Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the an...Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.展开更多
In ancient China,Ganoderma lucidum was believed to be a medical fungus that could increase lifespan.Recently,pharmacologic studies have found that polysaccharide peptides and triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma luc...In ancient China,Ganoderma lucidum was believed to be a medical fungus that could increase lifespan.Recently,pharmacologic studies have found that polysaccharide peptides and triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have various physiological effects as active compounds.However,the effects of spore oil isolated from Ganoderma lucidum remains unknown.In this study,the biological effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)were evaluated using a Drosophila melanogaster model.Compared with untreated groups,groups treated with GLSO had significantly longer average and maximum lifespan in both normal conditions and under oxidative stress.The activities of various antioxidant enzymes were measured to determine the antioxidant effect of GLSO.GLSO treatment markedly enhanced total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde(MDA).Further,we found dose-dependent increases in the mRNA expression of Cu,Zn-SOD,Mn-SOD,and CAT in GLSO-treated groups.These results suggest that GLSO may effectively eliminate free radicals and extend lifespan in Drosophila.Future work should investigate the value of GLSO as a functional food for the prevention of aging in larger animal models.展开更多
Symptoms of Parkinson Disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, emerge due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, a genome wide study revealed a role for a foxo transcription factor i...Symptoms of Parkinson Disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, emerge due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, a genome wide study revealed a role for a foxo transcription factor in PD. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, we have attempted 1) to inhibit the sole Drosophila homologue of foxo through the directed expression of a stable inducible RNAi transgene and 2) to indirectly increase foxo transcription activity through the inhibition of the kinase minibrain (mnb), a foxo transcriptional inhibitor. To evaluate the lifetime consequences upon the flies, longevity assays and locomotion over time assays were conducted. The inhibition of foxo by foxo-RNAi decreases life span significantly when expressed under the control of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Gal4 (TH-Gal4). The targeted expression of mnb-RNAi, in the dopaminergic neurons, with an expected loss of suppression of foxo transcriptional activity, results in a significant loss of climbing ability. Thus alteration of foxo activity, both by RNA-inhibition and by down-regulation of an inhibitor of foxo, minibrain, produces novel Drosophila models of Parkinson Disease.展开更多
The widely use of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals.Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of A...The widely use of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals.Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity are still limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity of AgNPs exposure using Drosophila melanogaster.We show here that AgNPs significantly decreased Drosophila fecundity, the third-instar larvae weight and rates of pupation and eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs reduced fat body cell viability in MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assays. AgNPs caused DNA damage in hemocytes and S2 cells. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of the entire metallothionein gene family were increased under AgNPs exposure as determined by RNA-seq analysis and validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that Drosophila responded to the metal toxicity of AgNPs by producing metallothioneins for detoxification. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity and may provide clues to effect on other organisms, including humans.展开更多
The present study aimed to establish a pharmacodynamic method using the py Solo software to explore the influence of freeze-dried powders of Shuangxia Decoction(SXD) on the sleep of normal Drosophila melanogaster and ...The present study aimed to establish a pharmacodynamic method using the py Solo software to explore the influence of freeze-dried powders of Shuangxia Decoction(SXD) on the sleep of normal Drosophila melanogaster and the Drosophila melanogaster whose sleep was divested by light. The dose-effect and the time-effect relationships of SXD on sleep were examined. The effect-onset concentration of SXD was 0.25%, the plateau appeared at the concentration of 2.5% and the total sleep time showed a downtrend when the concentration was greater than 2.5%. The sleep time was the longest on the fourth day after SXD was given. The fruit fly sleep deprivation model was repeated by light stimulation at night. The middle dosage group(2.5%) had the best insomnia-curing effect. In conclusion, using the py Solo software, an approach for the pharmacodynamics study was established with Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to determine the insomnia-curing effects of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Our results demonstrated the reliability of this method. The freeze-dried powders of SXD could effectively improve the sleep quality of Drosophila melanogaster.展开更多
The most common phenotype induced by the endosymbiont Wolbachia in in-sects is cytoplasmic incompatibility,where none or fewer progenies can be produced when Wolbachia-infected males mate with uninfected females.This ...The most common phenotype induced by the endosymbiont Wolbachia in in-sects is cytoplasmic incompatibility,where none or fewer progenies can be produced when Wolbachia-infected males mate with uninfected females.This suggests that some modi-fications are induced in host sperms during spermatogenesis by Wolbachia.To identify the proteins whose phosphorylation states play essential roles in male reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster,we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)-based proteomic strategy combined with titanium dioxide(TiO2)enrichment to compare the phosphoproteome of Wolbachia-infected with that of uninfected male re-productive systems in D.melanogaster.We identified 182 phosphopeptides,defining 140 phosphoproteins,that have at least a 1.2 fold change in abundance with a P-value of<0.05.Most of the differentially abundant phosphoproteins(DAPPs)were associated with micro-tubule cytoskeleton organization and spermatid differentiation.The DAPPs included pro-teins already known to be associated with spermatogenesis,as well as many not previously studied during this process.Six genes coding for DAPPs were knocked down,respectively,in Wolbachia-free fly testes.Among them,Slmap knockdown caused the most severe dam-age in spermatogenesis,with no mature sperm observed in seminal vesicles.Immunoflu-orescence staining showed that the formation of individualization complex composed of actin cones was completely disrupted.These results suggest that Wolbachia may induce wide changes in the abundance of phosphorylated proteins which are closely related to male reproduction.By identifying phospho-modulated proteins we also provide a signifi-cant candidate set for future studies on their roles in spermatogenesis.展开更多
Wolbachia are Gram-negative endosymbionts that are known to cause embry-onic lethality when infected male insects mate with uninfected females or with females carrying a different strain of Wolbachia,a situation chara...Wolbachia are Gram-negative endosymbionts that are known to cause embry-onic lethality when infected male insects mate with uninfected females or with females carrying a different strain of Wolbachia,a situation characterized as cytoplasmice incom-patibility(CD).However,the mechanism of CI is not yet fully understood,although re-cent studies on Drosophila melanogaster have achieved great progress.Here,we found that Wolbachia infection caused changes in the expressions of several immunity-related genes,including significant upregulation of kenny(key),in the testes of D.melanogaster.Overexpression of key in fly testes led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates when these fies mate with wild-type females.Wolbachia-infected females could rescue this embryonic lethality.Furthermore,in key overexpressing testes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling signal was significantly stronger than in the control testes,and the level of reactive oxygen species was significantly increased.Overexpression of key also resulted in alterations of some other immunity-related gene expressions,including the downregulation of Zn72D.Knockdown of Zn72D in fly testes also led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates.These results suggest that Wolbachia might induce the defect in male host fertility by immunity-related pathways and thus cause an oxidative damage and cell death in male testes.展开更多
Capsaicin(trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the main component in hot peppers, including red chili peppers, alapenos, and habanero, belonging to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin is a potent antioxidant that inte...Capsaicin(trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the main component in hot peppers, including red chili peppers, alapenos, and habanero, belonging to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin is a potent antioxidant that interferes with free radical activities. In the present study, the possible protective effect of capsaicin was studied against methyl methanesulphonate(MMS) induced toxicity in third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster(hsp70-lacZ)Bg^9. The third instar was allowed to feed on the diet having different doses of capsaicin and MMS separately and in combination. The results suggested that the exposure of third instar larvae to the diet having MMS alone showed significant hsp70 expression as well as tissue DNA and oxidative damage, whereas the larvae feed on the diet having MMS and capsaicin showed a decrease in the toxic effects for 48-h of exposure. In conclusion, capsaicin showed a dose-dependent decrease in the toxic effects induced by MMS in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster.展开更多
In Drosophila melanogaster,the male ejaculatory bulb is the site of synthesis of a male-specific pheromone,cis-vaccenyl acetate,which functions as both an attractant and an anti-aphrodisiac.This long monounsaturated a...In Drosophila melanogaster,the male ejaculatory bulb is the site of synthesis of a male-specific pheromone,cis-vaccenyl acetate,which functions as both an attractant and an anti-aphrodisiac.This long monounsaturated acetate is structurally similar to a number of shorter gland-synthesized moth pheromones.The cell monolayer that forms the Drosophila male ejaculatory bulb wall is responsible for the production and secretion of cis-vaccenyl acetate into the seminal fluid.When dissected bulbs were incubated with sodium[14-C]-acetate(or deuterated acetate),a labeled acetate ester was synthesized.The labeled acetate ester co-migrated with cis-vaccenyl acetate in thin layer chromatography.Incubation of the abdomens of males from which the ejaculatory bulbs had been removed,or the abdomens of females,with radiolabeled acetate did not yield any acetate ester,but did yield other lipid products,including hydrocarbons.When the isolated labeled acetate ester was hydrolyzed,no radioactive vaccenol was formed.This strongly suggests that the acetyl group is incorporated via a transacetylation reaction,but that the vaccenyl moiety is not synthetized in the blub.The transacetylation enzyme activity was localized in the microsomal subfraction of the bulb homogenate,and its affinity for vaccenol was not very different from that reported for monounsaturated alcohol substrates in moths.展开更多
Copper is an important ingredient in fungicides,which are used for many economic plants.However,there is concern about the side-effects of copper-based fungicides due to their potential to affect beneficial mites.The ...Copper is an important ingredient in fungicides,which are used for many economic plants.However,there is concern about the side-effects of copper-based fungicides due to their potential to affect beneficial mites.The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the effects of copper on the development of the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster.It was found that higher doses of copper significantly prolonged the developmental time of the fruit flies,especially during the larval stages.When 320 mg L-1 copper-contaminated food was used,most of the larvae died when they were small and before the pupal stage.The protein contents and esterase isozymes extracted from the larvae changed according to the doses of copper.The small-molecular-weight protein bands gradually became weaker or were lost as the copper levels increased.However,low doses of copper stimulated a stronger expression of a few proteins.These results indicate that low doses of copper generally have no lethal effects on D.melanogaster because a specific group of genes,which encode specific proteins,are probably activated in order to withstand the onslaught of stressful conditions.At high doses of copper in food(e.g.320 mg L-1),fly development and viability are significantly affected.展开更多
The chemical communication system in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen,1830 plays a major role in courtship and consists of the male-specific cis-Vaccenyl acetate and sex-specific contact pheromones,cuticular hydrocarbon...The chemical communication system in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen,1830 plays a major role in courtship and consists of the male-specific cis-Vaccenyl acetate and sex-specific contact pheromones,cuticular hydrocarbons(CHC),which build up during ontogeny(first 4 days).They replace longer CHCs,common to both sexes and present only after the imaginal eclosion.A detailed quantitative description of the evolution of cuticular unsaturated hydrocarbons with age is presented here for males and females of different D.melanogaster strains,which have been bred in well controlled environments.Monoenes appear in both sexes at around 12 h,before female dienes.The present paper argues that this is likely linked to the switching on of a new set of genes.Ecdysone,which is more abundant in females than in males during this critical period,might control this switch.Parallel behavioral studies show that whereas female of all ages trigger early mature male courtship steps like wing vibration,only females older than 1 day trigger late courtship steps like attempted copulation.This supports the hypothesis that late male courtship steps might be triggered by the CHCs,which build up after this age,especially female-specific(Z,Z)-7,11-and(Z,Z)-5,9-dienes.展开更多
Extracellular aggregation of amyloid-beta(Aβ)and intracellular tau tangles are two major pathogenic hallmarks and critical factors of Alzheimer’s disease.A linear interaction between Aβand tau protein has been char...Extracellular aggregation of amyloid-beta(Aβ)and intracellular tau tangles are two major pathogenic hallmarks and critical factors of Alzheimer’s disease.A linear interaction between Aβand tau protein has been characterized in several models.Aβinduces tau hyperphosphorylation through a complex mechanism;however,the master regulators involved in this linear process are still unclear.In our study with Drosophila melanogaster,we found that Aβregulated tau hyperphosphorylation and toxicity by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase.Importantly,Aβtoxicity was dependent on tau hyperphosphorylation,and flies with hypophosphorylated tau were insulated against Aβ-induced toxicity.Strikingly,tau accumulation reciprocally interfered with Aβdegradation and correlated with the reduction in mRNA expression of genes encoding Aβ-degrading enzymes,including dNep1,dNep3,dMmp2,dNep4,and dIDE.Our results indicate that Aβand tau protein work synergistically to further accelerate Alzheimer’s disease progression and may be considered as a combined target for future development of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics.展开更多
Oxidative stress has been strongly related with Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. We determined the effects of watermelon powder (WMP) and Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis (LAL) supplementation on the generated Aβ42-ind...Oxidative stress has been strongly related with Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. We determined the effects of watermelon powder (WMP) and Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis (LAL) supplementation on the generated Aβ42-induced phenotypes in a Drosophila melanogaster model of AD. Enhanced Aβ42 expression in D. melanogaster neurons can diminish lifespan and flight ability. We have observed longevity methods to assay the effects of WMP and LAL on D. melanogaster survival. Furthermore, flies expressing Aβ42 in their body fed WMP and LAL had up to 90 days, or 35% longer median lifespan than those fed a control diet. In addition, synergistic effect of WMP and LAL improved Aβ42-induced flight impairments in the Drosophila wing tissues. Our microscope experiments revealed that individuals fed synergistic effect of WMP and LAL had ameliorated Aβ42 expression as well as increment of flight ability than Aβ42-induced flies. We propose that WMP is typically rich in L-citrulline and LAL, rich in naturally occurring probiotics and antioxidants, and that it promotes the survival of neurons in brain and wing muscle tissues with increased levels of Aβ42 via a protective cell survival mechanism.展开更多
Background:Presently,multi-omics data(e.g.,genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics)are available to improve genomic predictors.Omics data not only offers new data layers for genomic prediction but also pr...Background:Presently,multi-omics data(e.g.,genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics)are available to improve genomic predictors.Omics data not only offers new data layers for genomic prediction but also provides a bridge between organismal phenotypes and genome variation that cannot be readily captured at the genome sequence level.Therefore,using multi-omics data to select feature markers is a feasible strategy to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction.In this study,simultaneously using whole-genome sequencing(WGS)and gene expression level data,four strategies for single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)preselection were investigated for genomic predictions in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel.Results:Using genomic best linear unbiased prediction(GBLUP)with complete WGS data,the prediction accuracies were 0.208±0.020(0.181±0.022)for the startle response and 0.272±0.017(0.307±0.015)for starvation resistance in the female(male)lines.Compared with GBLUP using complete WGS data,both GBLUP and the genomic feature BLUP(GFBLUP)did not improve the prediction accuracy using SNPs preselected from complete WGS data based on the results of genome-wide association studies(GWASs)or transcriptome-wide association studies(TWASs).Furthermore,by using SNPs preselected from the WGS data based on the results of the expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)mapping of all genes,only the startle response had greater accuracy than GBLUP with the complete WGS data.The best accuracy values in the female and male lines were 0.243±0.020 and 0.220±0.022,respectively.Importantly,by using SNPs preselected based on the results of the eQTL mapping of significant genes from TWAS,both GBLUP and GFBLUP resulted in great accuracy and small bias of genomic prediction.Compared with the GBLUP using complete WGS data,the best accuracy values represented increases of 60.66%and 39.09%for the starvation resistance and 27.40%and 35.36%for startle response in the female and male lines,respectively.Conclusions:Overall,multi-omics data can assist genomic feature preselection and improve the performance of genomic prediction.The new knowledge gained from this study will enrich the use of multi-omics in genomic prediction.展开更多
Mental illness remains the greatest chronic health burden globally with few inroads having been made despite significant advances in genomic knowledge in recent decades.The field of psychiatry is constantly challenged...Mental illness remains the greatest chronic health burden globally with few inroads having been made despite significant advances in genomic knowledge in recent decades.The field of psychiatry is constantly challenged to bring new approaches and tools to address and treat the needs of vulnerable individuals and subpopulations,and that has to be supported by a continuous growth in knowledge.The majority of neuropsychiatric symptoms reflect complex geneenvironment interactions,with epigenetics bridging the gap between genetic susceptibility and environmental stressors that trigger disease onset and drive the advancement of symptoms.It has more recently been demonstrated in preclinical models that epigenetics underpins the transgenerational inheritance of stressrelated behavioural phenotypes in both paternal and maternal lineages,providing further supporting evidence for heritability in humans.However,unbiased prospective studies of this nature are practically impossible to conduct in humans so preclinical models remain our best option for researching the molecular pathophysiologies underlying many neuropsychiatric conditions.While rodents will remain the dominant model system for preclinical studies(especially for addressing complex behavioural phenotypes),there is scope to expand current research of the molecular and epigenetic pathologies by using invertebrate models.Here,we will discuss the utility and advantages of two alternative model organisms–Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster-and summarise the compelling insights of the epigenetic regulation of transgenerational inheritance that are potentially relevant to human psychiatry.展开更多
Genotoxic properties of the essential oils extracted from Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Cinnamomum loureirii (cinnamon), Laurus nobilis (laurel), Satureja montana (savory) and Rosmarinus ...Genotoxic properties of the essential oils extracted from Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Cinnamomum loureirii (cinnamon), Laurus nobilis (laurel), Satureja montana (savory) and Rosmarinus officinallis (rosemary) are studied by Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The high bioactivation crossed with a high cytochrome P450-dependent bioactivation capacity is used. This assay is principally based on the loss of heterozygosity of the suitable recessive markers’ multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr<sup>3</sup>) which can lead to the formation of mutant clones of larval cells, and which are then going to be expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. Third-instar larvae are treated for 48 hr with different concentrations of the essential oils dissolved in Tween-80 at 0.2% or 2%. The wings of the emerging adults are analyzed for the occurrence of different types of mutant spots. No statistically significant differences in spot frequencies between negative controls and treated series are observed. These results suggest that the six essential oils at concentrations tested are not genotoxic towards somatic cells of D. melanogaster.展开更多
A Flp/FRT EMS mutagenesis screen was conducted in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster on chromosome 2R to identify negative regulators of cell growth and cell division. In addition to the EMS mutation in the mosaic eye...A Flp/FRT EMS mutagenesis screen was conducted in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster on chromosome 2R to identify negative regulators of cell growth and cell division. In addition to the EMS mutation in the mosaic eye, an ark loss of function allele (ark<sup>82</sup>) was utilized to block apoptosis in the homozygous mutant cells, setting up a screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division. In the present study, we focus on the characterization and mapping of one mutant that resulted from this screen, Cruella (cru). A cross between flies with the flippase enzyme directed to the developing eye and flies with the mutations cru, ark<sup>82</sup>, revealed an unusual phenotype that resulted in the homozygous mutant tissue appearing black, in contrast to the expected red. To map the location of this mutation, complementation tests against the Bloomington deficiency kit were conducted. Cru failed to complement previously characterized alleles of capping protein α (cpa). Thus, cpa<sup>cru</sup> is a novel allele of cpa and displays phenotypes similar to previously characterized alleles such as cpa 107E, cpa 69E, and cpa<sup>scrd</sup> . The human homolog, Cap Z, is conserved in humans and serves a similar role in act in filament regulation.展开更多
The polysaccharide chitin is a major scaffolding molecule in the insect cuticle.In order to be functional,both chitin amounts and chitin organization have been shown to be important parameters.Despite great advances i...The polysaccharide chitin is a major scaffolding molecule in the insect cuticle.In order to be functional,both chitin amounts and chitin organization have been shown to be important parameters.Despite great advances in the past decade,the molecular mechanisms of chitin synthesis and organization are not fully understood.Here,we have characterized the function of the Chitinase 6(Cht6)in the formation of the wing,which is a simple flat cuticle organ,in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Reduction of Cht6 function by RNA interference during wing development does not affect chitin organization,but entails a thinner cuticle suggesting reduced chitin amounts.This phenotype is opposed to the one reported recently to be caused by reduction of Cht10 expression.Probably as a consequence,cuticle permeability to xenobiotics is enhanced in Cht6-less wings.We also observed massive deformation of these wings.In addition,the shape of the abdomen is markedly changed upon abdominal suppression of Cht6.Finally,we found that suppression of Cht6 transcript levels influences the expression of genes coding for enzymes of the chitin biosynthesis pathway.This finding indicates that wing epidermal cells respond to activity changes of Cht6 probably trying to adjust chitin amounts.Together,in a working model,we propose that Cht6-introduced modifications of chitin are needed for chitin synthesis to proceed correctly.Cuticle thickness,according to our hypothesis,is in turn required for correct organ or body part shape.The molecular mechanisms of this processes shall be characterized in the future.展开更多
Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addresse...Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addressed the question whether chitinase 10(Cht10)may play an important role in chitin organization in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Initially,we first found that Cht10 expression coincides with the expression of the chitin synthase coding gene kkv.This suggests that the respective proteins may cooperate during wing differentiation.In tissue-specific RNA interference experiments,we demonstrate that suppression of Cht10 causes an excess in chitin amounts in the wing cuticle.Chitin organization is severely disrupted in these wings.Based on these data,we hypothesize that Cht10 restricts chitin amounts produced by Kkv in order to ensure normal chitin organization and wing cuticle formation.In addition,we found by scanning electron microscopy that Cht10 suppression also affects the cuticle surface.In turn,cuticle inward permeability is enhanced in Cht10 Aess wings.Moreover,flies with reduced Cht 10 function are unable to fly.In conclusion,Cht10 is essential for wing terminal differentiation and function.展开更多
基金supported by the open project of the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control,Ministry of Education,Guizhou Medical University,China (GMU-2022-HJZ-06)。
文摘Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.
基金the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2016B030302003)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFC1703104).
文摘In ancient China,Ganoderma lucidum was believed to be a medical fungus that could increase lifespan.Recently,pharmacologic studies have found that polysaccharide peptides and triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have various physiological effects as active compounds.However,the effects of spore oil isolated from Ganoderma lucidum remains unknown.In this study,the biological effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)were evaluated using a Drosophila melanogaster model.Compared with untreated groups,groups treated with GLSO had significantly longer average and maximum lifespan in both normal conditions and under oxidative stress.The activities of various antioxidant enzymes were measured to determine the antioxidant effect of GLSO.GLSO treatment markedly enhanced total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde(MDA).Further,we found dose-dependent increases in the mRNA expression of Cu,Zn-SOD,Mn-SOD,and CAT in GLSO-treated groups.These results suggest that GLSO may effectively eliminate free radicals and extend lifespan in Drosophila.Future work should investigate the value of GLSO as a functional food for the prevention of aging in larger animal models.
文摘Symptoms of Parkinson Disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, emerge due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, a genome wide study revealed a role for a foxo transcription factor in PD. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, we have attempted 1) to inhibit the sole Drosophila homologue of foxo through the directed expression of a stable inducible RNAi transgene and 2) to indirectly increase foxo transcription activity through the inhibition of the kinase minibrain (mnb), a foxo transcriptional inhibitor. To evaluate the lifetime consequences upon the flies, longevity assays and locomotion over time assays were conducted. The inhibition of foxo by foxo-RNAi decreases life span significantly when expressed under the control of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Gal4 (TH-Gal4). The targeted expression of mnb-RNAi, in the dopaminergic neurons, with an expected loss of suppression of foxo transcriptional activity, results in a significant loss of climbing ability. Thus alteration of foxo activity, both by RNA-inhibition and by down-regulation of an inhibitor of foxo, minibrain, produces novel Drosophila models of Parkinson Disease.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (No. 5212012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31801190)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University。
文摘The widely use of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals.Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity are still limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity of AgNPs exposure using Drosophila melanogaster.We show here that AgNPs significantly decreased Drosophila fecundity, the third-instar larvae weight and rates of pupation and eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs reduced fat body cell viability in MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assays. AgNPs caused DNA damage in hemocytes and S2 cells. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of the entire metallothionein gene family were increased under AgNPs exposure as determined by RNA-seq analysis and validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that Drosophila responded to the metal toxicity of AgNPs by producing metallothioneins for detoxification. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity and may provide clues to effect on other organisms, including humans.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81173521)the Central University Basic Scientific Research Project of Ministry of Education,China(No.2015-JYB-XS068)
文摘The present study aimed to establish a pharmacodynamic method using the py Solo software to explore the influence of freeze-dried powders of Shuangxia Decoction(SXD) on the sleep of normal Drosophila melanogaster and the Drosophila melanogaster whose sleep was divested by light. The dose-effect and the time-effect relationships of SXD on sleep were examined. The effect-onset concentration of SXD was 0.25%, the plateau appeared at the concentration of 2.5% and the total sleep time showed a downtrend when the concentration was greater than 2.5%. The sleep time was the longest on the fourth day after SXD was given. The fruit fly sleep deprivation model was repeated by light stimulation at night. The middle dosage group(2.5%) had the best insomnia-curing effect. In conclusion, using the py Solo software, an approach for the pharmacodynamics study was established with Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to determine the insomnia-curing effects of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Our results demonstrated the reliability of this method. The freeze-dried powders of SXD could effectively improve the sleep quality of Drosophila melanogaster.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31672352,31872288).
文摘The most common phenotype induced by the endosymbiont Wolbachia in in-sects is cytoplasmic incompatibility,where none or fewer progenies can be produced when Wolbachia-infected males mate with uninfected females.This suggests that some modi-fications are induced in host sperms during spermatogenesis by Wolbachia.To identify the proteins whose phosphorylation states play essential roles in male reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster,we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)-based proteomic strategy combined with titanium dioxide(TiO2)enrichment to compare the phosphoproteome of Wolbachia-infected with that of uninfected male re-productive systems in D.melanogaster.We identified 182 phosphopeptides,defining 140 phosphoproteins,that have at least a 1.2 fold change in abundance with a P-value of<0.05.Most of the differentially abundant phosphoproteins(DAPPs)were associated with micro-tubule cytoskeleton organization and spermatid differentiation.The DAPPs included pro-teins already known to be associated with spermatogenesis,as well as many not previously studied during this process.Six genes coding for DAPPs were knocked down,respectively,in Wolbachia-free fly testes.Among them,Slmap knockdown caused the most severe dam-age in spermatogenesis,with no mature sperm observed in seminal vesicles.Immunoflu-orescence staining showed that the formation of individualization complex composed of actin cones was completely disrupted.These results suggest that Wolbachia may induce wide changes in the abundance of phosphorylated proteins which are closely related to male reproduction.By identifying phospho-modulated proteins we also provide a signifi-cant candidate set for future studies on their roles in spermatogenesis.
基金Authors thank Professor Scott O'Neill(Monash Univer-sity,Australia)for prov iding Dmel wMel flies.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(No.31672352).
文摘Wolbachia are Gram-negative endosymbionts that are known to cause embry-onic lethality when infected male insects mate with uninfected females or with females carrying a different strain of Wolbachia,a situation characterized as cytoplasmice incom-patibility(CD).However,the mechanism of CI is not yet fully understood,although re-cent studies on Drosophila melanogaster have achieved great progress.Here,we found that Wolbachia infection caused changes in the expressions of several immunity-related genes,including significant upregulation of kenny(key),in the testes of D.melanogaster.Overexpression of key in fly testes led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates when these fies mate with wild-type females.Wolbachia-infected females could rescue this embryonic lethality.Furthermore,in key overexpressing testes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling signal was significantly stronger than in the control testes,and the level of reactive oxygen species was significantly increased.Overexpression of key also resulted in alterations of some other immunity-related gene expressions,including the downregulation of Zn72D.Knockdown of Zn72D in fly testes also led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates.These results suggest that Wolbachia might induce the defect in male host fertility by immunity-related pathways and thus cause an oxidative damage and cell death in male testes.
文摘Capsaicin(trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the main component in hot peppers, including red chili peppers, alapenos, and habanero, belonging to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin is a potent antioxidant that interferes with free radical activities. In the present study, the possible protective effect of capsaicin was studied against methyl methanesulphonate(MMS) induced toxicity in third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster(hsp70-lacZ)Bg^9. The third instar was allowed to feed on the diet having different doses of capsaicin and MMS separately and in combination. The results suggested that the exposure of third instar larvae to the diet having MMS alone showed significant hsp70 expression as well as tissue DNA and oxidative damage, whereas the larvae feed on the diet having MMS and capsaicin showed a decrease in the toxic effects for 48-h of exposure. In conclusion, capsaicin showed a dose-dependent decrease in the toxic effects induced by MMS in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster.
文摘In Drosophila melanogaster,the male ejaculatory bulb is the site of synthesis of a male-specific pheromone,cis-vaccenyl acetate,which functions as both an attractant and an anti-aphrodisiac.This long monounsaturated acetate is structurally similar to a number of shorter gland-synthesized moth pheromones.The cell monolayer that forms the Drosophila male ejaculatory bulb wall is responsible for the production and secretion of cis-vaccenyl acetate into the seminal fluid.When dissected bulbs were incubated with sodium[14-C]-acetate(or deuterated acetate),a labeled acetate ester was synthesized.The labeled acetate ester co-migrated with cis-vaccenyl acetate in thin layer chromatography.Incubation of the abdomens of males from which the ejaculatory bulbs had been removed,or the abdomens of females,with radiolabeled acetate did not yield any acetate ester,but did yield other lipid products,including hydrocarbons.When the isolated labeled acetate ester was hydrolyzed,no radioactive vaccenol was formed.This strongly suggests that the acetyl group is incorporated via a transacetylation reaction,but that the vaccenyl moiety is not synthetized in the blub.The transacetylation enzyme activity was localized in the microsomal subfraction of the bulb homogenate,and its affinity for vaccenol was not very different from that reported for monounsaturated alcohol substrates in moths.
基金supported by the National Natural Science foundation of China (No.30300035)by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry[No. (2004)527].
文摘Copper is an important ingredient in fungicides,which are used for many economic plants.However,there is concern about the side-effects of copper-based fungicides due to their potential to affect beneficial mites.The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the effects of copper on the development of the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster.It was found that higher doses of copper significantly prolonged the developmental time of the fruit flies,especially during the larval stages.When 320 mg L-1 copper-contaminated food was used,most of the larvae died when they were small and before the pupal stage.The protein contents and esterase isozymes extracted from the larvae changed according to the doses of copper.The small-molecular-weight protein bands gradually became weaker or were lost as the copper levels increased.However,low doses of copper stimulated a stronger expression of a few proteins.These results indicate that low doses of copper generally have no lethal effects on D.melanogaster because a specific group of genes,which encode specific proteins,are probably activated in order to withstand the onslaught of stressful conditions.At high doses of copper in food(e.g.320 mg L-1),fly development and viability are significantly affected.
文摘The chemical communication system in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen,1830 plays a major role in courtship and consists of the male-specific cis-Vaccenyl acetate and sex-specific contact pheromones,cuticular hydrocarbons(CHC),which build up during ontogeny(first 4 days).They replace longer CHCs,common to both sexes and present only after the imaginal eclosion.A detailed quantitative description of the evolution of cuticular unsaturated hydrocarbons with age is presented here for males and females of different D.melanogaster strains,which have been bred in well controlled environments.Monoenes appear in both sexes at around 12 h,before female dienes.The present paper argues that this is likely linked to the switching on of a new set of genes.Ecdysone,which is more abundant in females than in males during this critical period,might control this switch.Parallel behavioral studies show that whereas female of all ages trigger early mature male courtship steps like wing vibration,only females older than 1 day trigger late courtship steps like attempted copulation.This supports the hypothesis that late male courtship steps might be triggered by the CHCs,which build up after this age,especially female-specific(Z,Z)-7,11-and(Z,Z)-5,9-dienes.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China,Nos.31700883(to YPH)and 91649118(to BZ)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2015M581072(to YPH)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDB38000000(to JRW).
文摘Extracellular aggregation of amyloid-beta(Aβ)and intracellular tau tangles are two major pathogenic hallmarks and critical factors of Alzheimer’s disease.A linear interaction between Aβand tau protein has been characterized in several models.Aβinduces tau hyperphosphorylation through a complex mechanism;however,the master regulators involved in this linear process are still unclear.In our study with Drosophila melanogaster,we found that Aβregulated tau hyperphosphorylation and toxicity by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase.Importantly,Aβtoxicity was dependent on tau hyperphosphorylation,and flies with hypophosphorylated tau were insulated against Aβ-induced toxicity.Strikingly,tau accumulation reciprocally interfered with Aβdegradation and correlated with the reduction in mRNA expression of genes encoding Aβ-degrading enzymes,including dNep1,dNep3,dMmp2,dNep4,and dIDE.Our results indicate that Aβand tau protein work synergistically to further accelerate Alzheimer’s disease progression and may be considered as a combined target for future development of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics.
文摘Oxidative stress has been strongly related with Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. We determined the effects of watermelon powder (WMP) and Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis (LAL) supplementation on the generated Aβ42-induced phenotypes in a Drosophila melanogaster model of AD. Enhanced Aβ42 expression in D. melanogaster neurons can diminish lifespan and flight ability. We have observed longevity methods to assay the effects of WMP and LAL on D. melanogaster survival. Furthermore, flies expressing Aβ42 in their body fed WMP and LAL had up to 90 days, or 35% longer median lifespan than those fed a control diet. In addition, synergistic effect of WMP and LAL improved Aβ42-induced flight impairments in the Drosophila wing tissues. Our microscope experiments revealed that individuals fed synergistic effect of WMP and LAL had ameliorated Aβ42 expression as well as increment of flight ability than Aβ42-induced flies. We propose that WMP is typically rich in L-citrulline and LAL, rich in naturally occurring probiotics and antioxidants, and that it promotes the survival of neurons in brain and wing muscle tissues with increased levels of Aβ42 via a protective cell survival mechanism.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772556)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Province(2019BT02N630)+1 种基金the grants from the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-35)the Science and Technology Innovation Strategy projects of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2018B020203002).
文摘Background:Presently,multi-omics data(e.g.,genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics)are available to improve genomic predictors.Omics data not only offers new data layers for genomic prediction but also provides a bridge between organismal phenotypes and genome variation that cannot be readily captured at the genome sequence level.Therefore,using multi-omics data to select feature markers is a feasible strategy to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction.In this study,simultaneously using whole-genome sequencing(WGS)and gene expression level data,four strategies for single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)preselection were investigated for genomic predictions in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel.Results:Using genomic best linear unbiased prediction(GBLUP)with complete WGS data,the prediction accuracies were 0.208±0.020(0.181±0.022)for the startle response and 0.272±0.017(0.307±0.015)for starvation resistance in the female(male)lines.Compared with GBLUP using complete WGS data,both GBLUP and the genomic feature BLUP(GFBLUP)did not improve the prediction accuracy using SNPs preselected from complete WGS data based on the results of genome-wide association studies(GWASs)or transcriptome-wide association studies(TWASs).Furthermore,by using SNPs preselected from the WGS data based on the results of the expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)mapping of all genes,only the startle response had greater accuracy than GBLUP with the complete WGS data.The best accuracy values in the female and male lines were 0.243±0.020 and 0.220±0.022,respectively.Importantly,by using SNPs preselected based on the results of the eQTL mapping of significant genes from TWAS,both GBLUP and GFBLUP resulted in great accuracy and small bias of genomic prediction.Compared with the GBLUP using complete WGS data,the best accuracy values represented increases of 60.66%and 39.09%for the starvation resistance and 27.40%and 35.36%for startle response in the female and male lines,respectively.Conclusions:Overall,multi-omics data can assist genomic feature preselection and improve the performance of genomic prediction.The new knowledge gained from this study will enrich the use of multi-omics in genomic prediction.
文摘Mental illness remains the greatest chronic health burden globally with few inroads having been made despite significant advances in genomic knowledge in recent decades.The field of psychiatry is constantly challenged to bring new approaches and tools to address and treat the needs of vulnerable individuals and subpopulations,and that has to be supported by a continuous growth in knowledge.The majority of neuropsychiatric symptoms reflect complex geneenvironment interactions,with epigenetics bridging the gap between genetic susceptibility and environmental stressors that trigger disease onset and drive the advancement of symptoms.It has more recently been demonstrated in preclinical models that epigenetics underpins the transgenerational inheritance of stressrelated behavioural phenotypes in both paternal and maternal lineages,providing further supporting evidence for heritability in humans.However,unbiased prospective studies of this nature are practically impossible to conduct in humans so preclinical models remain our best option for researching the molecular pathophysiologies underlying many neuropsychiatric conditions.While rodents will remain the dominant model system for preclinical studies(especially for addressing complex behavioural phenotypes),there is scope to expand current research of the molecular and epigenetic pathologies by using invertebrate models.Here,we will discuss the utility and advantages of two alternative model organisms–Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster-and summarise the compelling insights of the epigenetic regulation of transgenerational inheritance that are potentially relevant to human psychiatry.
文摘Genotoxic properties of the essential oils extracted from Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Cinnamomum loureirii (cinnamon), Laurus nobilis (laurel), Satureja montana (savory) and Rosmarinus officinallis (rosemary) are studied by Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The high bioactivation crossed with a high cytochrome P450-dependent bioactivation capacity is used. This assay is principally based on the loss of heterozygosity of the suitable recessive markers’ multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr<sup>3</sup>) which can lead to the formation of mutant clones of larval cells, and which are then going to be expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. Third-instar larvae are treated for 48 hr with different concentrations of the essential oils dissolved in Tween-80 at 0.2% or 2%. The wings of the emerging adults are analyzed for the occurrence of different types of mutant spots. No statistically significant differences in spot frequencies between negative controls and treated series are observed. These results suggest that the six essential oils at concentrations tested are not genotoxic towards somatic cells of D. melanogaster.
文摘A Flp/FRT EMS mutagenesis screen was conducted in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster on chromosome 2R to identify negative regulators of cell growth and cell division. In addition to the EMS mutation in the mosaic eye, an ark loss of function allele (ark<sup>82</sup>) was utilized to block apoptosis in the homozygous mutant cells, setting up a screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division. In the present study, we focus on the characterization and mapping of one mutant that resulted from this screen, Cruella (cru). A cross between flies with the flippase enzyme directed to the developing eye and flies with the mutations cru, ark<sup>82</sup>, revealed an unusual phenotype that resulted in the homozygous mutant tissue appearing black, in contrast to the expected red. To map the location of this mutation, complementation tests against the Bloomington deficiency kit were conducted. Cru failed to complement previously characterized alleles of capping protein α (cpa). Thus, cpa<sup>cru</sup> is a novel allele of cpa and displays phenotypes similar to previously characterized alleles such as cpa 107E, cpa 69E, and cpa<sup>scrd</sup> . The human homolog, Cap Z, is conserved in humans and serves a similar role in act in filament regulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32170505,32170526)the NSFC-DFG(Grant No.31761133021)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20210302123473)Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(HGKY2019011)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project.”BM’s contribution was supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG grant MO1714/10-1).
文摘The polysaccharide chitin is a major scaffolding molecule in the insect cuticle.In order to be functional,both chitin amounts and chitin organization have been shown to be important parameters.Despite great advances in the past decade,the molecular mechanisms of chitin synthesis and organization are not fully understood.Here,we have characterized the function of the Chitinase 6(Cht6)in the formation of the wing,which is a simple flat cuticle organ,in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Reduction of Cht6 function by RNA interference during wing development does not affect chitin organization,but entails a thinner cuticle suggesting reduced chitin amounts.This phenotype is opposed to the one reported recently to be caused by reduction of Cht10 expression.Probably as a consequence,cuticle permeability to xenobiotics is enhanced in Cht6-less wings.We also observed massive deformation of these wings.In addition,the shape of the abdomen is markedly changed upon abdominal suppression of Cht6.Finally,we found that suppression of Cht6 transcript levels influences the expression of genes coding for enzymes of the chitin biosynthesis pathway.This finding indicates that wing epidermal cells respond to activity changes of Cht6 probably trying to adjust chitin amounts.Together,in a working model,we propose that Cht6-introduced modifications of chitin are needed for chitin synthesis to proceed correctly.Cuticle thickness,according to our hypothesis,is in turn required for correct organ or body part shape.The molecular mechanisms of this processes shall be characterized in the future.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672364)the NSFC-DFG(Grant No.31761133021)+2 种基金Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(HGKY2019011)Special Talents Projects in Shanxi Province,China(201805D211019)the Program for Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi(TYAL)2017.BM’s contribution was supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG grant MO1714/10-1).
文摘Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addressed the question whether chitinase 10(Cht10)may play an important role in chitin organization in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Initially,we first found that Cht10 expression coincides with the expression of the chitin synthase coding gene kkv.This suggests that the respective proteins may cooperate during wing differentiation.In tissue-specific RNA interference experiments,we demonstrate that suppression of Cht10 causes an excess in chitin amounts in the wing cuticle.Chitin organization is severely disrupted in these wings.Based on these data,we hypothesize that Cht10 restricts chitin amounts produced by Kkv in order to ensure normal chitin organization and wing cuticle formation.In addition,we found by scanning electron microscopy that Cht10 suppression also affects the cuticle surface.In turn,cuticle inward permeability is enhanced in Cht10 Aess wings.Moreover,flies with reduced Cht 10 function are unable to fly.In conclusion,Cht10 is essential for wing terminal differentiation and function.
