better in crystallization optimization,energy band regulation and defect passivation.The device with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide achieves a tempting efficiency of 24.17%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.3217159931870465).
文摘Fine roots play key roles in belowground C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.Based on their distinct functions,fi ne roots are either absorptive fi ne roots(AFRs)or transport fi ne roots(TFRs).However,the function-based fi ne root dynamics of trees and their responses to forest stand properties remain unclear.Here,we studied the dynamics of AFRs and TFRs and their responses to stand conditions and root density in a subtropical montane mixed forest based on a 2-a root window experiment.Mean(±SE)annual production,mortality,and turnover rate of AFRs were 7.87±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),8.13±0.20 m m^(−2)a^(−1)and 2.96±0.24 a^(−1),respectively,compared with 7.09±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),4.59±0.17 m m^(−2)a^(−1),and 2.01±0.22 a^(−1),respectively,for TFRs.The production and mortality of fi ne roots were signifi cantly higher in high root-density sites than in low-root density sites,whereas the turnover of fi ne roots was faster in the low root-density sites.Furthermore,root density had a larger positive eff ect than other environmental factors on TFR production but had no obvious impact on AFR production.Tree species diversity had an apparent positive eff ect on AFR production and was the crucial driver of AFR production,probably due to a complementary eff ect,but had no evident impact on TFR.Both tree density and tree species diversity were positively correlated with the mortality of AFRs and negatively related to the turnover of TFRs,suggesting that higher root density caused stronger competition for rooting space and that plants tend to reduce maintenance costs by decreasing TFR turnover.These fi ndings illustrated the importance of root functional groups in understanding root dynamics and their responses to changes in environmental conditions.
文摘In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achieve chemoselective synthetic goals. The development of many useful protective groups has been reported based on the functionality of the anilino group. Herein, we discuss our study of various protective groups and the processes we used to establish compatibility with anilino functionality via the implementation of Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification in methanol. The results and the details of our experiments are reported herein.
